Republic of the Philippines

Southern Luzon State University

College of Engineering
Lucban, Quezon

LABORATORY WORKBOOK/ MANUAL

for
EEN25L – DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND
SUBSTATION DESIGN
Laboratory Experiment

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Laboratory Instructor
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERIMENT TITLE RATING
No.
1 Familiarization With Transmission Line
2 Transmission Line With Increased
Capacitance
3 Transmission Line With Increased
Resistance
4 Transmission Line With Increased
Inductance
5 Operation Of A Transmission Line In
Resistive Load
6 Operation Of A Transmission Line In
Capacitive Load
7 Operation Of A Transmission Line In
Inductive Load
8 Electrical Substation
 Experiment No. 1

FAMILIARIZATION WITH TRANSMISSION

LINE

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor

I. OBJECTIVE
  Studying the operation of a power transmission line in no-load condition (no-load current

of the transmission line).

 Measure the voltage in no-load, as well as the line and face voltage for inductive load.

 Draw connection.

 Obtained and compare different results in measurement.

II. INTRODUCTION
This experiment involves studying the "transmission line in no load conditions" as given in

its objectives. Also, this will provide a baseline with the measurement taken when the

transmission line is no-load. Moreover, it also aims to measure the line and face voltage for

inductive load.

In the context of Electrical Engineering, a power transmission line (a.k.a. transmission

line) is a set up conductors that enables the efficient transfer of electricity or power from the

source of generations such as power plants to various distribution units that provides electricity

to commercial, residential, and other consumers. Transmission lines are classified based on their

voltage levels, it consists of Low Voltage (LV) as 240V to 600 V, Medium Voltage (MV) as 2.4

KV to 69 KV, High Voltage (HV) as 115 KV to 230KV, Extra-High Voltage (EHV) as 345 KV to

765 KV and Ultra-High Voltage (UHV) as 1100 KV.

 The voltage in current of a transmission line vary depending on its load condition. When it

is under no-load condition, the voltage are typically remains closed to its normal voltage and

rated voltage. On the other hand, the current under no-load condition was very low or minimal,

since it considerably consists of leakage or capacity current.

When a transmission line is connected to an inductive load, its performance may be

affected by some phenomena such as voltage drop due to inductance, current and voltage caused

by impedance and other factors. Power transmission line requires deep consideration of these

different factors to ensure reliable and efficient electricity.

By measuring the voltage and phase voltage under no-load condition, the experiment aims

to provide insights and deep understanding into behavior and performance of a power

transmission line. These measurements can be used to analyze its efficiency and other important

parameters. Also, this will provide valuable information on the relationship between line and

phase voltage which is essential for understanding the baseline performance of a power

transmission line. It ensures the safe and reliable delivery of electric power to consumers,

support proper system planning, maintain equipment integrity and maintenance.

III. PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the three-phase transformer, inductive load and other materials/ equipment

needed.

2. Connect jumpers as shown in the drawing /illustration and measure the line voltages of

the circuit breaker and the three-phase transformer with no-load. Record the measured

values in table 1.1.

3. Turn off the supply and connect the three-phase trans former to the Inductive Load

(Model: IL-2/EV) with Wye connection.

4. Record the measured line and phare voltages of inductive load after turning on the supply

5. Repeat procedure 4, but now for the inductive load with Delta connection.

6. Record the obtained measurements in Table 1.2 and Table 1.3, respectively.

7. Get the percent difference of Table 1. and Table 1.3.

8. Compare and analyze the measurements.

IV. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT

• Three-phase Transformer

-Is an electrical device that is used to transfer electrical energy between three-phase power

system.

• High Voltage Connecting Wire

-Are used to connect various electrical components in a system. Particularly when dealing

with high-voltage applications.

• Multimeter

-A versatile electrical measurement tool to measure various electrical measurements such as

voltage, resistance, current and sometimes frequency.

• Inductive Load

-Is an electrical component or device that relies on inductance to operate

• Circuit Breaker

-Is a safety device that automatically interrupts the flow of electrical current in a circuit when

it detects an overload or a fault.

V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA TABLE:
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 2

TRANSMISSION LINE WITH INCREASED

CAPACITANCE

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
 I. OBJECTIVE
 Studying the operation of a power transmission line with increased capacitance.

 Determine the voltage and current in the transmission line with increased capacitance.

 Compare the results of the transmission line with and without increased capacitance.

 Determine the existing relationship between the transmission line and the effect of

capacitance.

II. INTRODUCTION
This experiment involves studying the transmission line with increased capacitance under

no – load condition. The primary objective of the experiment is to determine the value of the

voltage and the current during no – load operation. This will provide a baseline for comparison

with the measurements taken when transmission line is loaded. Also, the experiment aims to

know the existing relationship between the line and effects of the capacitance.

Capacitance in a transmission line is defined as the inherent ability of the line to store

electrical energy in the form of electrical field between its conductors. It is easier to store energy

when capacitance increases and typically it is measured in farads. Due to electric material

between the conductors and physical geometry of a transmission line, the capacitance arises.

Moreover, capacitance is an important parameter that affects the electrical characteristics, in

practical, higher of high – frequency signals.

 The current and voltage on a three – phase transmission line can vary the load conditions.

When the transmission line is operating in no load, there is “no current (0 ampere) flowing

through the line. At the same time, when capacitance increases the voltage “rises” as a result. The

voltage at the receiving end of the line was higher than the voltage at the sending end. In

electrical engineering, this context is known as “ferranti effect”.

When transmission line is connected on an increased capacitive load it can have several

effects on the performance of the system. It may affect the reactive power flow that is useful for

power factor that is efficient in transmission line. Overall connecting an increased capacitive

load under no load condition has both positive and negative effects on the performance of

transmission line.

By measuring the voltage and current under no load condition, the experiment provide

insights and deep understanding into the behavior of the transmission line and its performance

characteristics since, it is connected on an increased capacitance load. This measurement can be

analyzed the efficiency of the transmission line with increased capacitance, its power factor and

other key components/parameters that affect its performance. Additionally, the experiment can

provide valuable information on the relationship between the voltage and current, which is

important in optimizing the transmission line.

III. PROCEDURE

9. Prepare the three-phase transformer and the capacitive load.

10. Pre – arrange the simulator as in figure 2.1 and connect the capacitor of the module

Az191a in parallel with C1.

11. The reference electric diagram is still that shown in the figure 2.1, whereas the

connections and configuration of the line are shown in the figure.

12. Measure the line voltage and current of the three – phase transformer with no load

condition, record the measured values in table 2.1

13. Turn off supply and connect the three – phase transformer to the capacitive load of 3.5uf

(model CL2/EV)

14. Turn on the supply and measure the line voltage and current of it.

15. Repeat the procedure 6 now with an increased capacitive load of 7uF

16. Record the obtained measurements for voltage and current in 3.5uF, 7uF and 14uF in

table 2.2 and table 2.3 respectively.

17. Compare and analyze the measurements.

IV. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT

• Three-phase Transformer

• High Voltage Connecting Wire

• Multimeter

• Capacitive load

• Circuit Breaker

• Ground
V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI.
VII. DATA TABLE:
VIII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
IX. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 3

TRANSMISSION LINE WITH INCREASED

RESISTANCE

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
 I. OBJECTIVE
 Studying the operation of a power transmission line with increased resistance.

 Determine the voltage and current in the transmission line with increased resistance.

 Compare the results of the transmission line with and without increased resistance.

 Determine the existing relationship between the transmission line and the effect of

resistance.

II. INTRODUCTION
This experiment involves studying the transmission line with increased resistance under no

– load condition. The primary objective of the experiment is to determine the value of the voltage

and the current during no – load operation. This will provide a baseline for comparison with the

measurements taken when transmission line is loaded. Also, the experiment aims to know the

existing relationship between the line and effects of the resistance.

The current and voltage on a three – phase transmission line can vary the load conditions.

When the transmission line is operating in no load, there is “no current (0 ampere) flowing

through the line. At the same time, when capacitance increases the voltage “rises” as a result. The

voltage at the receiving end of the line was higher than the voltage at the sending end. In

electrical engineering, this context is known as “ferranti effect”.

When transmission line is connected on an increased capacitive load it can have several

effects on the performance of the system. It may affect the reactive power flow that is useful for

power factor that is efficient in transmission line. Overall connecting an increased capacitive

load under no load condition has both positive and negative effects on the performance of

transmission line.
 By measuring the voltage and current under no load condition, the experiment provide

insights and deep understanding into the behavior of the transmission line and its performance

characteristics since, it is connected on an increased resistance load. This measurement can be

analyzed the efficiency of the transmission line with increased resistance, its power factor and

other key components/parameters that affect its performance. Additionally, the experiment can

provide valuable information on the relationship between the voltage and current, which is

important in optimizing the transmission line.

III. PROCEDURE
IV. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT
V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI.
VII. DATA TABLE:
VIII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
IX. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 4

TRANSMISSION LINE WITH INCREASED

INDUCTANCE

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
I. OBJECTIVE
 Studying the operation of a power transmission line with increased inductance.

 Determine the voltage and current in the transmission line with increased inductance.

 Compare the results of the transmission line with and without increased inductance.

 Determine the existing relationship between the transmission line and the effect of

inductance.
II. INTRODUCTION
III. PROCEDURE

IV. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT
V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI.
VII. DATA TABLE:
VIII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
IX. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 5

OPERATION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE IN

RESISTIVE LOAD

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
I. OBJECTIVES
 Study the operation of transmission line in Resistive Load conductors.
 Determine the voltage drop of the line created by resistive load.
 Compute for the power loss from sending end to receiving end of the
line.
 Calculate the total performance of TL with resistive load.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

In this experiment, it’s embark the comprehensive exploration of

transmission lines operating under the influence of resistive loads, with a set
of well-defined objectives. First and foremost, it will delve into the intricate
workings of transmission lines in the presence of resistive load conductors,
aiming to grasp the Fundamental principles governing their operation.
Additionally, we will measure and quantify the voltage drop occur along the
line due to these resistive loads, shedding light on an essential parameter for
assessing line performance. Power loss is another critical factor in evaluating
efficiency, and we will calculate the energy dissipation from the sending end
to receiving end of the line. Ultimately, by synthesizing our findings, we aim
to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the overall performance of the
transmission line in the presence of resistive loads this experiment will
enable to gain valuable insights into power transmission systems and make
informed decisions far optimization.
III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
 Simulator of electric lines mod. SEL-1/EV
 Variable resistive load mod. RL-2/EV
 Set OF leads/jumpers for electrical connections
 Digital Multimeter

IV. PROCEDURE
 Turn OFF the breakers at the origin and line 2.
 Measurement instruments should be connected to the left busway and
terminals at the start and end of line 2.
 To simulate active conductor capacitance, connect the jumpers to line
2's left capacitors. Perform the delta connection to boost capacitive
currents. Choose 0.1 u.F for CL.
 To simulate the capacitance between the active conductors and the
ground, connect the jumpers to the set of right capacitors in line 2 and
the jumper that grounds the capacitors star centers.
 Since each line conductor provides a capacitance to ground, only the
star connection may be made. Also choose o.1 u.F For CE. set
selection Resistance line 2. to 8.9 ohms and inductance to 0.034 H.
V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA/TABLE
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 6

OPERATION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

IN CAPACITIVE LOAD

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
 I. OBJECTIVE
 Study the operation of transmission line in capacitive load conditions.

 Determine the voltage drop of the line created by capacitive load.

 Compute for the power loss from sending end to receiving end of the line.

 Calculate the total performance of the transmission line with capacitive load.

II. INTRODUCTION

The operation of a transmission line with a capacitive load revolves around understanding

the intricate interplay of electrical signals as they traverse the transmission medium. A

transmission line serves as a conduit for the transfer of electrical energy, embodying properties

like capacitance, inductance, resistance, and conductance. When dealing with a capacitive load,

where the load impedance is predominantly capacitive due to connected capacitors, certain

characteristic behaviors emerge. Notably, capacitive loads induce a leading power factor,

signifying that the current leads the voltage in phase. This capacitive nature results in a

phenomenon known as line charging, where the transmission line accumulates energy in its

capacitance during each alternating current cycle.

The voltage distribution along the transmission line is influenced, with higher voltages near

the sending end tapering towards the receiving end. The presence of capacitive loads can

contribute to reflections, leading to standing waves on the transmission line. Efficient operation

involves compensating for these effects, employing techniques such as series or parallel reactors
or capacitors to optimize electrical characteristics and minimize signal distortions. Managing the

impact of capacitance is crucial for ensuring effective power transfer and maintaining the

integrity of electrical signals in transmission line systems.

III. PROCEDURE
1) Equipment Preparation:
 Begin by preparing all the necessary equipment required for the experiment.
2) Connection of Capacitive Load:
 Connect the capacitive load to the transmission line trainer, ensuring a secure and
proper connection.
3) Energize Transmission Line Trainer:
 Power up the transmission line trainer and measure the line supply voltage to
establish the baseline.
4) Data Collection under Capacitive Load:
 Conduct measurements for line voltage, current, and power while the transmission
line is under a capacitive load.
5) Calculation of Parameters:
 Utilize the collected data to calculate essential parameters:
 Determine the voltage drop along the transmission line.
 Calculate the power loss incurred in the system.
 Assess the efficiency of the transmission line under the given conditions.
IV. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT

 3 phase Trans former

 Capacitive load Apparatus
 Wattmeter
 alligator clip
 Digital Multimeter
 Connecting wires
 Transmission Electrical Line apparatus
V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA TABLE
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 7

OPERATION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

IN INDUCTIVE LOAD

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
 I. OBJECTIVE
 Study the operation of transmission line in inductive load conditions.

 Determine the voltage drop of the line created by inductive load.

 Compute for the power loss from sending end to receiving end of the line.

 Calculate the total performance of the transmission line with inductive load.

II. INTRODUCTION

To embark on our exploration of Transmission lines, we must first acquaint ourselves

with the essential parameters that define these conduits. Transmission lines come in various

forms, such as Coaxial cables, twisted pairs, and optical fibers. The key. parameters of interest

include line length, cross-sectional area, and the resistance, inductance, and capacitance per unit

length. These parameters provide the foundational knowledge required for our analysis.

Transmission lines are the vital arteries of our electrical infrastructure, playing a pivotal

role in the seamless distribution of electricity across vast distances, from power generation plants

to end consumers, However, their efficiency and reliability can be faced with significant hurdles

when confronted with inductive loads a common occurrence resulting from devices like electric

motors, transformers and coils.

Inductive loads pose challenges to transmission lines primarily due to their propensity to

draw reactive power. When these loads are connected to the grid, they augment the current

flowing through transmission lines, triggering impedance- induced voltage-drops. Consequently,

this translates to reduced voltage levels experienced at the load's end, disrupting the uniformity

and stability of the electrical supply.

Several critical aspects characterize the impact of inductive loads on transmission lines:

 Reactive Power Consumption: Inductive loads compel an unsurge in current flow

through transmission lines, resulting in voltage drop due to inherent impedance.

 Voltage Regulation Challenges: the presence of inductive loads can undermine voltage

regulation, causing irregular voltage drops along the transmission lines, ultimately

impacting the stability of electrical supply.

 Power Factor Correction: Inductive loads typically exhibits a lagging power factor,

consuming more reactive power in comparison to real power. To address this, utilities

employ strategies like capacitors or synchronous condensers to enhance the power

factor and enhance the overall efficiency.

 Increased Losses: The heightened current flow prompt by inductive loads leads to

escalated losses, specifically I 2 R losses (whore "I'"denotes current and "R" signifies

resistance) resulting in diminished overall efficiency leading to overheating issue and

potentially

Effectively addressing these challenges becomes imperative to ensure optimal

transmission line performance under inductive load conditions. Utilities and engineers deploy

various strategies, including power factor corrector in techniques, meticulous line designs, and

integration of compensation devices. These approaches aim to mitigate adverse impact of

inductive loads, maintaining the reliability, efficiency and stability of electrical grid.

Efforts in this domain continually involve, seeking innovation and advancements in

technology to navigate the complexities introduced by inductive loads and ensure the robustness

electrical infrastructure.
 III. PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the necessary equipment to be used in conducting the experiment.

2. Connect the inductive load to the transmission line trainer.

3. Energize the transmission line trainer and measure the line supply voltage.

4. Obtain the line voltage, current and the power under inductive load.

5. Calculate the voltage drop, power loss and efficiency of the line using the data.

IV. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT

 Digital Multimeter  Power Manifold 91-220

 Wattmeter

 Connecting wires

 3 phase Trans former

 alligator clip

 Transmission Electrical Line

apparatus

 Inductive load Apparatus (model IL-

2/EV)
V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA TABLE
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 8

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
I. OBJECTIVE
 To study electrical substation.
 To identify the different types of electrical substation.
 To know and define the different parts or components present in electrical
substation.
 To draw/illustrate an electrical substation.

II. INTRODUCTION

The substation, an essential component of contemporary electrical infrastructure, has

a long history that can be traced back to the development of power distribution networks.
Substations, which first appeared in the late 19th century alongside the fast development
of electricity generation and transmission, played a critical part in changing electricity
from a local resource to a broad and accessible utility. Substations developed over time,
adjusting to technological improvements and rising demand for energy. They were
originally designed to meet the issues of long-distance power transmission. These
facilities now act as essential nodes in the electricity grid, permitting the transformation,
distribution, and management of electrical energy to fulfill the different demands of
industries, enterprises, and consumers throughout the world. Exploring the history of
substations reveals a fascinating path highlighted by ingenuity, engineering brilliance,
and technological advancement.
III. WHAT IS A SUBSTATION?
An essential part of every electrical power system is a substation, which bridges the
lowervoltage distribution network and the high-voltage transmission network. It serves as a
center for organizing and regulating the movement of energy throughout the power system.
Substations are essential for changing voltage levels, transferring power from high to low,
and vice versa, and guaranteeing effective distribution and transmission. They contain
various devices, including circuit breakers, transformers, and switchgear, which enable these
voltage conversions and safeguard the system from malfunctions. Substations also make
monitoring and controlling power quality possible, contributing to voltage stability and
dependability. The power grid's planned placement of these facilities makes it possible for
families, companies, and industries to receive electricity efficiently. Advanced technologies
for smart grid applications and integrating renewable energy sources are made possible by
the complex infrastructure in substations.
Substations are made to increase the power system's overall efficiency by lowering
transmission losses and fostering a robust and dependable energy infrastructure. They also
act as locations for upkeep and repairs, which enables utilities to control and enhance the
functionality of the whole electrical system. In conclusion, substations are essential
components of the electrical supply chain that enable the effective and secure transfer of
power while guaranteeing stability, dependability, and flexibility in the ever-changing world
of energy distribution.

IV. ESSENTIAL QUALITY OF A SUBSTATION

V. COMPONENTS OF A SUBSTATION
VI. FUNCTIONS OF A SUBSTATION
VII. LAYOUT OF A SAMPLE SUBSTATION

VIII. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

IX. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
X. CONCLUSION