3u VNB Ped-unit-II

POWER ELECTRONICS
UNIT-III
PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTERS
Prof. V. N. Bhonge
Dept. of Electronics & Telecomm
Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engg,
Shegaon – 444203
vnbhonge@rediffmail.com
SSGMCE Unit II
Shegaon
PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTERS
Principle of phase control, half wave controlled

rectifier, half controlled bridge & fully controlled
bridge rectifier for resistive and RL load,
derivation for output voltage and current, effect of
free wheeling diode, single phase dual converters.
Three phase half controlled bridge and fully
controlled bridge rectifier.
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Phase-Control
Phase-Control Converters
Converters
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Three-Phase
Three-Phase
Semiconverter
Semiconverter Semiconverter
Semiconverter
Full
Full converter
converter Full
Full converter
converter
Dual
Dual converter
converter Dual
Dual converter
converter
Semiconverter
Semiconverter
..is
..is aa one-quadrant
one-quadrant converter
converter and
and itit has
has one
one polarity
polarity
Full
Full converter
converter
..is
..is aa two-quadrant
two-quadrant converter
converter and
and the
the polarity
polarity of
of its
its
output
output can
can be
be either
either positive
positive or
or negative.
negative.
However
However
the
the output
output current
current of
of full
full converter
converter has
has
one
one polarity
polarity only
only
Dual
Dual converter
converter
..can
..can operate
operate in
in four
four quadrants
quadrants ;; both
both the
the output
output
voltage
voltage and
and current
current can
can be
be either
either positive
positive or
or negative
negative
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
Phase controlled rectifier circuits

Cir
cuit ty
p e Power R ip
p le Qu adrant
range frequency operation
i1
+
ia h alf b elow fs
~V
1
La e
g
w ave 0.5K W
-
sin g
le
p hase
oneq
uadra
n t
A
half upto 3fs
B
wav e 50KW
C
threephase
tw
oquad
ran
t

sem i- upto 2fs
~
conv erter 75KW
single
phase onequadrant
A
sem i- upto 3fs
B
C
D?
conv erter 100K
threephaseW
onequadrant
F ull upto 2fs

~
conv erter 75KW
single
phase
tw
oquadrant

A
full upto 6fs
B
C converter 150K
threephase W
twoquadrant
Dual upto 2fs
converter 15KW
~ ~
single
phase
four quadrant
A
A
B
Dual upto 6fs
converter 1500K
B
C C
threephase W
four quadrant

SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE
CONVERTER WITH R LOAD
8
SINGLE-QUADRANT
OPERATION

WAVEFORMS:
Vm
Vdc  (1  cos  )
2
1
Vm  1  sin 2   2
Vrms        
2   2  
10
Average
Average Output
Output Voltage
Voltage

11 VVmm
VVdcdc   sin
VVmm sin td
td tt  11 cos
cos
22  22
Maximum
Maximum VVmm
VVdm 
dm 
Output
Output Voltage
Voltage 
VVdcdc
Normalizing
Normalizing VVnn   00..5511 cos
cos
Output
Output Voltage
Voltage VVdm
dm
RMS
RMS Output
Output Voltage
Voltage

11 VVmm 11  sin
sin 22
 
  sin  td
tt   
 
22 22
VVrms
rms 
VVmm sin td 
22  22   22 
Average Dc voltage & RMS across resistance load

Example:
If
If the
the converter
converter hashas aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load
load of
of R
R and
and tt
he
he delay
delay angle
angle isis ,,    / 2 determine
determine
(a)
(a) the
the rectification
rectification efficiency
efficiency
(b)
(b) the
the form
form factor
factor FFFF
(c)
(c) the
the ripple
ripple factor
factor RF
RF
and
and (d)
(d) the
the peak
peak inverse
inverse voltage
voltage PIV
PIV ofof thyristor
thyristor TT11

Solution:
(a) the rectification efficiency

11 VV   
Vdcdc   sin td
td tt  11 cos
cos 
m
V V
Vmm sin m
22  22  22 
22
Vdcdc  00..1592
V 1592VVmm
  
 22 
V Vmm 11   22   0.3536V
V 
rms 
Vrms   
   sin sin  0.3536Vmm
22   22 22 
 
 
Vdcdc 00..1592 Vmm 
22 22
V 1592V
  22   20.27%
22  20.27%
V
Vrms
rms
00..3536
3536V Vmm 
(b) the form factor FF
VVrms 00..3536
3536VVmm
FF 
FF rms   22..221
221
VVdcdc 00..1592
1592VVmm
(c) the ripple factor RF
RF  FF  1  2.221  1  1.983
22 22
(d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T1
PIV VVmm
PIV

EXAMPLE
 Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V
across 100 load resistor from a 120Vrms 60 Hz ac
source. Determine the power absorbed by the resistor
and the power factor.
Briefly describe what happen if the circuit is replaced

by diode to produce the same average output.

EXAMPLE (CONT)…
 Solution V 2 rms 75.6 2

P   57.1W
R 100
In such that to achieved 40V
57.1
average voltage, the delay angle pf   0.63
 75.6 
(120) 
must be  100 
Vs • If an uncontrolled diode is used, the
Vo  [1  cos  ]
2 average voltage would be
120 2 Vs 2 (120)
40  [1  cos  ] Vo    54V
2  
  61.2o  1.07 rad • That means, some reducing
average resistor to the design must
Vm  sin( 2 ) be made. A series resistor or
Vo , rms  1 
2  2 inductor could be added to an
120 2 1.07 sin 2(1.07) uncontrolled rectifier,
rectifier while
 1  controlled rectifier has advantage
2  2 of not altering the load or
 75.6V introducing the losses
CONTROLLED, HALF-WAVE
CONVERTER WITH R-L LOAD

Con….
• The analysis of the circuit is very much similar to that

of uncontrolled rectifier.
The average output voltage,

 Vm
1 Vm sin(t )dt  [cos   cos  ]
Vo  
2 
2
The average power absorbed by load ,

P  I rms
2
R ;
CONT….
 V    t 
 
 [sin( wt   )  sin(   )e
m   
for   t  
i( wt )   Z 
0 otherwise

 L  L
and Z  R  (L) ,   tan  ,  
2 2 1
R R
rms current ,
2 
1 1
I rms   i (t ) d (t )   (t ) d (t )
2 2
i
2  2 
and , average current ,


1
Io 
2  i (t ) d (t )

Controlled full-wave rectifiers with
R Load

1    delay angle
Vo 
 
Vm sin( wt )d ( wt )
Vm
 ( 1  cos  )

Vo Vm
Io   (1  cos  )
R R
1  Vm
I rms 
  (
R
sin wt ) 2 d ( wt )
Vm 1  sin( 2 )
  
R 2 2 4
The power delivered to the load P  I 2 rmsR
rms current in source is the same as the rms current i

the load.

Single-Phase Full Converter with RL Load
Rectification
Mode
Inversion
Mode

OPERATION :
  t  
vs is positive is
is positive
power flows from vs to the load
  t    
vs is negative is
is positive
power flows from load to vs
24
2-QUADRANT OPERATION

Cont…
Cont…
22  22VVmm
VVdcdc   VVmm sin
sin ttdd
 tt  cos
cos 
22  
22  22 22 VVmm
rms 
VVrms   VVmm sin
sin 
 ttdd  tt 
22  22

Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter (RL-load)
(RL-load)

 LL
Mode
Mode 11 == Mode
Mode 22   tan ZZ  RR  
LL
11 22 22
tan
RR
22VVSS EE  EE 22VVSS  RR 
 LLtt
IILL  sin
sin tt    IILL00   sin  ee
sin
ZZ RR  RR ZZ 

Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
RMS
RMS Current 1   2
Current IR   iL d t 
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor 2
RMS
RMS Current 1  
Current IA   iL d t 
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor 2
RMS
RMS Output
Output
Current
Current I rms  I R2  I R2  2 I R
AVG
AVG Output
Output
Current
Current I dc  I A  I A  2 I A
Controlled Single-phase converter
operating as an inverter ： .
• Average value of vd is negative

for 90o<<180o. Average power
Pd is negative (Pd=VdId) and thus
power flows from the dc to the
ac side
• On the ac side, Pac=VsIs1cos is
also negative because 1>90o
• Inverter mode of operation is
possible because there is a
source of energy on the dc side
• ac side voltage source provides
commutation of current from
one pair of thyristors to the
others

For inverter operation, power is supplied
by the dc source, and power is absorbed
by the bridge and is transferred to
the ac system.
For  Vdc and Vo must be negative

………… rectifier
0    90
0 0
 Vo  0
operation
90 0    180 0  Vo  0 ………inverter operation
Pbridge  Pac   IoVo

Half Controlled Bridge (Semiconverter)
a) Symmetrical
b) Asymmetrical

Average
Average and
and RMS
RMS Value
Value of
of output
output
voltage
voltage

22 VVmm
VVdcdc   sin
VVmm sin td
td tt  11 cos
cos
22  

22
  sin  td
tt
22 22
VVrms
rms 
VVmm sin td
22 

Single-Phase
Single-Phase Semiconverter
Semiconverter (RL-load) (RL-load)
Mode 11 L di
Mode diLL11
 Ri
L RiLL11 
 EE  00
0  t   dt
dt
R RR
 R  
EE   
IILL11  iiLL11
tt   IILL00ee  11ee 

LL LL
RR  
Mode
Mode 22
  t   11  L
ZZ  RR    L
22 22
L   tan
L tan
di R
R
di  Ri sin
RiLL22  EE  22VVSS sin tt
LL22
LL
dt
dt
22VVSS EE  EE 22VVSS  RR 
 LLtt
IILL22  sin
sin tt    IILL11   sin  ee
sin
ZZ RR  RR ZZ 
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Semiconverter
Semiconverter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
RMS
RMS Current
Current 1 2
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor IR   i L 2 d  t 
2 
RMS
RMS Current 1 
for
Current
for Thyristor
Thyristor
IA 
2  i d t 
L2
RMS
RMS Output
Output I  1  2 1  2
 iL1d t    i d t 
Current
Current rms
2 0 2
L2
AVG Output I  1
AVG Output 
i1d t  
1 
Current
Current
dc
2 0 2  i d t 
2
Problem :
The
The single-phase
single-phase semiconverter
semiconverter has has an
an RL
RL load
load of
of
LL == 6.5mH,
6.5mH, R R == 2.5
2.5 Ohm,
Ohm, andand EE == 1010 V.
V. The
The input
input vv
oltage
oltage is
is V
VSS == 120120 V(rms)
V(rms) at at 60
60 Hz.
Hz. Determine
Determine
(a)
(a) the
the load
load current
current IIL0 at
at t ,, and
0 the
and the load
load curren
curren
L0
tt IIL1 at  t    60 , 
L1 at ,
(b)
(b) the
the average
average thyristor
thyristor current
current IIAA
(c)
(c) the
the rms rms thyristor
thyristor current
current IIRR
(d)
(d) the
the rms rms output
output current
current IIrms
rms
and
and (e)
(e) the
the average
average output
output current
current IIdcdc
3 PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
 Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.

 They provide higher dc output voltage.
 Higher dc output power.
 Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
 Filtering requirements are simplified for
smoothing out load voltage and load current .

 Extensivelyused in high power variable
speed industrial dc drives.
 Threesingle phase half-wave converters can

be connected together to form a three phase
half-wave converter.

VECTOR DIAGRAM OF 3 PHASE SUPPLY
VOLTAGES
V CN
12 0
0
vRN  v AN
V AN
vYN  vBN
0
12 0
0
12 0
vBN  vCN
V BN

vRN  van  Vm sin  t ;
Vm  Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t  
 3 
 Vm sin  t  1200 
 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t  
 3 
 Vm sin  t  120  0
 Vm sin  t  240  0

THREE-PHASE FULL CONVERTER
40
ECE
442
Powe
r
Elect
ronic
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E &s TC
WAVEFORMS:

 The line-to-neutral voltages are:
van  Vm sin  t
2
vbn  Vm sin ( t  )
3
2
vcn  Vm sin ( t  )
3
 Then the line-to-line voltages are:

vab  van  vbn  3 Vm sin ( t  )
6

vbc  vbn  vcn  3 Vm sin ( t  )
2
5
vca  vcn  van  3 Vm sin ( t  )
6
 The average output voltage is found from:
3  / 2  3 3 Vm
Vdc   vab d ( t )  cos 
  / 6  
 The rms value of the output voltage is:
1/ 2
 3  / 2  2 
Vrms   vab d ( t )
   / 6  
1 3 3
Vrms  3 Vm (  cos 2 )1/ 2
2 4
 A three-phase bridge gives a six-pulse output voltage.
 For high -power applications such as high-voltage dc

transmission, a 12 pulse output is generally required
to reduce the output ripples and to increase the ripple
frequencies.
 Two six-pulse bridges can be combined either in

series or in parallel to produce a 12-pulse output.

3 PHASE
HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER
(SEMI CONVERTER)
WITH HIGHLY INDUCTIVE LOAD &
CONTINUOUS RIPPLE FREE LOAD
CURRENT

WAVE FORMS OF 3 PHASE
SEMICONVERTER FOR
 > 600

WAVE FORMS OF 3 PHASE
SEMICONVERTER FOR
  600

EXPRESSION FOR THE
AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
OF 3 PHASE SEMICONVERTER
FOR  >  / 3
AND DISCONTINUOUS OUTPUT
VOLTAGE


For   and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from
3  7 6 
Vdc  
 v .d  t  
2
ac
 
 6 
 7 6  
3  
Vdc  
 3 V sin   t   d  t  
2
m
  6 
 6 
3 3Vm
Vdc  1  cos  
2
3VmL
Vdc  1  cos  
2
VmL  3Vm  Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of   0 is
3 3Vm
Vdcmax   Vdm 

The normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vn   0.5 1  cos  
Vdm
The rms output voltage is found from
1
7
 3 6  2
VOrms    v 2
.d  t  
 2
ac
 
 6  
SINGLE-PHASE DUAL CONVERTER
 In previous section, we have seen that the single-

phase full converters with inductive loads allow
only two-quadrant operation.
 Iftwo of these converters are connected back to

back, both the output voltage and the output
current can be reversed.
 This system will provide four-quadrant operation

and it is called a dual converter.

 Dual converters are used in high-power
variable-speed drives.
 If α1 and α2 are the delay angles of

converters 1 and 2, the corresponding
average output voltages will be Vdc1 and Vdc2.

Circuit Diagram and Waveforms:

 Thedelay angles are controlled such that one
converter operates as a rectifier and the other
converter operates as an inverter.
 However, both converters produce the same average

output voltage.
 Therefore,
2Vm
Vdc1  cos 1

2Vm
Vdc 2  cos  2

 One converter is rectifying and the other one is
inverting, therefore:
Vdc1   Vdc 2
cos  2   cos 1  cos(  1 )
 2    1
 Sincethe instantaneous output voltages of the two

converters are out of phase, there will be an
instantaneous voltage difference between the two
converters.
 This will result in a circulating current between the
two converters.
 The dual converters can be operated with or without a
circulating current.
 In case of operation without the circulating current,
only one converter operates at a time and carries the
load current.
 The other converter is completely blocked by
inhibiting gate pulses.

There are two different modes of operation.
 Circulating current free (non circulating) mode of

operation
 Circulating current mode of operation

Non Circulating Current Mode Of Operation
 In this mode of operation only one converter is

switched on at a time
 When the converter 1 is switched on,

For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the average
load power Pdc is positive.
 Power flows from ac source to the load

 When the converter 1 is on,
For 1 > 900 the converter 1 operates in the Inversion
mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is positive and the average load
power Pdc is negative.
 Power flows from load circuit to ac source.

For 2 < 900 the converter 2 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is negative and the average load
power Pdc is positive.
 The output load voltage & load current reverse when

converter 2 is on.
 Power flows from ac source to the load

For 2 > 900 the converter 2 operates in the Inversion
mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is negative and the average load
power Pdc is negative.
 Power flows from load to the ac source.
 Energy is supplied from the load circuit to the ac

supply.

CIRCULATING CURRENT MODE OF
OPERATION
 Both the converters are switched on at the same time.
 One converter operates in the rectification mode

while the other operates in the inversion mode.
 Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such that (1 +

2) = 1800

When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates as a controlled
rectifier. 2 is made greater than 900 and converter 2
operates as an Inverter.
 Vdc is positive & Idc is positive and Pdc is positive.

Three Phase Dual Converters
 For four quadrant operation in many industrial variable

speed dc drives , 3 phase dual converters are used.
 Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output power

level.
 Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full converters

which are connected in parallel & in opposite
directions across a common load.

Circuit Diagram:

Waveforms:

Outputs of Converters 1 & 2
 During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 + 1), the

line to line voltage vab appears across the
output of converter 1 and vbc appears across the
output of converter 2

Four Quadrant Operation

ADVANTAGES OF THYRISTOR
CONVERTERS
 Thyristor converters provides controlled transfer of power

between the line frequency ac and adjustable-magnitude dc
 By controlling , transition from rectifier to inverter mode

of operation can be made and vice versa
 Thyristor converters are mostly used at high-power levels
 Thyristor converters inject large harmonics into the utility

system

SSGMCE
Shegaon
Thank You
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & T

3u VNB Ped-unit-II

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Principle of phase control, half wave controlled

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Phase controlled rectifier circuits

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

F ull upto 2fs

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

(c) the ripple factor RF

(d) the peak inverse voltage PIV of thyristor T1

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Briefly describe what happen if the circuit is replaced

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

 Solution V 2 rms 75.6 2

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

• The analysis of the circuit is very much similar to that

The average output voltage,

The average power absorbed by load ,

and , average current ,

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

The power delivered to the load P  I 2 rmsR

rms current in source is the same as the rms current i

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

• Average value of vd is negative

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

For  Vdc and Vo must be negative

90 0    180 0  Vo  0 ………inverter operation

Pbridge  Pac   IoVo

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

 Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

 Threesingle phase half-wave converters can

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

 For high -power applications such as high-voltage dc

 Two six-pulse bridges can be combined either in

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

 In previous section, we have seen that the single-

 Iftwo of these converters are connected back to

 This system will provide four-quadrant operation

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

 If α1 and α2 are the delay angles of

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept. of E & TC

 However, both converters produce the same average

 Sincethe instantaneous output voltages of the two