THE STATES OF MATTER

CHEMISTRY
THE PARTICLE THEORY
 WHAT IS
EVERYTHING
MADE OF?
• SCIENTIST HAVE ASKED THIS QUESTION FOR THOUSAND
OF YEARS AND CAME UP WITH AN ANSWER:

Everything is
made of
MATTER
 MATTER

SOLID STATE
• THERE ARE THREE FORMS OR STATES OF MATTER

LIQUID STATE
GASEOUS STATE
COMPARING THE STATES OF
MATTER
 SOLID STATE

• DEFINITE MASS
• DEFINITE SHAPE
• ITS VOLUME DOES NOT CHANGE
• DOES NOT FLOW
• HARD TO COMPRESS IT
 LIQUID STATE

• DEFINITE MASS
• THE SHAPE VARIES AND DEPENDS ON THE SHAPE OF
THE CONTAINER HOLDING IT
• ITS VOLUME DOES NOT CHANGE
• FLOWS EASILY
• HARD TO COMPRESS IT
 GASEOUS STATE

• DEFINITE MASS
• THE VOLUME AND SHAPE VARIES AND
DEPENDS ON THE SHAPE OF THE CONTAINER
HOLDING IT
• FLOWS EASILY
• EASY TO COMPRESS
THE PARTICLE THEORY OF
MATTER
 THE PARTICLE THEORY
• THE PARTICLE THEORY STATES THAT MATTER IS MADE FROM
PARTICLES

• THE PARTICLES ARE ATOMS AND MOLECULES

• PARTICLES ARE SO TINY THAT THEY CANNOT BE SEEN WITH THE

NAKED EYE

• DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES ARE MADE FROM DIFFERENT

PARTICLES AND WITH DIFFERENT SIZES
THE PARTICLE THEORY
PARTICLES IN THE THREE
STATES OF MATTER
 THE PARTICLES IN SOLIDS

• IN SOLIDS, STRONG FORCES HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER IN A THREE

DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES
• THE PARTICLES IN ALL SOLIDS MOVE A LITTLE
• THEY DO NOT CHANGE POSITION BUT VIBRATE
 THE PARTICLES IN LIQUIDS

• IN LIQUIDS, THE FORCES THAT HOLD THE PARTICLES ARE WEAKER THAN IN
SOLIDS
• THE PARTICLES IN A LIQUID CAN CHANGE POSITION BY SLIDING OVER EACH
OTHER
 THE PARTICLES IN GASES

• IN GASES, THE FORCES OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN PARTICLES ARE VERY SMALL

• THE PARTICLES CAN MOVE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER AND TRAVEL IN ALL
DIRECTIONS
CHANGING STATES OF
MATTER
 CHANGING STATES OF MATTER

• THE STATE OF MATTER OF A SUBSTANCE CAN BE CHANGED

• THIS IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE
• IT IS A REVERSIBLE REACTION, AS IT CAN GO FOEWARDS AND BACKWARDS
• IT CAN BE BY HEATING OR BY COOLING
 MELTING

SOLID TURNS INTO LIQUID

• IF A SOLID IS HEATED ENOUGH, IT LOSES ITS SHAPE AND STARTS TO FLOW
• THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH MELTING TAKES PLACE IS CALLED THE MELTING
POINT
 PARTICLE THEORY - MELTING

• WHEN A SOLID IS HEATED, THE HEAT PROVIDES ENERGY TO THE PARTICLES.

• THIS ENERGY MAKES THE PARTICLES VIBRATE MORE STRONGLY AND PUSH EACH
OTHER FURTHER APPART.
• IF THE SOLID IS HEATED FURTHER, THE ENERGY MAKES THE PARTICLES VIBRATE
SO STRONGLY THAT THEY SLIDE OVER EACH OTHER AND BECOME A LIQUID
 FREEZING

LIQUID TURNS INTO SOLID

• IT IS THE REVERSE OF MELTING
• THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH FREEZING
TAKES PLACE IS CALLED THE FREEZING
POINT
 PARTICLE THEORY - FREEZING

• IF A LIQUID IS COOLED SUFFICIENTLY, THE PARTICLES LOSE SO MUCH ENERGY

THAT THEY CAN NO LONGER SLIDE OVER EACH OTHER
• THE ONLY MOVEMENT POSSIBLE IS THE VIBRATION, AND SO THE LIQUID HAS
BECOME A SOLID
 EVAPORATI
ON

LIQUID TURNS INTO GAS

• A LIQUID TURNS INTO A GAS OVER A RANGE
OR TEMPERATURES
• THE GAS ESCAPES FROM THE SURFACE OF THE
LIQUID
• IF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE LIQUID IS
HIGHER, IT EVAPORATES FASTER
 PARTICLE THEORY - EVAPORATION

• THE PARTICLES IN A LIQUID HAVE DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF ENERGY AND THE

ONES WITH MORE ENERGY MOVE FASTER
• LIQUID PARTICLES WITH HIGH ENERGY NEAR THE SURFACE MOVE SO FAST THAT
CAN BREAK THROUGH THE SURFACE AND ESCAPE INTO THE AIR, FORMING A GAS
 BOILING

LIQUID TURNS INTO GAS

• IF A LIQUID REACHES A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE, IT FORMS A GAS INSIDE IT. THE
GAS MAKES BUBBLES WHICH RISE INTO THE SURFACE AND BURST INTO THE AIR
• THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH MELTING TAKES PLACE IS CALLED THE BOILING
POINT
• IF THE BOILING LIQUID IS HEATED MORE STRONGLY, ITS TEMPERATURE DOES
NOT RISE BUT IT BOILS MORE QUICKLY
 PARTICLE THEORY - BOILING

• WHEN A LIQUID IS HEATED, ALL THE PARTICLES RECEIVE MORE ENERGY AND
MOVE MORE QUICKLY.
• THE FASTEST-MOVING PARTICLES ESCAPE FROM THE LIQUID SURFACE TO FORM
BUBBLES.
• THE BUBBLES RISE TO THE SURFACE AND GO INTO THE AIR, WHICH FORM A GAS
 CONDENSATI
ON
GAS TURNS INTO LIQUID
• THIS PROCESS IS THE REVERSE OF EVAPORATING AND BOILING
• A GAS IS COOLED DOWN FAR ENOUGH THAT IT TURNS INTO A LIQUID
 PARTICLE THEORY - CONDENSATION

• THE PARTICLES IN THE GAS POSSES A LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY, WHICH IS

USED TO MOVE, SO WHEN PARTICLES ARE COOLED THEY LOSE SOME OF THEIR
ENERGY AND SLOW DOWN
• IF THE GAS IS COOLED SUFFICIENTLY, THE PARTICLES LOSE SO MUCH ENERGY
THAT THEY CANNOT BOUNCE OFF EACH OTHER, NOW THEY SLIDE OVER EACH
OTHER AND FORM A LIQUID
 SUBLIMATION

SOLID TURNS INTO GAS

• THE PROCESS IN WHICH A SOLID CHANGES DIRECTLY TO A GAS, WITHOUT
PASSING THROUGH LIQUID STATE
 PARTICLE THEORY - SUBLIMATION

• THE PARTICLES OF A SOLID ABSORB ENOUGH ENERGY TO COMPLETELY

OVERCOME THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN THEM
 DEPOSITION

GAS TURNS INTO SOLID

• THIS PROCESS IS THE REVERSE OF SUBLIMATION
• THE PROCESS IN WHICH A GAS CHANGES DIRECTLY TO A SOLID, WITHOUT
PASSING THROUGH LIQUID STATE
 PARTICLE THEORY - DEPOSITION

• IT OCCURS WHEN GAS PARTICLES BECOME VERY COLD, AND SO LOSE A LOT OF
ENERGY VERY RAPIDLY