FORCE & FRICTION

Science – Grade 6

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 FORCE
What is force?
A force is the push, or pull of an object.

• Pushing an object will move it away from the force.

Example: When you jump in the air, you push yourself down, off the ground, causing
your body to go up.
• Pulling an object will move it towards the force.
Example: Gravity is a force that pulls everything towards the earth. So when you jump,
gravity is what pulls you back down.
 Summary
 WHAT IS A CHEMICAL REACTION?
A chemical reaction is a process in which new substances are formed.
Examples of chemical changes include:
Souring milk
Digesting food
Cooking an egg
Baking a cake
Rusting iron
Mixing an acid and a base
Burning a candle
 Physical Changes
A physical change is a change in matter that alters its form but not its chemical identity.
Examples of physical changes include:
 Melting an ice cube
 Freezing an egg
 Boiling water
 Sublimation of dry ice into carbon dioxide gas
 Shredding paper
 Crushing a can
 Breaking a bottle
 Chopping vegetables
 There are 3 main types of friction:
Sliding Friction: The friction that occurs when an object slides, for example when you slide down a slide.

Rolling Friction: The friction that occurs when an object rolls, for example, skateboard wheels rolling on the sidewalk.

Fluid Friction: The friction that occurs between an object and a fluid or a gas, for example, a shark swimming through
the ocean water.
 There are two types of forces based on their applications:
Contact Force
Forces that act on a body either directly or through a medium are called contact forces.
Non-Contact Force
Force that act through spaces without direct contact with the body are called non-contact forces
 Examples of contact forces are:
 Muscular Force
 Mechanical Force
 Frictional Force
Examples of non-contact forces are
 Gravitional Force
 Electrostatic Force
 Magnetic force
 Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object.
 Gravity is the attractive pull between two objects that have mass.
 There are two types of forces based on their applications:

Contact Force
Forces that act on a body either directly or through a medium are called contact forces.

Non-Contact Force
Force that act through spaces without direct contact with the body are called non-contact forces

 Examples of contact forces are:

 Muscular Force
 Mechanical Force
 Frictional Force

Examples of non-contact forces are

 Gravitional Force
 Electrostatic Force
 Magnetic force

 Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object.

 Gravity is the attractive pull between two objects that have mass.
Inertial mass is determined by how much the object resists acceleration.
Gravitational mass is a measurement of how much gravity an object exerts
on other objects.
 Force is a physical cause that can change the state of motion or the
dimensions of an object
 How to Measure Mass
Mass is usually measured in kilograms which is abbreviated as kg.
 The special instrument to measure the size of a force is a force meter.
 Weight is a force that can be measured in newtons.
 Newtons : The unit of force
 Newton's laws tell us that if an unbalanced force acts on an object, it
will change the object's state of motion
Forces can help an object speed up, slow down, stay in place, or even
change shapes; forces cause motion or a lack of motion. To change an
object's motion, a force needs to be applied. So if a rock was in place, still, not
moving, chilling, and living its life, a force would have to come along in order
for it to move (because a rock can't move on its own!).
 Our Team Style
https://youtu.be/fnCDk-SnNGQ

All forces are measured in something called Newtons -

Named after Isaac Newton who discovered much of what we
know now about force and motion. But don't think too much
about him just yet, we'll learn more in the coming chapters.
S c i e n c e Te c h n o l o g y E n g i n e e r i n g A r t s M a t h e m a t i c s
 Friction
You might have noticed during the
bobsled simulator that it went farther
depending on what surface it was
sliding on. Ice was a better surface
than asphalt because of an invisible
force called Friction.
Friction always acts in the opposite direction of the object
in motion. Now, that's certainly a bit tricky to wrap your brain
around, especially since friction is an invisible force! But take a
look at the image of the soccer ball below. When you kick the
ball, you're applying a force from your foot to the ball pushing it
forward, while the grass is applying friction in the opposite
direction, ultimately slowing the ball down.
 Friction: https://youtu.be/_LSevw1sfpk

The smoother the surface and the object are, the less friction there will be.
So, are there ways we can intentionally reduce friction? Yes! Think about
sliding down a waterslide vs. sliding down a regular slide. Which slide will
make you go faster? The waterslide will, and that's because the addition of
water reduces the amount of friction between your body and the slide.
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 Air Resistance
However, something that causes friction can't always be seen. For
example, air resistance is a type of friction that is caused by, yes you
guessed it, air! Particles of air hinder the motion of an object (slow it
down). So for instance, when someone skydives and parachutes out
of a plane, gravity is pulling them down to earth, but air resistance (a
type of friction) is also working in the opposite direction to slow them
down.
Air resistance

Air resistance is also known as drag in

physics. However, skydivers need the help
of a parachute to increase the air
resistance, since gravity is a stronger force
naturally. Without a parachute...splat!

Demo of Air Resistance: https://youtu.be/O-KYLXp2MG4

 Types of Friction
There are 3 main types of friction:
Sliding Friction: The friction that occurs when an object slides, for example when you slide
down a slide.

Rolling Friction: The friction that occurs when an object rolls, for example, skateboard wheels
rolling on the sidewalk.

Fluid Friction: The friction that occurs between an object and a fluid or a gas, for example, a
shark swimming through the ocean water.
 Types of Force

Force is a physical cause that can change the state of motion

or the dimensions of an object. There are two types of forces
based on their applications:

Contact Force
Non-Contact Force
 Slide Title
Product A Product B
• Feature 1 • Feature 1
• Feature 2 • Feature 2
• Feature 3 • Feature 3

Forces that act on a body either directly or through a medium are called contact forces.
Examples of contact forces are:
•Muscular Force
•Mechanical Force
•Frictional Force
Different Kinds of Forces
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 Gravity
Gravity is an invisible, non-contact force that draws things
towards the center of an object, such as a planet or a star.
• Gravity is a force of attraction between two objects
• Gravity always pulls, it never pushes

Earth has gravity, and gravity is the reason why we aren't

floating around everywhere. Gravity is what pulls us down
towards the earth. It kind of straps us on, so that we don't fly off Your Picture Here And Send To Back
the planet!

Since the moon is much smaller than Earth, the gravity is

much smaller.
https://youtu.be/icSMMLqBTFw
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 The bigger the mass, the bigger the attraction.
Did you know that if we didn't have gravity on earth, all of the water from our
lakes, rivers, and oceans would float away? There would be nothing holding the
water down! Check out Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield's videos to see what
daily life is like in outer space.

https://youtu.be/JUUvlnnVMSQ
https://youtu.be/xICkLB3vAeU
Gravity on the Moon
A trip to the moon would be fun!
https://youtu.be/05EXSF5rVSE
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Watch these quick videos on Sir Isaac Newton and the 3
Laws of Motion: https://youtu.be/m2JhWkQzw9A
 Weight, mass and gravity
What is the difference between mass and weight?

mass is the amount of matter in a material, while weight is a measure of how

the force of gravity acts upon that mass.

Weight is different from mass. Weight is the measure of the force of gravity on an
object. The mass of an object will never change, but the weight of an item can change
based on its location. For example, you may weigh 100 pounds on Earth, but in
outer space you would be weightless. However, you will always have the same
mass on Earth as you have in outer space.
 E D U C AT I O N
Measuring Weight

In the United States we usually measure weight in pounds, but in physics when we are describing weight
as a force, it is generally measured in Newtons which is abbreviated as "N".
Converting Mass to Weight
Since gravity is fairly consistent on Earth, weight will be consistent as well. This allows us to use a
formula to convert weight into mass or mass into weight.
The formula is:
force = mass * acceleration
or
f = ma
 Is mass the same as size?
No, mass is different than size or volume. This is
because the type of atoms or molecules as well as
their density helps to determine the mass. For
example, a balloon filled with helium will have much
less mass than a similar sized item made of solid
gold.

The Law of Conservation of Mass

The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of a closed system must remain constant
over time. This means that although changes are being made to the objects in a system, the
overall mass of the system must remain the same.
 What is mass?
Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object. Mass is a
combination of the total number of atoms, the density of the atoms, and the type of atoms
in an object.
How to Measure Mass
Mass is usually measured in kilograms which is abbreviated as kg.
In physics there are different ways of determining the quantity of mass. Two of the most commonly
used are inertial mass and gravitational mass.
Inertial mass - Inertial mass is determined by how much the object resists
acceleration. For example, if you push two objects under the same conditions with the same
amount of force, the object with the lower mass will accelerate faster.
Gravitational mass - Gravitational mass is a measurement of how much gravity an object
exerts on other objects. It can also be the measurement of how much gravity an object
experiences from another object.
 What is Gravity?

So what is gravity?
Gravity is the attractive pull between two objects that have mass. The strength of gravity is
directly proportional to the amount of mass of each object. In other words, the larger the objects, the
greater the gravitational attraction between them. For example, the gravitational pull you experience on
Earth is much greater than it would be on the moon because the Earth's mass is greater. An object with
twice as much mass will exert twice as much gravitational pull on other objects.
On the other hand, the strength of gravity is inversely related to the
square of the distance between two objects. For example, if the
distance between two objects doubles, meaning they're twice as far
apart, the gravitational pull decreases by a factor of 4. This is
because 2 squared is equal to 4. This means the effect of distance
on gravitational attraction is greater than the effect of the masses of
the objects.
 Gravity as a Force
Gravity is a force. A force is simply a push or a pull
experienced by objects that interact with each other. The
interaction can be direct or at a distance, which is the case of
gravity. Newton's laws tell us that if an unbalanced force
acts on an object, it will change the object's state of motion.
In other words, the object will accelerate. Since gravity is a
force, gravity causes objects to accelerate.
Let's look at an example of how gravity causes acceleration. If you
drop a ball from a cliff, you will notice that the speed increases as it
falls - it accelerates due to gravity. We have determined
the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/sec2 - that is, for free-falling
objects on Earth. Free falling simply means no other forces, except
gravity, are acting on the object. For example, any effect of wind
resistance would be neglected. The velocity of a free-falling object
increases by 9.8 meters per second every second.
1. What is a force ?
2. Define the newton ?
3. There are 3 main types of friction, explain them ?
4. The special instrument to measure the size of a force is ……..
5. Mass is measured in …………. and ……….
6. What is weight of force ?
7. What is mass of force ?
8. What is the difference between mass and weight?
9. How to Measure Mass ?
10.Newton's laws tell us about ?
11.So what is gravity?
12.Someone who discover newton of force is ?
13.Give 3 example of contact force.
14.Give 3 example non- contact force.
15. Define Inertial mass?
16. Define Gravitational mass ?
 activity
1. What is a force ?
Force is a physical cause that can change the state of motion or the dimensions of an object
2. Define the newton ?
The unit of force
3.There are 3 main types of friction, explain them ?
 Sliding Friction
Rolling Friction
Fluid Friction

4. The special instrument to measure the size of a force is ……..

Force meter
5. Mass is measured in kilograms grams
…….. and ……………….
 activity
6. What is weight of force ?

a force that can be measured in newtons.

7. What is mass of force ?

a measurement of how much matter is in an object.

8. What is the difference between mass and weight?

mass is the amount of matter in a material, while weight is a measure of how
the force of gravity acts upon that mass.
9. How to Measure Mass ?

Mass is usually measured in kilograms which is abbreviated as kg.

10. Newton's laws tell us about ?
if an unbalanced force acts on an object, it will change the object's state of motion
11. So what is gravity?
the attractive pull between two objects that have mass.
12. Someone who discover newton of force is ?
Isaac Newton
13. Give 3 example of contact force.
 Muscular Force
 Mechanical Force
 Frictional Force
14. Give 3 example non- contact force.
 Gravitional Force
 Electrostatic Force
 Magnetic force

15.Define Inertial mass?

Inertial mass is determined by how much the object resists acceleration.

16. Define Gravitational mass ?
Gravitational mass is a measurement of how much gravity an object exerts on other objects.