Lesson 2

Steady State Theory and

Oscillating Universe Theory
 explain the origin and the fate
of the universe according to
1 steady state theory and
Objectives oscillating universe theory;

identify different proponents

2 of the steady state and
oscillating universe theory;

enumerate negative
3 implications of steady state
and oscillating universe theory
 PERHAPS I KNOW THIS! (3 big words/ideas)

Objectives KNOWING WHO

workplan
KNOWING WHAT

KNOWING WHY

3-2-1 TAKEAWAYS
Objectives
Perhaps I Kindly list down 3 big words/ideas about
the steady state theory of the universe
know this...
Kindly list down 3 big words/ideas about
the oscillating theory of the universe
Objectives SCIENTISTS FROM
knowing who
THE
19th - 20th Century
Period
 Learn about It! KNOWING WHO
Proponents of the Steady State Theory

• Hermann
Bondi, Thomas
Gold, and Fred
Hoyle proposed
the steady state
theory in 1948.
Hermann Bondi Thomas Gold Fred Hoyle
(1919–2005) (1920–2004) (1915–2001)
 Learn about It!KNOWING WHO
Proponent of Oscillating
Universe Theory
• Richard Tolman, a Caltech
professor, proposed it.

• Tolman called the birth of another

universe as the big bounce. (1922)
Richard Tolman
1881-1948
 1. about the Steady State Theory
Objectives
KNOWING based from the diagram
WHAT..
2. about the Oscillating Theory based
from the diagram
 Learn about It!

1. Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of

the universe remains the same; hence, the name steady.
state.

In the steady state theory, matter is constantly created as the

universe expands.
 Learn about It!

2. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY

• The oscillating universe (Pulsating) is
a combination of big crunch and big
bang.

• Big crunch occurs when the universe

expands and eventually reverses,
then collapses causing the
formation of a singularity.
Once the universe reverses and
• Singularity result to a big bang and attains the point of singularity,
the birth of a new universe. another universe will be born.
Objectives
health break
Objectives
knowing why ...analyze this and share
your thoughts/opinion
 Challenge Yourself

What are the similarities and differences of the

steady state theory, and the oscillating universe
theory?
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Learn about It!
STEADY STATE THEORY OSCILLATING THEORY DRAWBACKS
Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, Fred Hoyle Richard Tolman
❖ another view that proposes that the universe ❖ also known as pulsating SST
has always been expanding. theory, proposes that the
❖ It is not parallel
universe is expanding and will
with the law of
contract once all the energy
conservation of
after the big bang has been
energy and mass.
used up.
❖ The discovery of
❖ As the universe expands, new stars and ❖ Then, it will expand again once
cosmic microwave
galaxies are formed at the same rate that old it approaches the point of
background (CMB)
ones become non observable due to distance singularity. (big crunch)
radiation
and recession velocity.
significantly
supported the
explanations given
❖ Has no beginning and has no end. ❖ there is a birth of another
by the big bang
❖ Has always been here and will always be universe (big bounce)
theory and led
present.
many scientists to
❖ Always looks the same in any time and space.
reject the steady
❖ Creates new matter as it continuously
state theory in
expands.
1965.
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Learn about It!
STEADY STATE THEORY OSCILLATING THEORY DRAWBACKS
Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, Fred Richard Tolman
Hoyle

SST
❖ Recent findings rejects the idea that
cosmic radiation was a result of a
supernova.
❖ It has been proven that radiation is equal
in ay direction of the universe and could
not have resulted from supernovae.
OT
❖ The suggestion that the universe would
collapse on its own after it reached its full
expansion violates some current laws of
physics, such as the postulated
existence of dark energy.
 Learn about It!

POSTULATED FATE OF THE UNIVERSE!!

Trillions of years in the future, long after

Earth is destroyed, the universe will drift
apart until galaxy and star formation
ceases. Slowly, stars will fizzle out, turning
night skies black. (BIG FREEZE)
 The black holes of nature are the most
Objectives
real life..
perfect macroscopic objects there are in
the universe: the only elements in their
construction are our concepts of space and
time.

- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar-
Indian-American astrophysicist and awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics
in 1983 for his mathematical theory on the structure and evolution of
stars.
 3 words or ideas that make you interested
in the lesson
Objectives
3-2-1 2 words/ideas that you think must be
takeaways focused on to broaden your understanding

1 core value that you may inject in this

lesson
 Bibliography

Rodney Holder and Simon Mitton. 2013. Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy, Germany: Springer
Science & Business Media.

John Chambers and Jacqueline Mitton. 2013. From Dust to Life: The Origin and Evolution of Our Solar
System, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Michael Mark Woolfson. 2012. Time, Space, Stars and Man: The Story of the Big Bang, Singapore: World
Scientific.

J. Schombert. 2012. Origin of the Solar System. Accessed March 16, 2017
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec24.html

D. Darling. 2016. Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis. Accessed March 16,

2017http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/CMplanhypoth.html
Key Points

Both the steady state theory and big bang theory

1 suggest that the universe is expanding.

Steady state theory proposes that as the universe

2 continuously expand, its average density remains
constant.

It was proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold,

3
and Fred Hoyle in 1948.
Key Points

Steady state theory violates the law of

4 conservation of mass and energy.

The oscillating universe theory discusses that the

universe is expanding and will contract once all the
5 energy after the big bang has been used up, only to
expand again once it approaches the point of
singularity.
Key Points

Richard Tolman is the proponent of oscillating

6 universe theory.

Oscillating universe theory violates current laws of

7 physics laws such as the postulated existence of
dark matter.
 Check Your Understanding

Write S if the statement describes the steady state theory

or O if it describes oscillating universe theory.
1. Other astronomers did not favor this theory since it did not
follow the law of conservation of energy and mass.
2. It states that our universe might be the first of the probable
series of universe in the series.
3. During expansion, the density of the universe remains
constant.
4. The universe is governed by cycles of big crunch and big
bang.
5. As the universe expands, new matter is formed.