Motivation: Concepts and Theoretical

Perspectives

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 The Motivation Process

• Motivation: Forces from within individuals that

stimulate and dive them to achieve goals
• Motivation is a process by which behavior is:
• Energized
• Directed
• Maintained

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The Motivation Process

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 Needs Theories
• Needs motivation theories are divided into two
categories:
• Content theories: What are the types of factors that
motivate?
• Process theories: How our needs drive, influence
and sustain behavior

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 Needs Theories
• Content Theories:
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Physiological, safety,
love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
• ERG theory: Existence needs, relatedness needs,
growth needs
• Herzberg’s two-factor theory: Hygiene factors and
motivators

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Needs Theories

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Needs Theories

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 Needs Theories
• Content Theories:
• McClelland’s acquired needs theory: needs shaped
over time
• Need for achievement
• Need for affiliation
• Need for power

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Needs Theories

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 Needs Theories
• Money as a motivator
• Money sits with lower level needs.
• Money is not the most important or effective
motivator.

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 Goal-Setting Theory
• Developed by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham
• Human performance is directed by conscious
goals and intentions.
• Employees are motivated by:
• Clear goals
• Appropriate feedback

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 Goal-Setting Theory
• Specific goals (S.M.A.R.T.)
• Difficult goals
• Goal acceptance and commitment
• The Goldilocks Rule
• Feedback

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Goal Setting Theory

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 Equity Theory
• Motivation is based on our perception of how
fairly we are being treated in comparison with
others.
• Fair = more motivation
• Unfair = demotivated
• O/I ratio (outcome/inputs)

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Equity Theory

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 Equity Theory
• Change inputs
• Attempt to change outcomes
• Carry out cognitive reevaluation
• Attempts to change inputs or outcomes
• Pick another “other”
• Leave the field

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 Equity Theory
• Organizational justice: What people perceive
as fairness in workplace practices
• Distributive justice
• Procedural justice
• Interpersonal justice
• Informational justice

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 Expectancy Theory
• Vroom’s expectancy theory: People will choose
certain behaviors over others with the
expectation of a certain outcome
• Expectancy: Effort-to-performance relationships
• Instrumentality: Work-outcome relationships
• Valence: Desirability of various work outcomes

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Expectancy Theory

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