Power Electronics For PEC

LABORATORY MANUAL
Power Electronics
Course Code……..
Electrical Engineering Department

Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science & Technology
Nawabshah
Power Electronics Lab
List of Experiments
S. No. Object CLO PLO
To study about single-phase half wave uncontrolled rectification using
1. 1 4
Resistive load, Resistive- Inductive load and Resistive-Capacitive load
To study about single-phase full wave uncontrolled rectification using
2. 1 4
To study about three-phase half wave uncontrolled rectification using
3. 1 4
To study about three-phase full wave uncontrolled rectification using
4. 2 5
To study about single-phase full wave-controlled rectification using
5. 2 5
To study about three Phase full wave-controlled rectification using
6. 1 4
To study about three Phase full wave-controlled rectification using
7. 1 4
To study about Three Phase Half wave-controlled rectification using
8. 2 5
9. To study Single Phase half wave simple motor control 2 5
10. To study Single Phase Full wave simple motor control. 1 4
11. To study about single-phase ac control. 1 4

12. To study the closed loop proportional control. 2 5
13. To study proportional speed control using armature voltage feedback 2 5
14. To study about Proportional speed control with Integral Compensation. 2 5
15.
Open Ended Lab/Semester Project. 2 5
16.
Power Electronics Lab-Course Learning Outcomes (CLO’s)

S. No. CLO PLO Domain
Demonstrate the operation of uncontrolled and controlled rectifiers (single-phase and
1. 4 P-4
three-phase) under different loading conditions on IP-550 PE trainer.
Practice the MATLAB simulation model of various converters, uncontrolled and
controlled rectifiers (single-phase and three-phase), DC-DC converters (Choppers), DC-
2. 5 P-3
AC converters (Inverters), AC-AC converters (AC voltage controllers & Cyclo-
converters) using MATLAB sim power systems.
Experiment #1
OBJECTIVE
To study about Single Phase half wave uncontrolled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive-
Inductive load and Resistive-Capacitive load
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Thyristor control panel Module, 3-Phase power supply, 3-Phase Resistive load panel, AC/DC digital
Voltmeter/Ammeter (0-3A), Switched Capacitive load, and Variable Inductive load 700mH, patch
leads, system frame and Oscilloscope.
INTRODUCTION
The majority of electronic instruments derive their power from the public electricity supply, which is
usually alternating. A transformer is required in most cases in order to provide isolation and also to
alter the supply voltage to whatever higher or lower voltage may be needed in the instrument. If the
instrument needs only alternating current, the transformer may be all that is required as power supply
unit. The specification of transformers can require attention to many details.
VOLTAGE RATIO OF RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
The input to a rectifier is often expressed in rms volts, since the supply voltage is usually so expressed
and in rms amperes, since the rms value of the current is what determines the ratings of transformer
windings, cables and fuses.
The output from the rectifier may be expressed also in rms terms, but more usually is expressed in
mean (or average) volts and amperes, since this is how dc is usually measured, and the majority of dc
loads respond to the mean value of the voltage, hence the rms value is usually of little interest.
However, the ac ripple content in the direct voltage waveform (i.e. the variation of voltage relative to
the mean) is often a source of unwanted losses. Note that both the half wave and full wave rectifier
voltage shows discontinuous changes at the point where the rectifier diodes cease conducting. These
discontinuities create additional higher harmonic frequencies, which will affect the waveform across a
load which contains inductance or capacitance.
It is important, therefore, to understand the distinctions between the different measures, peak, rms and
mean and also how these are related in the rectifier situation. It will be assumed in the following
discussions that the supply voltage is sinusoidal.
The rms value of a periodic voltage is defined as being the same as that of a dc voltage producing the
same power in a resistive load. For a sine wave this can be shown to be
Vrms = Vp or 0.707Vp
√2
Where Vp is the peak voltage.
The mean (or average) value of half cycle of a sine wave of peak value Vp is
Vav = 2Vp/π or 0.637Vp
Cir
cuit diagram for single phase half wave Rectification
SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

• Switch off the 67-132 power supply.
• Ensure that the switches in the 67-201 are all open, the shorting link across the inductor is
present, and that the 67-142 switches are set to on.
• Turn on the 67-132 power supply unit and press the green power on button on the 70-220.
• Using copies of the results forms from Appendix B, sketch the waveforms as displayed
on the oscilloscope, and record the peak voltage and current in the first column of a table
similar to that shown in Table.
• Record the rms voltage and mean voltages across the load and the rms supply voltage and
current in the first column of the table.
SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

• Remove the shorting link across the inductor and ensure that all the switches on the 67-
201 are off, and that all the switches on the 67-142 are on.
• Ensuring that the inductance is at minimum (core fully out), switch on the unit.
• Observe the waveforms as displayed on the oscilloscope.
• Continue to observe the waveforms as the inductance is slowly increased by re-inserting
the core. With the core fully inserted, sketch the waveforms as displayed on the
oscilloscope, on to suitable graph paper and record the peak voltage and current in the
second column of the table with the core fully inserted.
• Note, if both waveforms on the oscilloscope are superimposed on each other, this
practical demonstrates a very good example of the phase shift obtained with an inductive
circuit.
• Record the rms and mean voltage and current across the load, and the rms supply voltage
and current, in the second column of Table.
SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

• Replace the shorting link across the inductor and ensure that the 10µF switch on the 67-
201 is on, and that all the switches on the 67-142 are on.
• Note, if both waveforms on the oscilloscope are superimposed on each other, this
practical demonstrates a very good example of the phase shift obtained with a capacitive
circuit.
RESULT TABLE
Values to be measured R R-L R-C

Mean load voltage (from 68-116)
RMS load voltage (from 68-114)
Mean load current (from 68-116)
RMS load current (from 68-114)
Peak load voltage (from oscilloscope)
Peak load current (from oscilloscope)
RMS Supply voltage (from 68-114)
Experiment #2
OBJECTIVE
To study about Single-Phase Full wave uncontrolled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive-
Inductive load and Resistive-Capacitive load.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
INTRODUCTION
The majority of electronic instruments derive their power from the public electricity supply, which is
usually alternating. A transformer is required in most cases in order to provide isolation and also to
alter the supply voltage to whatever higher or lower voltage may be needed in the instrument. If the
instrument needs only alternating current, the transformer may be all that is required as power supply
unit. The specification of transformers can require attention to many details.
CURRENT FLOW & COMMUTATION:
In this diode circuit, the current flow is shown schematically in Figure. For simplicity the load is
assumed to be resistive.
During the positive phase of the supply voltage cycle current flows from the supply positive through
D3, through the load and returns to the supply negative through D2.
During the negative phase of the supply voltage cycle current flows from the supply positive through
D1, through the load and returns to the supply negative through D4.
At 180o commutation or switching occurs and the conducting diode pairs switch from D 3 and D2, to D1
and D4. The commutation is caused by D 1 and D4 becoming positively biased by the supply voltage
and hence starting to conduct, and synchronized to the supply, which turn on and off so as to make the
current through the load always positive.
CURRENT IN THE SUPPLY:
Consider Figure where the load is purely resistive. It shows that the load voltage is always positive,
whereas the supply voltage is alternately positive and negative. No c component is therefore present
in the supply current for the full wave rectification case, and consequently none of the undesirable
effects on the supply associated with the half wave rectification.
However, the voltage waveform is not smooth as it ranges from zero to maximum value twice during
each main supply cycle, in a discontinuous manner at each commutation point. This gives rise to
harmonics which are propagated back to the supply, since the “primary” supply transformer winding
may also be regarded as a “secondary” winding when considering changing voltages in the secondary.
These harmonics may exceed those permitted by the Public Electricity Supply Authority.
Circuit diagram for single phase Full Wave Rectification

• Using copies of the results forms from Appendix B, sketch the waveforms as displayed on the
oscilloscope, and record the peak voltage and current in the “R” column of a table similar to
that shown in Table.
current in the “R” column of the table.

• Remove the shorting link across the inductor and ensure that all the switches on the 67-201
are off, and that all the switches on the 67-142 are on.
• Continue to observe the waveforms as the inductance is slowly increased by re-inserting the
core. With the core fully inserted, sketch the waveforms as displayed on the oscilloscope, on
to suitable graph paper and record the peak voltage and current in the “R-L” column of the
table with the core fully inserted.
• Record the rms and mean voltage and current across the load, and the rms supply voltage and
current, in the second column of Table.

• Replace the shorting link across the inductor and ensure that the 10µF switch on the 67-201 is
on, and that all the switches on the 67-142 are on.
• Note any phase difference between load voltage and current.
• Sketch the waveform as displayed on the oscilloscope and record the rms and mean voltage
and current across the load, and the rms voltage and current in the “R-C” column of Table.
RESULT TABLE

Experiment #3
OBJECTIVE
To study about Three Phase Full wave uncontrolled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive-
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Generally, the three phase half wave connection is the basic element in most of the polyphaser
rectifier circuits. It does, however require a supply transformer with an interconnected star secondary.
When the 67-132 power supply is connected as for configuration B, the supply transformers are in this
configuration, with the neutral point connected to the 70-220 neutral socket.
Star connected three phase supply
The three phase connection, the time intervals between the repetitions in the dc load waveforms are
shorter than for the single phase connections. In addition, heavier industrial loads such as motors will
usually use a three phase supply, which in many cases also has significant inductance.
The net result is for the ripple content of the load current to be less, and for the practical purposes it is
reasonable to assume the current to be continuous and level.
Each supply phase is connected to the load via a diode, and as in all half wave connections, the load
current to be continuous and level.
Circuit diagram for three phase Half Wave Rectification
THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

• Turn off the circuit breaker on the 60-132 and press the green power on button on the 70-220.
oscilloscope, and record the peak voltage and current in the first column of a table similar to
THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

• Turn on the 60-132 power supply.
core. With the core fully inserted, sketch the waveforms as displayed on the oscilloscope, on
to suitable graph paper and record the peak voltage and current in the second column of the
table with the core fully inserted.
• Note the phase shift of the current with respect to the voltage.

• Replace the shorting link across the inductor and ensure that all the switches on the 67-201
are on, and that all the switches on the 67-142 are on.
• Switch on the 60-132 power supply.
RESULT TABLE

Experiment #4
OBJECTIVE
To study about three phase full wave uncontrolled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive-
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Thyristor control panel Module No., 3-Phase power supply, 3-Phase Resistive load panel, AC/DC
digital Voltmeter/Ammeter (0-3A), Switched Capacitive load, and Variable Inductive load 700mH,
patch leads, system frame and Oscilloscope.
INTRODUCTION:
The three phase bridge connection is most readily seen as a full wave or double way connection by
reference to the circuit layout as shown in figure.
Three phase full wave rectification

The load is fed via a three phase half wave connection, the return current path being via another half
wave connection to one of the three supply lines. Note that no neutral is required.
Again we assume that the 3 phase supply is star connected, in a similar manner to the case for the half
wave connections.
To drive the load voltage waveform, consider the following with reference to figure 2. it can be seen
that the circuit is equivalent to two three phase half wave voltages relative to the supply neutral
appearing at the positive and negative sides of the load respectively.
Voltage Waveform for three phase Half Wave Rectification

Figure 2 shows the waveform. At any given instant two diodes will be conducting, so that the
resultant voltage across the load will be difference of the two voltages shown in bold and blue in
figure 2. this difference is exactly the line voltage of the supply.
The resultant waveform is shown in bold and blue in figure 3. its maximum value is equal to the
maximum value of the line voltage. The interpretation of the terms VA, VB and VC is as follows.
VA, represents the line voltage L1-L2
VB, represents the line voltage L2-L3
Vc, represents the line voltage L3-L1
CUR
RENT FLOWAND COMMUTATION:
From figure 2, it can be seen that the Red- phase voltage (L1) is the highest of the three-phase
voltages when the phase angle ɵ is in the range from 0o to 120o. It can also be seen that the Yellow-
phase voltage (L2) is the highest of the three-phase voltages when ɵ is in the range from 120o to 240o
and that the Blue-phase voltage (L3) is the highest of the three phase voltages when ɵ is in the range
from 240o to 360o or the start of the next cycle. We also find that the Red-phase voltage is the lowest
of the three-phase voltages when ɵ is in the range from 180o to 300o. It can also be seen that the
Yellow-phase voltage is the lowest of the three-phase voltages when ɵ is in the range from 300o to
420o or 60o in the next cycle, and that the Blue phase voltage is the lowest when ɵ is in the range
from 60o to 180o. the positive rail of the output voltage of the bridge is connected to the topmost
segments of the envelope of three-phase voltages and the negative rail of the output voltage to the
lowest segments of the envelope as shown in figure 2.
The following table shows which diodes are conduction with during each of the 60o ranges of the
phase angle.
At any instant barring the change-over periods when current flow gets transferred from diode to
another, only one of the following pairs conducts at any time.
Period, range of Ɵ Diode Pair in conduction

30˚ to 90˚ D1 and D6
90˚ to 150˚ D1 and D2
150˚ to 210˚ D2 and D3
210˚ to 270˚ D3 and D4
270˚ to 330˚ D4 and D5
330 to 360˚ and 0˚ to 30˚ D5 and D6
Circuit diagram for three phase full wave Rectification
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

• Switch on the on the 60-132 circuit breaker and press the green power on button on the 70-
220.
oscilloscope, and record the peak voltage and current in the first column of a table similar to
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

• Ensuring that the inductance is at minimum (core fully out), switch on the 60-132.
core. With the core fully inserted, sketch the waveforms as displayed on the oscilloscope, and
record the peak voltage and current in the second column of the table.
• Note the phase shift between the load voltage and current.
• Record the rms and mean voltage and current across the load, and the rms supply voltage and
current, in the second column.
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

are on, and that all the switches on the 67-142 are on.
• Turn on the 67-132 power supply.
• Note the phase shift between load voltage and current.
Record the rms and mean voltage and current across the load, and the rms voltage and current
in the “R-C” column.
Result Table:

Experiment #5
OBJECTIVE
To study about Single Phase full wave controlled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive-
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Thyristor control panel, 3-Phase power supply, 3-Phase Resistive load panel, AC/DC digital
leads, system frame and Oscilloscope
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This shows the supply voltage waveform and the rectified waveform for a firing angle of α. The
conduction angle is clearly π- α
Note, as for the half wave case, the large discontinuous jump in the load voltage when the thyristor
fires. This jump is greatest at a firing angle of π/2 (90˚), so we will expect any capacitance in the load
to have the greatest distorting effect on the rectified waveform at this angle. At a firing angle of 0˚ the
thyristor is behaving in most respects as a normal diode, whilst at a firing angle of π (180˚) the
thyristor is not conducting at all.
Voltage Waveform of single phase full wave rectification

Circuit diagram for single phase full wave Rectification
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

• Switch off the 60-132 power supply unit.
present, that the 67-142 switches are set to on, and that the 0-10V reference voltage control is
turned fully anticlockwise to the “0” position. The reference voltage control is immediately
below the 70-220 green power on button.
• Switch on the 60-132 power supply unit.
• Press the green power on button on the 70-220.
• Watch the oscilloscope as you slowly turn the reference voltage control clockwise to its
maximum.
• Return the reference voltage control slowly to zero whilst observing the oscilloscope and
switch off the green power button on the 70-220.
• Use the scale divisions around the reference voltage control to vary the reference voltage.
• Starting at one division, increase the reference voltage in steps of one division up to 10 scale
division.
• Using copies of the results forms from Appendix B, for each scale divisions, record the rms
load voltage, rms load current and mean load current in the “R” column of the table similar to
Table.
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD
are off, and that all the switches on the 67-201 are on and that the reference voltage is set to
zero (fully anticlockwise).
• Ensuring that the inductance is at minimum (core fully out), press the green power on button
on the 70-220. Fully insert the inductance core.
• Observe the waveforms as displayed on the oscilloscope and trace as you slowly turn the
reference voltage control clockwise to its maximum.
Starting at one division, increase the reference voltage in steps of one division up to 10 scale
divisions.
load voltage, rms load current and mean load current in the “RL” column of the table similar
to Table.
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

• Return the reference voltage control slowly to zero whilst observing the oscilloscope.
divisions.
load voltage, rms load current and mean load current in the “RC” column of the table similar
to Table.
Result Table:
Ref. R R-L R-C

Voltage RMS RMS Mean RMS RMS Mean RMS RMS Mean
Scale Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load
Divisions Voltage Current Current Voltage Current Current Voltage Current Current
1
2
3
4
5
Experiment #6
OBJECTIVES
To study about Single Phase half wave controlled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive-
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The silicon controlled rectifier or SCR is like an electronic switch. The circuit symbol is shown in
Figure 1 connected with terminals called anode (A) and cathode (K).
The switch may be controlled by signals and applied between a third terminal called the gate (G) and
the cathode. It comprises four silicon layers which are doped alternately P and N, shown in figure 2.
These may be considered equivalent to a pair of interconnected transistors.
Suppose first that in figure 4.6.4 the gate terminal (G) carries no current, and that I b2 = 0. With no base
drive the lower (npn) transistor does not conduct, so that I c2 = Ib1 = 0, giving no base drive to the upper
(pnp) transistor either. All the currents are therefore zero and no current flows in the external load R.
Now suppose that current is injected into the G terminal so that I b2 takes a positive value. This will
cause a current Ic2 adds to IG causing the lower transistor to conduct more. The action is regenerative,
and builds up until both transistors conduct heavily with low voltage drop.
It may seem as if the regenerative action ought to build up the current from even the smallest level,
such as leakage current. What prevents this from happening in practice is the fact that at very low
currents the current gain of a transistor falls off, so that the regenerative action is not strong enough to
build up. It is important however, when the SCR is required not to conduct, to prevent the current
within it rising temporarily for any reason. Such a rise can happen due to:
Voltage between anode and cathode momentarily exceeding the break over voltage between the anode
and cathode rising so suddenly that a capacitance between the layers passes a current pulse the
temperature rising so much that leakage current become excessive normal control action. The
injection of gate current.
• Present, that the 67-142 switches are set to on, and that the 0-10V reference voltage control is
maximum.
Using copies of the results forms from Appendix B, for each scale divisions, record the rms
load voltage, and the rms and mean load current in the “R” column of the table similar to
Table.
• At a reference voltage of 2 scale divisions, sketch the load voltage and current waveforms.

divisions.
load voltage, rms load current and mean load in the “R-L” column of the table similar to
Table.

divisions.
to Table.
Result Table:
Ref. R R-L R-C

Division Voltag Curren Curren Voltag Curren Curren Voltag Curren Curren
s e t t e t t e t t
1
2
3
4
5
Experiment #7
OBJECTIVE
To study about three phase full wave controlled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive- Inductive
load and Resistive-Capacitive load
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The load is fed via a three phase half wave connection, the return current path being via another half
wave connection to one of the three supply lines, with no neutral required. Again we assume that the
3 phase supply is star connected, in a similar manner to the case for the half wave connections.
Three phase full wave rectification
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION

The resultant waveform for a firing angle of 30 degrees is shown in bold and blue in figure below. Its
maximum value is dependent on the actual firing angle, but for firing angles in the range 0 < < 30˚,
the maximum voltage is equal to the line voltage. For firing angles greater than 30˚, the maximum
load voltage varies between the line voltage and zero depending on the firing angle.
The interpretation of the terms VA, VB, VC is as follows.
VA, represents the line voltage L1-L2
VB, represents the line voltage L2-L3
Vc, represents the line voltage L3-L1
Load voltage waveform
CURRENT FLOW AND COMMUTATION

Commutation occurs at the firing point when a thyristor starts to conduct. Figure 3 illustrates the
commutation process by showing the current flow through the circuit at each commutation angle stage
over a full 360˚ cycle.
Note that at any given instant, two thyristor must be simultaneously conducting to provide a
continuous circuit. This requires that the thyristor pair in conduction must both be simultaneously
fired. This method of firing is termed as “overlap”, and is activated by turning the firing selector
switch on the 70-220 Front Panel to the overlap position.
Commutation angle Thyristor Pair in conduction

30˚ + T1 and T6
90˚ + T1 and T2
150˚ + T2 and T3
210˚ + T3 and T4
270˚ + T4 and T5
330 + T5 and T6
Circuit diagram for three phase full wave Rectification
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

maximum.
Using copies of the results forms from Appendix B, for each scale divisions, record the rms
load voltage, and the rms and mean load current in the “R” column of the table similar to
Table 4.6.1.
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

•Return the reference voltage control slowly to zero whilst observing the oscilloscope and
divisions.
load voltage, rms load current and mean load in the “R-L” column of the table similar to
Table 4.6.1.
THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD
divisions.
to Table 4.6.1.
• At a reference voltage of 2 scale divisions, sketch the load voltage and current waveforms
Result Table:
Ref. R R-L R-C

1
2
3
4
5
Experiment #8
OBJECTIVES
To study about Three Phase Half wave controlled rectification using Resistive load, Resistive-
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The circuit functions in a manner such that only one thyristor is conducting at any given instant. In
contrast to the uncontrolled diode case, the load current will become zero at a particular firing angle.
Fig.1. Three phase half wave rectification
Fig.2. Three phase half wave rectification at firing angle α
Figure shows the voltage waveform across the load for a firing angle α=30˚. In this case commutation
does not occur until the next thyristor candidate is fired. In the case of small firing angle, the voltage
remains positive until commutation takes place, but for the large firing angles the voltage will reduce
to zero and may remain at zero before the next firing cycle.
Note that the rapid rise of load voltage at the point of commutation will generate harmonic
frequencies, and that this effect is greatest for large firing angles where the voltage has become zero
before the next conduction point.
Circuit diagram for three phase half wave Rectification
THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

maximum.
• Starting at one division, increase the reference voltage in steps of one division up to 10 scale
division.
load voltage, rms load current and mean load current in the “R” column of the table similar to
Table.
THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

divisions.
• For each scale divisions, record the rms load voltage, rms load current and mean load current
in the “RL” column of the table similar to Table.
THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

divisions.
• For each scale divisions, record the rms load voltage, rms load current and mean load current
in the “RC” column of the table similar to Table.
Result Table:
Ref. R R-L R-C

1
2
3
4
5
Experiment #9
OBJECTIVES
To study about Single Phase half wave simple motor control
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Thyristor control panel, 3-Phase power supply, AC/DC digital Voltmeter/Ammeter (0-3A), Variable
Inductive load 700mH, patch leads, system frame and Oscilloscope, dc shunt motor, hand tachometer,
friction brake.
DC SHUNT MOTOR:
The operation of dc motors depends on the fact that a conductor carrying a current experiences a force
when subjected to a magnetic field, and this force is at right angles to both the direction of the current
and the magnetic field.
In this experiment we will use a shunt motor, which means that the field windings are in parallel or
shunted across the armature as shown in fig below.
Separately Excited DC Shunt Motor
OPEN LOOP & FEEDBACK

We can control the motor to a limited extent by simply varying the voltage applied to the armature. In
some cases, this might be sufficient if the motor is driving a fixed load.
In this case we can measure the applied voltage necessary to drive the motor at the required speed and
then supply set the voltage to this value whenever the motor is required to operate this control method
is called open loop.
If, however, we require to maintain the motor speed with a varying load, we need to know the current
motor speed so that we can increase or decrease the applied voltage. In other words, we need feedback
from the motor.
EQUIPMENT SETUP
• Switch off the circuit breaker on the 60-132 power supply unit.
• Set up the 60-132 power supply unit to provide 220V single phase. Set the primary selection
switch to the single phase position (most anti-clockwise).
• Ensure that the fraction brake is securely secured to the shaft of the motor as shown and as set
to zero torque.
• Set the movable core of the 67-300 variable inductor to 3 positions and clamp it. (The
inductance is used to smooth out sudden changes in current).
Circuit diagram for single phase half wave simple motor control
SPEED VS ARMATURE VOLTAGE

• Switch on the circuit breaker on the 60-132 power supply unit.
• Switch on the green power button on the 70-220.
• Set the reference voltage to 1 scale divisions.
• Set the friction brake setting to zero Nm.
• Measure the speed using hand tachometer by inserting the conical pointed end into
depression on the free end of the motor shaft.
• Record the reference voltage, speed, armature voltage in a table.
• Repeat steps 1 and 2 for steps of the reference voltage from 1 to 20 scale in steps 1 of
scale divisions.
and current, in the second column of Table 1.
SPEED VS APPLIED TORQUE
• Set the fraction brake setting to zero Nm.
• Set the reference voltage to 10 scale divisions and measure the speed using the hand
tacho.
• Starting at t torque of 0.2 Nm and increasing in steps of 0.2 Nm to 1.6 Nm measure the
motor speed using the hand tacho.
• Measure and record the field voltage and current in Table 2.
OBSERVATION TABLE 01
Reference Speed Armature Armature
voltage scale rev/min Voltage (V) Current (A)
divisions
Draw a graph of armature voltage against speed. You will notice that the speed varies nearly linearly
with the reference voltage.
Notice that the reference voltage is linearly related is linearly related to the voltage applied to the
motor from the thyristor and we have the relation that motor speed is linearly related to the voltage
applied to the armature.
Speed S = Va
K
Where K is a constant and is the magnetic flux density.
Torque Speed Armature Armature Field Field Input Output Efficiency

(Nm) (rpm) voltage Current Voltage Current Power Power (%)
(V) (A) (V) (A) (W) (W)
Experiment #10
OBJECTIVES
To study about Single Phase full wave simple motor control.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Thyristor control panel, 3-Phase power supply, AC/DC digital Voltmeter/Ammeter (0-3A), Variable
Inductive load 700mH, patch leads, system frame and Oscilloscope, dc shunt motor, hand tachometer,
friction brake.
DC SHUNT MOTOR:
The operation of dc motors depends on the fact that a conductor carrying a current experiences a force
when subjected to a magnetic field, and this force is at right angles to both the direction of the current
and the magnetic field.
In this experiment we will use a shunt motor, which means that the field windings are in parallel or
shunted across the armature as shown in fig below.
Separately Excited DC Shunt Motor
EQUIPMENT SETUP
• Switch off the circuit breaker on the 60-132 power supply unit.
switch to the single phase position (most anti-clockwise).
• Ensure that the fraction brake is securely secured to the shaft of the motor as shown and as set
to zero torque.
• Set the movable core of the 67-300 variable inductor to 3 positions and clamp it. (The
SPEED VS ARMATURE VOLTAGE

• Set the reference voltage to 1 scale divisions.
• Set the friction brake setting to zero Nm.
• Measure the speed using hand tachometer by inserting the conical pointed end into
depression on the free end of the motor shaft.
• Record the reference voltage, speed, armature voltage in a table.
• Repeat steps 1 and 2 for steps of the reference voltage from 1 to 20 scale in steps 1 of
scale divisions.
and current, in the second column of Table 1.
SPEED VS APPLIED TORQUE

• Set the fraction brake setting to zero Nm.
• Set the reference voltage to 10 scale divisions and measure the speed using the hand
tacho.
• Starting at t torque of 0.2 Nm and increasing in steps of 0.2 Nm to 1.6 Nm measure the
motor speed using the hand tacho.
• Measure and record the field voltage and current in Table 2.
Reference voltage scale Speed Armature Voltage Armature Current (A)

divisions rev/min (V)

(V) (A) (V) (A) (W) (W)
Experiment #11
OBJECTIVES
To study about single phase ac control.
Introduction.
how SCR's can be used to provide variable
In previous assignments we have seen
dc voltage from a single or three phase ac source.
Similarly thyristors can be used to control an ac source, to do this the positive and negative portion of
the waveforms must remail of equal magnitude ( otherwise a dc component will be present) and retain
the same phase relationship to each other as the origional supply voltage waveform.
where th thyristors are configured to produce dc output, the postive part of the waveform is unaltered,
but the negative part is reversed in sign to become positive. If we wish not to reverse the negative part
of the waveform, it would seem reasonable to reverse the connections of thyristors which are usually
conducting in the dc case. This is exactly how ac control is accomplished.
Single phase ac control For the single phase case the arrangement shown in Figure 4-12-1 is used.
Clearly T1 conducts during the positive, and T2 during the negative half of the cycle. The voltage
across the load is therefore ac with a waveform as shown in Figure.
Arrangement for single phase ac control
EQUIPMENT SETUP.
Turn off the 67-132 power supply unit Patch the 67-132 Power Supply as shown in Figure
(Configuration B). Set the firing pulse selector switch to the most clockwise position (P1,3,5 –0-180°
and P2,4,6 180°-360°). Connect the Load Units to the 70-220 panel as shown in Figure and the
circuit diagram in Figure . Patch the 70-220 Panel as shown in Figure
Single PhaseFull wave Resistive load
Ensure that the switches in the 67-201 are all open, the shorting link across the inductor is present,
that the 67-142 switches are set to on, and that the 0-10V reference voltage control is turned fully anti-
clockwise to the “0” position. The reference voltage control is immediately below the 70-220 green
power on button Switch on the 60-132 power supply unit and press the green power on button on the
70-220 Watch the oscilloscope as you slowly turn the reference voltage control clockwise to its
maximum. Return the reference voltage control slowly to zero whilst observing the oscilloscope. At a
reference voltage of 2 scale divisions sketch the loadvoltage and current waveform as shown on the
oscilloscope.Switch off the 60-132 power supply unit.
Single PhaseFull Resistive plus Inductive Load
Remove the shorting link across the inductor and ensure that all the switches on the 67-201 are off,
that all the switches on the 67-142 are on, and that the reference voltage control is at zero (fully anti-
clockwise) Switch on the 60-132 power supply unit and press the green power on button on the 70-
220. Fully insert the inductance core. Watch the oscilloscope trace as you slowly turn the reference
voltage control clockwise to its maximum. Return the reference voltage control slowly to zero whilst
observing the oscilloscope and switch off the green power button on the 70-220. At a reference
voltage of 2 scale divisions, sketch the load voltage and current waveform as shown on the
oscilloscope.Switch off the 60-132 power supply unit.
Single PhaseFull Resistive plus Capacitive Load
Replace the shorting link across the inductor, ensure that the 10μF switch on the 67-201 only is on,
that all the switches on the 67-142 are on, and that the reference voltage is set to zero (fully anti-
clockwise). Switch on the 60-132 power supply unit and press the green power on button on the 70-
220. Watch the oscilloscope trace as you slowly turn the reference voltage control clockwise to its
maximum. Return the reference voltage control slowly to zero whilst observing the oscilloscope. At a
reference voltage of 2 scale divisions, sketch the load voltage and current waveforms. Switch off the
60-132 power supply unit and the 70-220 on completion of the assignment.
Experiment #12
OBJECTIVE
To study the Closed loop proportional control of DC Drive.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Thyristor control panel Module, motor control circuits, 3-Phase power supply, 3-Phase Resistive load
panel, dc shunt motor, AC/DC digital Voltmeter/Ammeter (0-3A), Switched Capacitive load, and
Variable Inductive load 700mH, patch leads, system frame, hand tachometer, friction brake and
Oscilloscope
Open Loop system
In Open loop system it is difficult to control the speed of the motor under varying load conditions, as
we have no information concerning its speed.
Closed Loop system

A Closed Loop system is one in which some quantity is measured and relayed back to the control
system (feedback), which can then take action depending on the value of this measured quantity.
In our system the most fundamental quantity we can measure is the Speed, since this is what we wish
to control.
We must measure the motor speed and convert it to a voltage as the electronic control circuitry will
only accept a voltage input. Such a device is called a tachogenerator.
Open loop Vs Closed loop control

Automatic Control
We will examine how the open loop system may be improved by automating the control process using
feedback. As stated earlier, it will be necessary to produce a representation of the speed and this will
be obtained as a varying voltage from the tachogenerator.
Representation of an automatic control process
The Set Point also called the Demand is the desired value. In this case this is speed revolutions per
minute. This equates to a voltage applied to the system at the point of control- the command voltage
Vc.
The Measured Value is the speed actually measured by the tachogenerator. This equates with the
feedback voltage Vf derived from the tachogenerator. If these are not equal then there is no error, and
some correction must be applied to either speed up or slow down the motor as required. The error can
be established from a voltage equal to the diference between Vc and Vf as shown in fig
Fig
In real controllers the facility to sum numerous inputs is often required and the general summation
symbol is used.
Fig
Having obtained the error signal we must use it to control the motor. The signal which is generated by
the controller and supplied to the motor driving circuitry is termed as Control Variable. In this case
the control variable is the reference voltage which controls the firing angle of the thyristor array.
This can be done in number of ways of which the simplest is to switch the motor On and Off.
The action is too much drastic in its basic form (although On/Off Control can be usefully employed
in a number of applications) and would result in the motor making very jerky movements, particularly
on a light load.
Proportional Action
Proportional Action allows a smoother degree of control without the problems associated with the
discontinuous nature of On/Off control. It represents the starting point for most control systems.
With proportional control the error signal is simply amplified so that the control unit sends out a
signal which is proportional to the error. In some cases, the signal may be less than the error but is
still proportional to it.
By changing the ratio of controller output voltage to error voltage, a degree of flexibility is achieved.
The ratio is called the Proportional Gain of the controller.
Proportional Gain Controller
The Control System

The control system is thus known as a Single Output system. However, the system can take multiple
inputs into its summing junction for optimal motor control.
Fig below shows the possible combinations of feedback signals for speed control.
Possible combinations of feedback signals for speed control
The error voltage is then passed through two control circuits marked Proportional and Integral
which form a new summed signal consisting a proportion of the error signal and the integral of the
error signal over certain selectable time periods in fig. Proportional only control is usually referred to
as P and Proportional Integral action is referred to as PI.
The magnitude of the proportional is selectable by the proportional gain control. The integral time
interval is selectable as off, 1, 2 or 3 via the rotary switch marked integral time.
Finally, a control signal is derived which can be fed into the thyristor control circuitry as the reference
voltage to set the firing angle, and hence to provide a voltage to the motor which is approximately
linear with respect to the control voltage.
In open loop case we took the output from the controller on the signal path before the proportional
and integral control. In the closed loop case we first set the Proportional gain to to a desired value and
then changed the set point control to give a motor speed of 1500 rev/min.
Proportion and Integral of the error signal
Fig Circuit Diagram

EQUIPMENT SETUP
switch to the single phase position (most anticlockwise).
• Ensure that the friction brake is securely secured to the shaft of the motor and is set to zero
torque.
• Set up the circuit shown. Firstly, set up the 70-220 and 70-310 connections and then the inter
panel connections.
• Set the movable core of the 67-300 variable inductor to 3 scale positions and clamp it. (The
• Switch on the 60-132 power supply and the green power switch on the 70-220 panel.
• Set the integral time to Off.
• Set the left most Proportional Gain on the 70-310 to 1 division and the integral time to Off.
• Switch the set point potentiometer range switch on the 70-310 panel to 0-10 volts and adjust
the potentiometer until the motor is rotating at 1500 rev/min. Check the motor speed using the
hand tachometer. With the conical end in contact with the depression in the free end of the
motor shaft.
• Set the set point potentiometer to its most anticlockwise position and press the controller
release button on the 70-310 panel.
• Use one of the meters to measure the voltage across and the current through the field winding
and enter this in a table similar. It is only necessary to do this once as the field current only
depends on the field voltage applied and is therefore fixed.
• Starting at zero torque and incrementing in steps of 0.2 Nm to a maximum of 1.6 Nm, take
readings of speed, armature voltage and armature current vs torque and enter them in a table.
You may find that in some cases the power Supply Unit circuit breaker trips out before the
torque reaches 1.6 N. in this case stop taking readings at a lower torque level.
• Repeat steps 1 to 3 with values of the Proportional Gain of 1, 4, 6 and 9 divisions.
RESULT TABLES
Proportional Gain = 1
(V) (A) (V) (A) (W) (W)
(V) (A) (V) (A) (W) (W)
(V) (A) (V) (A) (W) (W)
(V) (A) (V) (A) (W) (W)
Experiment #13
OBJECTIVES
Proportional speed control using armature voltage feedback.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Oscilloscope.
INTRODUCTION
Closed Loop control provides significant improvements over open loop control because to control the
speed, the feedback as derived from a suitable transducer in the form of a tachogenerator.
Tachogenerator can be quite expensive and in low cost system this may mean that cheaper ways of
improving open loop control must be found.
Recall the speed of dc shunt motor can be expressed as follows.
Speed = Va-IaRa / K
If IaRa is small compared to Va then
Speed Va / K
This suggests that a possible alternative to using a tachogenerator is to use the armature voltage Va as
the feedback speed source in the closed loop system.
Fig. Circuit Diagram

EQUIPMENT SETUP
torque.
panel connections.
• Set the integral time to Off.
• Set the left most Proportional Gain on the 70-310 to 1 division and the integral time to Off.
• Switch the set point potentiometer range switch on the 70-310 panel to 0-10 volts and adjust
the potentiometer until the motor is rotating at 1500 rev/min. Check the motor speed using the
hand tachometer. With the conical end in contact with the depression in the free end of the
motor shaft.
• Set the set point potentiometer to its most anticlockwise position and press the controller
release button on the 70-310 panel.
• Use one of the meters to measure the voltage across and the current through the field winding
and enter this in a table similar. It is only necessary to do this once as the field current only
depends on the field voltage applied and is therefore fixed.
• Starting at zero torque and incrementing in steps of 0.2 Nm to a maximum of 1.6 Nm, take
readings of speed, armature voltage and armature current vs torque and enter them in a table.
You may find that in some cases the power Supply Unit circuit breaker trips out before the
torque reaches 1.6 N. in this case stop taking readings at a lower torque level.
• Repeat steps 2 to 4 with values of armature voltage feedback corresponding to3, 5, 7 and 9
divisions on the control on the 70-220 panel.
• Switch off the 60-132 power supply and the green power switch on the 70-220 panel.
RESULT TABLE
Proportional Gain = 9 scale divisions
Armature Voltage Armature Voltage Armature Voltage Armature Voltage Armature Voltage
feedback 1 scale feedback 3 scale feedback 5 scale feedback 7 scale feedback 9 scale divisions
divisions divisions divisions divisions
Torque Speed Torque Speed Torque Speed Torque Speed Torque Speed
(Nm) (rpm) (Nm) (rpm) (Nm) (rpm) (Nm) (rpm) (Nm) (rpm)
0 0 0 0 0
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
Experiment #14
OBJECTIVE
To study about Proportional speed control with Integral Compensation.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Oscilloscope.
INTRODUCTION
We saw that how speed control of a dc motor could be improved by using speed feedback from the
motor to produce an error voltage, and applying a proportion of this error voltage to the control
output. The system so described was called a Proportional or P system and used a tachogerator to
provide speed feedback.
In this assignment we shal exmine a method of compensation called integral, to improve performance
of P only controller.
When integral compensation with proportional control is employed the control is reffered to a PI
control.
EQUIPMENT SETUP
torque.
panel connections.
• Set the voltage to voltage, and current to voltage converter controls to their maximum
clockwise psition.
• Set the set point potentiometer to its most anti-clockwise position and press the controller
releas button on the 70-310 pannel.
• Set the left most integral time on the 70-310 panel to one division.
• Set the friction brake to read zero Nm and adjust the set point potentiometer untill motor is
rotating at 1500 rev/min. Check the motor speed using hand tachometer, with conical end in
contact with depression in the free end of the motor shaft.
• Starting at 0 Nm and incrementing in steps of 0.2 Nm, take readings of speed against torque,
and enter them in tabel .Allow sufficient time for the motor speed to stablise before taking
readings of speed .
• Set the integral time to 2 divisions and repeat steps 3 and 4.
• Using suitable graph paper, plot the motor speed against torque for each of integral times of 1
and 2 scales divisions.
• Switch off the 60-132 power supply and green power switch on the 70-220 panel.

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LABORATORY MANUAL

Electrical Engineering Department

10. To study Single Phase Full wave simple motor control. 1 4

11. To study about single-phase ac control. 1 4

13. To study proportional speed control using armature voltage feedback 2 5

14. To study about Proportional speed control with Integral Compensation. 2 5

Power Electronics Lab-Course Learning Outcomes (CLO’s)

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

Values to be measured R R-L R-C

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

Values to be measured R R-L R-C

Star connected three phase supply

THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

Values to be measured R R-L R-C

Three phase full wave rectification

Voltage Waveform for three phase Half Wave Rectification

Period, range of Ɵ Diode Pair in conduction

Circuit diagram for three phase full wave Rectification

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

• Switch off the 67-132 power supply.

Values to be measured R R-L R-C

Voltage Waveform of single phase full wave rectification

SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

Ref. R R-L R-C

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

Ref. R R-L R-C

Three phase full wave rectification

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION

CURRENT FLOW AND COMMUTATION

Commutation angle Thyristor Pair in conduction

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

Ref. R R-L R-C

Fig.1. Three phase half wave rectification

Fig.2. Three phase half wave rectification at firing angle α

THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE LOAD

THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS INDUCTIVE LOAD

THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RESISTIVE PLUS CAPACITIVE LOAD

Ref. R R-L R-C

Separately Excited DC Shunt Motor

OPEN LOOP & FEEDBACK

SPEED VS ARMATURE VOLTAGE

Torque Speed Armature Armature Field Field Input Output Efficiency

Separately Excited DC Shunt Motor

SPEED VS ARMATURE VOLTAGE

SPEED VS APPLIED TORQUE

Reference voltage scale Speed Armature Voltage Armature Current (A)

Torque Speed Armature Armature Field Field Input Output Efficiency

Arrangement for single phase ac control

Single PhaseFull Resistive plus Inductive Load

Single PhaseFull Resistive plus Capacitive Load

Closed Loop system

Open loop Vs Closed loop control