Circulatory unit 8

ppt#3 Major Arteries and Veins

Blood pressure
Major Systemic Arteries
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Superficial temporal a.
Facial a.
External carotid a.
Internal carotid a.
Vertebral a. Common carotid a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Subclavian a. Subclavian a.
Axillary a. Aortic arch
Internal thoracic a.
Diaphragm
Subscapular a.
Deep brachial a.
Brachial a. Common hepatic a.
Splenic a.
Radial collateral a. Renal aa.
Superior ulnar Superior mesenteric a.
collateral a. Gonadal a.
Inferior mesenteric a.
Radial a. Common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
Ulnar a.
External iliac a.
Interosseous aa.

Palmar
arches

Deep femoral a.

Femoral a.

Popliteal a.

Anterior tibial a.

Posterior tibial a.

Fibular a.

Arcuate a.

Figure 20.21
• supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs 20-2
Major Branches of the Aorta
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R. common L. common
carotid a. carotid a.
R. subclavian a.
L. subclavian a.

Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch

Ascending
aorta

Descending
aorta, thoracic
(posterior to
heart)

Diaphragm
Aortic hiatus
Descending
aorta,
abdominal

Figure 20.23
20-3
 Arteries of the Head and Neck
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Supraorbital a.
Superficial
temporal a. Ophthalmic a.
Posterior
auricular a.
Occipital a.
Maxillary a.

Internal carotid a. Facial a.

External carotid a.
Carotid sinus Lingual a.

Vertebral a. Superior
thyroid a.
Thyroid gland

Thyrocervical Common
trunk carotid a.
Costocervical
Subclavian a.
trunk
Axillary a.
Brachiocephalic
Figure 20.24a
trunk
(a) Lateral view

• common carotid divides into internal and external carotids

– external carotid supplies most external head structures 20-4
 Arteries of the Upper Limb
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• subclavian passes
Common carotid a.
between clavicle
and 1st rib
Subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk

Axillary a.

Circumflex

• vessel changes
humeral aa.
Brachial a.
Deep brachial a.

Superior ulnar
collateral a.
names as passes
Radial collateral a. to different regions
Interosseous aa.:
Common
– subclavian to
Posterior
Anterior axillary to brachial
Radial a.
Ulnar a.
to radial and ulnar
Deep palmar arch

Superficial palmar arch

– brachial used for
BP and radial
(a) Major arteries artery for pulse

Figure 20.34a 20-5

 Arteries of the Thorax
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Vertebral a. Common carotid aa.

Thyrocervical trunk Brachiocephalic trunk
Costocervical trunk
L. subclavian a.
Thoracoacromial
trunk
Subscapular a. Aortic arch

Pericardiophrenic a.
Lateral thoracic a.
Bronchial aa.

Descending aorta
Anterior
intercostal aa.
Posterior intercostal aa.
Internal thoracic a.
Subcostal a.

Esophageal aa. Figure 20.27a

(a) Major arteries

• thoracic aorta supplies viscera and body wall

– bronchial, esophageal, and mediastinal branches
– posterior intercostal and phrenic arteries
• internal thoracic, anterior intercostal, and
pericardiophrenic arise from subclavian artery 20-6
Major Branches of Abdominal Aorta
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Inferior phrenic a.

Aortic hiatus
Celiac trunk

Superior

Suprarenal Middle
aa.
Inferior

Superior mesenteric a.

Renal a.

Lumbar aa.

Gonadal a.

Inferior mesenteric a.

Common iliac a.

Figure 20.29
Internal iliac a.

Median sacral a.

20-7
 Celiac Trunk Branches
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Gallbladder
Left gastric a.
Liver
Short
Spleen
gastric a.
Short
Cystic a.
Hepatic aa. gastric aa.

Aorta Celiac trunk

Hepatic a. proper
R. gastric a. L. gastric a.
Gastroduodenal a. Splenic a. Splenic a.
Superior L. gastro- Right gastric a.
pancreaticoduodenal a. omental a. Left gastro-
Pancreatic aa. Gastroduodenal a.
Pancreas omental a.
Common hepatic a.
Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal a. R. gastro-omental a.
Superior mesenteric a. Right gastro-
Duodenum omental a.

(b) Celiac circulation to the stomach

(a) Branches of the celiac trunk

Figure 20.30 a-b

• branches of celiac trunk supply upper abdominal

viscera - stomach, spleen, liver, and pancreas
20-8
 Mesenteric Arteries
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Inferior
Transverse
pancreaticoduodenal a.
Transverse colon colon

Aorta
Jejunum
Middle
colic a. Descending
colon
Superior
mesenteric a.
Aorta
Inferior
R. colic a. mesenteric a.
Left colic a.
Ileocolic a.
Jejunal aa.
Sigmoid aa.
Ascending
colon
Superior
Ileal aa. rectal a.
Sigmoid colon
Cecum

Rectum
Ileum
Appendix

(a) Distribution of superior mesenteric artery (b) Distribution of inferior mesenteric artery

Figure 20.31 a-b 20-9

 Arteries of the Lower Limb
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Lateral Medial Medial Lateral

Aorta
Common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Inguinal ligament

Obturator a.
Circumflex Circumflex
femoral aa. femoral aa.
Femoral a.

Descending Deep femoral a. Descending

branch of branch of
lateral lateral
circumflex Adductor hiatus circumflex
femoral a. femoral a.

Genicular Genicular
aa. Popliteal a. aa.

Anterior
tibial a.
Fibular a.
Posterior
tibial a.
Anterior Fibular a.
tibial a.

Dorsal
pedal a.
Medial
Lateral
tarsal a.
plantar a.
Lateral Medial
tarsal a. plantar a.
Arcuate a. Deep plantar
arch

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Figure 20.36 a-b

• branches to the lower limb arise from external iliac
branch of the common iliac artery 20-10
 Major Systemic VeinsCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

External jugular v.
Internal jugular v. Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Axillary v.
Superior vena cava
Diaphragm
Hepatic v. Kidney
Inferior vena cava
Renal v. Cephalic v.
Brachial vv. Basilic v.

Gonadal vv. Common iliac v.

Internal iliac v.
Radial vv. External iliac v.
Median
Ulnar vv.
Antebrachial v.
Venous
palmar arches Dorsal venous
network

Deep femoral v.

Femoral v. Femoral v.

Popliteal v.

Anterior tibial vv.

Posterior tibial vv.
Small saphenous v.
Great saphenous v.
Fibular vv.

Dorsal venous arch Plantar venous arch

Figure 20.22
• deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial
veins have many anastomoses 20-11
Deep Veins of Head and Neck
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Superior
sagittal sinus
Corpus callosum
Inferior
Great cerebral
sagittal sinus Superficial
vein Superior
Straight sinus middle cerebral
ophthalmic vein
vein
Confluence of Cavernous
sinuses sinus
Transverse To internal
sinus jugular v.
Sigmoid sinus Sigmoid
sinus
Internal jugularv.

Straight sinus
Transverse
sinus

Confluence of
sinuses

(b) Dural venous sinuses, inferior view

(a) Dural venous sinuses, medial view

Figure 20.26 a-b

• large, thin-walled dural sinuses form in between
layers of dura mater
• drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein 20-12
 Superficial Veins of Head and Neck
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Superior
ophthalmic v .
Superficial
temporal v .
Occipital v.

Facial v .
Vertebral v.

External Superior thyroid v .

jugular v .
Internal Thyroid gland
jugular v .
Subclavian v .

Axillary v. Brachiocephalic v .
Figure 20.26c
(c) Superficial veins of the head and neck

• internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
• branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures
of the head
• upper limb is drained by subclavian vein 20-13
 Veins of Hepatic Portal System
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Diaphragm Inferior phrenic v.

Hepatic vv.
Inferior
vena cava

Figure 20.32 R. suprarenal v. L. suprarenal v.

Lumbar v.1
L. renal v.
R. renal v.

Lumbar vv. 1-4

Lumbar vv. 2–4

L. ascending
R. ascending lumbar v. lumbar v .
Iliolumbar v. Common iliac v.
R. gonadal v. L. gonadal v.
Median sacral v. Internal iliac v.

External iliac v.

• drains nutrient rich blood from viscera (stomach,

spleen and intestines) to liver so that blood sugar
20-14
levels are maintained
Superficial and Deep Veins of Upper
Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Jugular vv.
External
Internal
Brachiocephalic vv.
Subclavian v.

Superior vena cava

Axillary v.

Cephalic v.

Basilic v.

Brachial vv.

Median cubital v.

Median
antebrachial v.
Radial vv.
Ulnar vv.
Cephalic v.
Basilic v.

Deep venous palmar arch

Superficial venous palmar arch
Dorsal venous network

Superficial veins

Deep veins

(a) Major veins

20-15
Figure 20.35a
Superficial and Deep Veins of Lower Limb
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Lateral Medial Medial Lateral

Inferior vena cava

Common iliac v.

Internal iliac v .

External iliac v .

Circumflex Circumflex
femoral vv. femoral vv.

Deep femoral v .

Femoral v .
Great saphenous v .

Popliteal v .

Anterior tibial v.

Small Small
saphenous v. Superficial veins saphenous v.

Deep veins Fibular vv.

Anterior
tibial vv. Posterior tibial
vv.

Dorsal Medial plantar v.

venous arch Lateral plantar v.
Deep plantar
venous arch
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Figure 20.38 a-b 20-16

 Blood Flow Comparison
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At rest Moderate exercise

Total cardiac output 5 L/min Total cardiac output 17.5 L/min

Other Other
Coronary 350 mL/min Coronary
750 mL/min 400 mL/min
200 mL/min (7.0%) (2.3%)
(4.0%) Cutaneous (4.3%)
1,900 mL/min
Cutaneous (10.9%)
300 mL/min Muscular
1,000 mL/min Cerebral
(6.0%)
(20.0%) 750 mL/min
(4.3%)
Cerebral
Renal
700 mL/min
600 mL/min
(14.0%) Digestive Muscular
(3.4%)
1,350 mL/min 12,500 mL/min
Renal Digestive (71.4%)
(27.0%) 600 mL/min
1,100 mL/min
(22.0%) (3.4%)

Figure 20.15
during exercise
– increased perfusion of lungs, myocardium, and skeletal
muscles
20-17
– decreased perfusion of kidneys and digestive tract
What is blood pressure?
Measures force of blood in the arteries

High blood pressure (HBP) = hypertension (HTN)

 Hypertension:
High Blood Pressure
• hypertension – most common cardiovascular disease
affecting about 30% of Americans over 50

• “the silent killer”

– major cause of heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure
• damages heart by increasing afterload
– myocardium enlarges until overstretched and inefficient
• renal arterioles thicken in response to stress
– drop in renal BP leads to salt retention (aldosterone) and
worsens the overall hypertension

• primary hypertension
– obesity, sedentary behavior, diet, nicotine

• secondary hypertension – secondary to other disease

– kidney disease, hyperthyroidism 20-19
Blood Pressure
· Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in large
arteries
· Systolic – pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
· Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
· Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

· Neural factors
· Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division) and parasympathetic
· Renal factors
· Regulation by altering blood volume
· Renin – hormonal control

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors

· Temperature
· Heat has a vasodilation effect
· Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
· Chemicals
· Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
· Endocrine/hormone functions as
stimulators or relaxors.
· Diet
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
What factors influence blood pressure?
• Blood volume
• Vascular resistance
• Autoregulation, by medula oblongata
• Autonomic influences, hormones, chemical signals,
epinephrine, norepinephrine
• Endocrine functions
 Variations in Blood Pressure
· Human normal range is variable
· Normal
· 140–110 mm Hg systolic
· 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
· Hypotension
· Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
· Often associated with illness
· Hypertension
· High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
· Can be dangerous if it is chronic

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

How is BP measured?
Blood pressure cuff
mm mercury
2 numbers shown as a fraction
Systolic/Diastolic
Ex. 120/80
Systolic
The top number in blood pressure readings
Measures the pressure in arteries when heart is
beating
Diastolic
The bottom number in blood pressure readings
Measures pressure when heart is at rest
 Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure

Figure 11.18

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 How to take your blood pressure
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gmic13m
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