FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION

AND INTELLIGENCE

GROUP 2
PRESENTATION
 CRIME SCENE SKETCH
 ELEMENTS OF SKETCH
 TYPES OF SKETCH
 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT
 KINDS OF SKETCH
 METHODS OF SKETCH
 RECORDS OF CRIME SCENE
 APPROACHES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
 METHODS OF SEARCH
 RECONSTRUCTION OF CRIME SCENE
 CRIME SCENE SKETCHING
 The diagram established permanent records of items, conditions
and distance/size relationships – diagram supplement
photographs.
 Number designations on sketch should be coordinated with same
number designations on evidence log.
 The sketch should contain sufficient measurements and details to
be used as a model foe drawn to scale diagram, or indicate a
disclaimer if not drawn to scale.

 What is the primary purpose of the crime scene sketch?

Crime scene sketch serves as a graphic document to shows the layout, orientation
and interrelationships of the scene and evidence. It supports the final report and it
allows viewers to quickly understand the scene set-up. The sketch is not meant to
replace photographs, rather to supplement the work.
 ELEMENT OF SKETCH
MEASUREMENT - Are usually taken from the head, hands, feet, and sometimes
elbows, knees, chest, etc. The more measurements, the more accurate the sketch If
the body is indoors, measure from walls If the body is outdoors, set up a grid and
measure from the edges of the grid.
COMPASS DIRECTION ESSENTIAL ITEMS - These diagrams are always made
according to established conventions, with North at the top and all writing on the
diagram facing in one direction only—east to west. When constructing a crime scene
sketch, following items of information need to be included, but are not limited to: A
sketch legend or key to identify key items of evidence Case number
SCALE AND PROPORTION - Scales and measuring devices are frequently used in
crime scene and evidence photographs. While they are sometime used to
orient the viewer of the photograph to the relative size of the object in the photograph,
scales are primarily used to serve as a basis for making enlargements to
a specified magnification level, such as life size.
Legend or key - identifying the symbols or points of reference using in the sketch
so, this is usually placed at the bottom of sketch outside the sketch of the scene.
Numbers represent the objects in the crime or letters in order not to unnecessarily
crowd by graphic presentation.
Title – It refers to the crime committed or the incident happened such as vehicular
accident, homicide case, drowing, rape and others.
 TYPES OF SKETCH
These are various types of sketches used by police organization. However, we
are interested in three types normally used in police work for crime scene
sketching.
1. THE LOCALITY SKETCH
- This types of sketch shows a graphic picture of the scene and its
environs, to include such items as, roads leading into scene, location of the
building or house, and neighboring buildings or fields, it can aid in
demonstrating the route used to approach or leave the crime scene.
2. THE GROUNDS SKETCH
- This sketch can depict the layout of the entire structure, the grounds
surrounding the structure, floor plans of a multi-floor or apartment style
structure.
3. THE DETAIL SKETCH
- This types of sketch depicts the immediate area of the scene only the
room where the crime was committed and the room details, including items of
evidence and their exact locations. It may be sketch as a flat projection without
walls or ceiling, or may bbe drawn as a cross-projection to show walls, floors,
laid out on the same plane as the floor plans.
 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT
1. Rectangular coordinates method – a sketching method that involves measuring
the distance of an object from two fixed lines at right angles to each other.
2. Triangulation method – a sketching method that requires measuring the distance
of an object along a straight line from two widely separated fixed reference
points.
3. Baseline method – a sketching method that makes measurements along
from a single reference line, called a baseline, which can be established by
using a length of string, chalk line, or some other convenient means.
4. Compass point method – a sketching method that requires a protractor or some
method of measuring angles between two lines. One point is selected as the
origin and a line extending from the origin becomes an axis from which the
angles can be measured.
5. Cross projection method – a sketching method in which the ceiling appears
too pen up like a lid of a hinged box, with the four walls opening
outward. Measurements are then indicated from a point on the floor to the wall
 KINDS OF SKETCH
Suspect Composite Sketch: This is a detailed drawing created by a forensic artist
based on the description provided by a witness or victim. It helps in identifying
potential suspects.
Crime Scene Sketch: A precise diagram of the crime scene, showing the location of
evidence, the position of the victim, and other relevant details. It aids investigators in
reconstructing the events.
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Sketch: Used to document and analyze bloodstain
patterns at a crime scene, which can provide valuable insights into the sequence of
events.
Ballistic Trajectory Sketch: This type of sketch is used to depict the trajectory of
bullets or projectiles fired in a shooting incident. It helps in understanding the firing
positions and potential sources.
Footprint or Shoeprint Sketch: Created to document and compare footwear
impressions found at the crime scene, which can link suspects to the scene.
Tool Mark Impression Sketch: For cases involving tools or weapons, this sketch
helps in analyzing tool marks or impressions left behind, such as those on a broken
door or a weapon.
METHODS OF SKETCH
a. Strip or Line Search Method – the searchers will proceed at the
same pace along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle.
b. Double Strip or Grid Method – is a combination of the strip
search and is useful for large crime scene.
c. Spiral or Circular Method – the searchers will follow each other
in the path of a spiral, beginning in the outside and spiraling
towards the center or vice versa in a clockwise or counter clock-
wise direction.
d. Quadrant of Zone Method – the area to be searched is divided
into four quadrants and each searcher is assigned to one
quadrant.
e. Wheel, Radial or Spoke Method – is applicable for area which
is considered to be approximately circular or oval. The area is
then divided into six quadrants in a pie- like fashion.
 RECORDS OF CRIME SCENE
THE PROCESS OF RECORDING A CRIME SCENE REQUIRES
FIVE CLEARLY DEFINED STEPS:
1 . Securing the scene,
2. Taking plenary notes,
3. Taking overview photographs,
4. Making basic sketch,
5. Recording each separate item of evidence . Specific
details for the accomplishment of each step are delineated . The
kit includes study notes and quiz.
 APPROACHES OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
There are many types of investigation methods used by
investigators. They comprise inductive reasoning, theory,
synthesis, priori, posterior, deduction, hypothesis,
classification, and analysis. Any of these approaches
assist investigators in their investigations.
 METHODS OF SEARCH
The method of search of the crime scene should be conducted in a
systematic manner. There are several search methods or patterns
which can be used. Thee most common search patters include the
spiral search, methods grid search methods, strip-or-line-search
method, and quadrant-or-zone-search method. Some methods of
search are best suited for indoor scenes, others are more applicable
to outdoor crime scenes.

FOUR TYPES OF SEARCH METHODS

1. STRIP OR LINE SEARCH METHOD – Is useful in larger, outdoor

areas but also inside. Implemented and simple to use and can be done
by a single person inside or out.

2. SPIRAL METHOD – This circular method is most effective in an

indoor or small area, since as the circle gets bigger, evidence may be
overlooked.
3. ZONE METHOD - Most often used indoors, this method
divides the search area into sections or squares and a
separate officers Is designated to search a given section.
A small area or room is searched. It’s used in homicides,
rape drugs and bomb searches.

4. GRID METHOD - This is one of the best for detailed

searching of large areas. This method can be modified
defending on the number of searchers and the area
covered. When done correctly, each area will be search
twice. This types covers a large area. The area is divided
into a grid and a search is made of each grid.
 RECONSTRUCTION OF CRIME
SCENE

Crime reconstruction or crime scene

reconstruction is the forensic science discipline
in which one gains "explicit knowledge of the
series of events that surround the commission of
a crime using deductive and inductive reasoning,
physical evidence, scientific methods, and their
interrelationships".