UNDERSTANGING

THE GEOMETRY OF
MOLECULES AND
POLARITY OF
COMPOUNDS
By: Jeth Randyll Angsioco
Kingjohn Benedick Vivo
John Gerald Mercado
 GEOMETRY OF
MOLECULES
GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES refers to the three-dimensional
arrangement of atoms in molecules and the angles between them. This
arrangement is determined by the molecule's electron pairs, which repel
each other and adopt specific positions around the central atom(s).
Common molecular geometries include linear, trigonal planar,
tetrahedral, and more depending on the number of bonding and non-
bonding electron pairs.
 IMPORTANCE OF
MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY

Understanding molecular geometry is crucial for predicting molecular

properties, such as polarity, reactivity, and biological activity. It also aids
in interpreting experimental data and designing molecules with specific
functions.
 FACTORS
INFLUENCING STERIC
MOLECULAR NUMBER
02 Determined by the
GEOMETRYnumber of bonding
ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION
pairs and lone pairs
THEORY (VSEPR) around a central atom
The VSEPR theory explains 01 HYBRIDIZATIO
that electron pairs in the
valence shell of an atom N
repel each other, leading to
a geometric arrangement
03 The combination of s and p
orbitals results in hybrid
that minimizes repulsion orbitals, influencing bond
angles and shapes
 Molecular Geometries
01 02
LINEAR TRIGONAL
PLANAR

03 04
SQUARE SEESAW
PLANAR 05
TETRAHEDRAL
 Molecular Geometries
06
T-SHAPED 07
BENT or
V-SHAPED
08
OCTAHEDR
AL 09
PYRAMIDA
L
 LINEAR GEOMETRY
A geometric shape where the atoms are in a
straight line. Example: CO2, XeF2

01
Trigonal planar
Characterized by 3 atoms bonded to a central atom,
arranged in a flat triangular shape. The bond angles
between adjacent atoms are approximately 120 degrees.
Example: BF3

02
Square Planar
Describes a structure where four atoms surround a
central atom in a flat, square arrangement with the
bond angles between adjacent atoms are
approximately 90 degrees. Example: XeF4

03
04
Seesaw
The Seesaw also known as “Trigonal Bipyramidral with
one lone pair,” consists of four atoms bonded to a
central atom. Three atom forma trigonal plane around
the central atom,and the remaining fourth atom , along
with a lone pair, are situated above or below the plane,

04
resembling a seesaw. Example: SF4
Tetrahedral
Characterized by a central atom bonded to four
surrounding atoms, forming a three-
dimensional structure with bond angels of
approximately 109.5 degrees. Example: CH4

05
 07
T-Shaped
06
Is characterized by acentral atom bonded to
three other atoms, with two of the bonds
forming a T-like arrangement and the third bond
oriented in a different direction. Also contains
two lone pairs. Example: ClF3
 Bent or V-shaped
Is characterize by a central atom bonded to two other
atoms, causing the molecule to adopt a bent or V-
shaped configuration. The shaped occurs when there is
a lone pair of electrons on the central atom, leading to
a deviation from a linear arrangement. Example: H2O,
SO2

07
 Octahedral
Characterized by a shape where a central atom is sorrounded
by six atoms arranged symmetrically in a three-dimensional
octahedron. The angles between adjacent bbonds are
approximately 90 degrees, resulting in a balanced and evenly
spaced arrangement. Example: SF6

01
08
 THREE TYPES OF

01
Trigonal
Pyramidal
Describes a molecule with a
central atom bonded to three
surrounding atoms and one lone
pair, resulting in a pyramid-like
shape. This configuration is
commonly found in molecules
with a tetrahedral electron
domain geometry when one of
the electron pairs is replaced by a
lone pair. Example: NH3
PYRAMIDAL Square 03
Trigonal
Bipyramidal 02 Pyramidal
Pertains to a structure where a
Forms when a central central atom is bonded to four
atom is surrounded by surrounding atoms and has one
five atoms in a molecule. lone pair, resulting in a pyramid
In the geometry, three with a square base. This
atoms are in the same geometry typically arises in
plane with bond angles of molecules with an octahedral
120°; the other two atoms electron domain arrangement
are on opposite ends of when one of the electron pairs is
the molecule. replaced by a lone pair.
Example: BrF5
Example: PCl5
THREE TYPES OF
PYRAMIDAL

Trigonal
Bipyrami
Trigonal dal
Pyramidal
Square
Pyramidal
 POLARITY
OF
COMPOUNDS
 POLARITY OF
COMPOUNDS
The polarity of compounds refers to the
distribution of electric charge within the
molecule. A molecule is considered
polar if it has a positive and a negative
end, creating a dipole moment. This
occurs when there is an uneven
distribution of electrons, leading to
regions of partial positive and partial
negative charges.
KEY FACTORS
AFFECTING
POLARITY
 ELECTONEGATIVITY
Electronegativity is the tendency of an
atom to attract electrons in a chemical
bond. Compounds with a significant

01 difference in electronegativity between

the atoms tend to be polar. The more
electronegative atom attracts the
shared electrons more strongly,
creating a partial negative charge on
itself and a partial positive charge on
the other atom.
SHAPE/GEOMETR
Y
The arrangement of atoms in a
molecule affects its polarity. In
asymmetrical molecules, where the
distribution of atoms is uneven, the
molecule is more likely to be polar. For
example, in water (H2O), the bent
02
shape leads to an uneven distribution
of electron density, resulting in a polar
molecule.
 07
03
Certain functional groups within a

FUNCTION molecule can contribute to its overall

polarity. For instance, oxygen-
containing functional groups like

AL GROUPS hydroxyl (-OH) or carbonyl (C=O) are

often associated with polar compounds
due to the electronegativity of oxygen.
 DIPOLE
05
MOMENT
04
A dipole moment is a measure of the
separation of positive and negative charges in a
01
molecule. Polar compounds have a nonzero
dipole moment, indicating an uneven
distribution of charge. The magnitude and
direction of the dipole moment depend on the
electronegativity difference and molecular
geometry.
INTERACTIO 06

N
The polarity of a compound can be
influenced by the solvent in which it
is dissolved. Some compounds might
exhibit different polarities in
different solvents. For instance, a
nonpolar compound in a polar
solvent may interact differently than
05
in a nonpolar solvent, affecting its
overall polarity.
SYMMETRY
Symmetrical molecules with identical atoms
or groups often cancel out polarities,
resulting in a nonpolar molecule.

06
Asymmetrical arrangements, on the other
hand, tend to enhance the overall dipole
moment and increase the compound's
polarity.
 HYDROGEN
BONDING
Hydrogen bonding occurs when a
hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly

07 electronegative atom (such as O, N, or F)

and is attracted to another
electronegative atom in a different
molecule. Compounds capable of forming
hydrogen bonds tend to have higher
polarities due to the strong dipole-dipole
interactions.
THAN
K YOU
THANKS

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