MATHEMATICS 3rd Quarter Cardinality of a Set

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY  Cardinality denotes the total number of elements in a set.
Sets Examples:
 In math, sets are a well-defined collection of objects
forming s group.
 Sets are named with a capital letters and uses a curly bracket
to write a set.
Examples in words:
FACTORIAL
Set A is the set of Even Numbers from 2 to 10.
n! = (n)(n-1)(n-2)…(3)(2)(1)
Examples in figure:
 The product of an integer and all the integer below it.
 The factorial of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is
the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.
Elements of a Set Example:
 The items present in a set are called elements of a set. This 7!
is denoted by the symbol (ϵ).
7! = 7×6×5×4×3×2×1
Examples:
6! = 6×5×4×3×2×1
= 720
ϵ = even numbers from number 2 to 10
PERMUTATION PERMUTATION Formula
 Refers to the different possible
arrangements of a set of objects. It is n = refers to the number of presentation of objects
one of many different ways or forms
r = objects taken at a time
in which something exists or can be
arranged. Example:
 It refers to an arrangement of objects Suppose we have 6 potted plants and we wish to arranged 4 of
in a definite order, Changing the them in a row. I how many ways can this done?
order of the objects creates a new
permutation (the order matters).
Example of PERMUTATION
Given the letters F, B, O taken 2 at a
time,
FB BF
FO OF
OB BO
Permutation Involving Repeated Symbols COMBINATION
If there are n objects, with n, of a 1st type, n2 or a 2nd type, …, It refers to the selection of objects regardless of
nr of an r – the type where n, + n2 + … + nr = n, then there: their order. That is, changing of the objects does not
create a new combination (the order does not
Linear Arrangements matter)
In this arrangement, you can select an item in any
MISSISSIPPI order.
n = 11 objects Example of COMBINATION
Types: Given the letters F, B, O taken 2 at a time,
M = 1! FB or BF = 1 combination
I = 4! FO or OF = 1 combination
S = 4! OB or BO = 1 combination
P = 2!
 COMBINATION FORMULA COMBINATION Problem

n = refers to the number of presentation of objects

r = objects taken at a time

Example:

PERMUTATION COMBINATION

The order matters. The order doesn’t matter.

Sample Space Events
 Is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment  A subset of a sample space
 Is denoted by S  An event may contain some, all, or none of the possible
Example: outcomes
 Is named through a capital letter
In tossing a die, you have how many sample space?
Example:
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = even result = {2, 4, 6}
Sample Point
B = odd result = {1, 3, 5}
 An element in the element sample space
 Can be written in any order as long as will not be repeated D = greater than 6

Example: C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Sample points are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 E = {1, 2, 5, 4}

Empty/Null Set Union of Events
 A set without element  The combination of elements of the two events. This is
Example: denoted by

In tossing a die, you have how many sample space?

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Intersection of Events
A = even result = {2, 4, 6}
 The common elements of the two events. This is denoted by
B = odd result = {1, 3, 5}
D = greater than 6 result = {} or Ø
C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
E = {1, 2, 5, 4}
 MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE MUTUALLY INCLUSIVE
EVENTS EVENTS
Two events cannot occur at Two events can occur at the
the same time same time
P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) – P
(A and B)
Example: Example:
Flipping a coin and getting Getting odd number and a
heads and getting tails at the prime number when rolling a
same time. dice.

Dependent Events
- When events depend upon each other.
- Choosing 2 blue balls at random out of a bag containing 4
red balls and 6 blue balls.
- P (A and B) = P (A) • P (B given A)
Independent Events
- The outcome of the first event does not affect the outcome
of the second events.
- Rolling a four in the diced and tossing a head in a coin
- P (A and B) = P (A) • P (B)