ADVANCED WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Prajeesha
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
prajeeshaemmanuel@pes.edu

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Types of Fading

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Flat Fading
 If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and linear phase
response over a bandwidth which is greater than the bandwidth of
the transmitted signal, then the received signal will undergo flat
fading

 Flat fading channels are also known as amplitude varying channels

 It is also sometimes referred to as narrowband channels
 The most common amplitude distributions are: Rayleigh, Rician, and
Nakagami

 A signal undergoes flat fading if

Bs <<< Bc and Ts >>> στ

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Flat Fading channel characteristics

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Frequency Selective Fading
If the channel has a constant-gain and linear phase response over a
bandwidth that is smaller than the bandwidth of transmitted signal,
then the channel creates frequency selective fading on the received
signal

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Frequency Selective Fading
The received signal includes multiple versions of the transmited
waveform which are attenuated and delayed in time, and hence the
received signal is distorted
Frequency selective fading is due to time dispersion of the
transmitted symbols within the channel
Thus, the channel induces intersymbol interference (ISI)
The modeling for this kind of channel is more difficult since each
multipath signal must be modeled and channel must be considered to
be a linear filter
The common model: 2-ray Rayleigh fading

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Frequency Selective Fading

It is sometimes called wideband channels since the bandwidth of

the signal is wider than the bandwidth of the channel impulse
response

A signal undergoes frequency selective fading if

Bs > Bc and Ts < στ

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Fast Fading

 In a fast fading channel, the channel impulse response changes

rapidly within the symbol duration.

 A signal undergoes fast fading if

Ts > Tc and
Bs < BD
where Ts is the symbol period of the transmitted signal
Tc is the coherence time of the channel
Bs is the bandwidth of transmitted signal
BD is the Doppler spread

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Slow Fading

 In a slow fading channel, the channel impulse response

changes at a rate much slower than the transmitted signal
 The channel may be assumed to be static over one or several
reciprocal bandwidth interval
 The Doppler spread of the channel is much less than the
bandwidth of the baseband signal

 A signal undergoes slow fading if Ts << Tc and Bs >>BD

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Summary
 When a channel is specified as a fast or slow fading channel, it does not
specify whether the channel is flat fading or frequency selective
 Fast fading only deals with the rate of change of the channel due to
motion
 In flat fading channel, we can approximate the impulse response to be
simply delta function
 A flat fading, fast fading channel is a channel in which the amplitude of
the delta function varies faster that the rate of the transmitted baseband
signal
 A frequency selective, fast fading channel, the amplitudes, phases, and
time delays of any one of the multipath components vary faster than the
rate of change of the transmitted signal

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Symbol period and Baseband Signal Bandwidth

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