POLITICAL SELF

PREPARED BY:
.
 POLITICAL SELF AND THE
FILIPINO IDENTITY

Political Self is that aspect of the self that helps the individuals understand and
function effectively in society. Filipino as social and political beings need to be aware
of their identity to function effectively in a democratic society.
National Identity consist of three dimensions including:

1. Self-categorization - is described as identification with a group and a

sense of psychological belongingness for sharing certain characteristics.
It may be based on several social identities that relate to birthplace, age,
social status, religion etc. and that has potential political consequences.

2. Affect - refers to the emotion a person has with this identification, such
as a sense of belonging, or emotional attachment toward one's nation.

3. Normative Contents - refers to the particular set of ideas about what

makes a nation distinctive- ideas about its members, its core values and
goals, the territory it ought to occupy, and its relations to other nations
(Citrin et al. 2001).
 FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS
Filipino values and traits are deeply rooted in the culture and
history of the Philippines. These values and traits have been
shaped by a variety of influences, including indigenous beliefs,
colonial history, and modern societal changes. It's important to
note that not all Filipinos possess these traits to the same degree,
and there can be significant individual variation.

In Enriquez’ (2007; as cited in Clementel et al.,2008) Kapwa

model’s value structure, he identified 12 filipino Values from 4
categories: surface values, pivot value, core value and foundation
of human values.
K A P WA M O D E L’ S VA L U E S T R U C T U R E
(ADAPTED FROM ENRIQUEZ, 2007A)
1. Surface Values - are further divided into two:

• Colonial/Accommodative Surface Values

• Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western

psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'.

• Utang na Loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by

their neighbors to return favors-—whether these were asked for or
not— -when it is needed or wanted.

• Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal

Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This
attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority.
 • Confrontative Surface Values

•Bahala Na: 'fatalistic passiveness', describes the Filipino way of

life, in which, he is determined to do his best, hence the term
bahala na, which actually came from the phrase bathalan na,
meaning 'I will do all my best, let God take care of the rest'.

• Lakas ng Loob: characterized by being courageous in the midst

of problems and uncertainties.

• Pakikibaka: it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability

of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a
common enemy.
2. Pivot Value

Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use

damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions, as a
basic tool to guide his dealings with other people.

3. Core Value - is Kapwa or Pagkatao (shared identity)

which means that the other values emanate from this.
4. Foundation of Human Values - consist of a linking socio-personal value
and associated societal values

• Lingking Societal Value

- Identified as gandahang-loob/Pagkamatao (shared humanity) being
Pagkamakatao implies helping other people.

• Associated Societal Value

-Karangalan: dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a
person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge
about his/her worth.
- Katarungan: justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards
to a person.
- Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. May clash with the less important
value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).
There had been criticisms leveled against the Kapwa model
due to its lack of empirical support. Addressing this concern,
Clementel et al, (2008) conducted two related studies to
determine whether the Filipino values that were earlier
hypothesized by Enriquez are still endorsed by Filipino
Adolescents and to examine relationships among these values.
This has led to the Reformed Value System of the Filipino
Adolescents framework which 11 of the 12 original values
were found to be regarded, were Bahala na was dropped in the
list and two values have been added in the list that includes
maka-diyos and paggalang as they are endorsed as important.
Reformulated Value System of the Filipino Adolescent
(Clementel et al., 2008)
ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE

Establishing a democratic culture is essential for fostering

a society that values principles such as freedom, equality,
justice, and active citizen participation. A democratic
culture promotes open dialogue, inclusivity, and respect
for diverse perspectives.
THANK YOU