Roles of ER

 Rough  Smooth
 Ribosomes synthesize  Tissue-specific uses
excreted proteins  Storage of
 Stored in cisternae or
vesicle carbohydrates
 Modify proteins  Detoxification reactions
 Glycosylation of in liver
proteins
 Synthesizes much of the
 Delivery of membrane new membrane material
associated proteins
 Modification of existing
 Often interacts with the molecules
Golgi
ER and Golgi
 Often adjacent in cytoplasm of
cell
 Both are membrane producers
 Membrane has sides
 Vesicles are produced inside
out
 Vesicle fuses with surface and
excreted proteins are released
and integral proteins are added
along with membrane
 ER often performs first steps of
modification that is later finished
in Golgi
Golgi apparatus
 Complex collection of membrane
 Has polarity
 Cis and trans surfaces
 Responsible for secretion
 Very prominent in cells that serve secretory
functions-such as epithelial cells
 Modifies structures previously synthesized in
the ER
Golgi Function
 Cis face is nearer the center of cell
 Cis face is often adjacent to ER
 Trans face is nearer the cell membrane
 Activity is directional
 Starts at cis face and moves to trans
Fig. 6-13

cis face
(“receiving” side of 0.1 µm
Golgi apparatus) Cisternae

trans face
(“shipping” side of TEM of Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus)
ER and Golgi
 Synthesis in ER but
modification in Golgi
 Similar to an assembly
line
 Options packages are
added in Golgi
 Sequential passage
through cisternae (cis to
trans)
 Each cisternae contains
different enzymes
Examples of Golgi Function
 Replace sugars placed on glycoproteins
 Modification of phospholipid acylgroups and
head groups
 Molecule targeting and assembly
 Production of vesicles to delivery membrane
associated molecules and excreted molecules to
cell surface
Cell Renewal
 Cells and their molecules age and become less
effective
 An important cellular function is renewal
 Old molecules and organelles are recycled
 New phospholipids are produced for the
membrane
 Toxic molecules need to be collected and
detoxified
 Sometimes a cell needs to commit suicide
 Called autolysis or apoptosis
Vesicle Organelles
 Perform many of the renewal functions
 Lysosome
 Peroxisome
 Glyoxisome
Lysosome
 Contains digestive enzymes used to degrade
macromolecules or organelles
 Originates in ER but enzymes are activated in
Golgi
 Important in macrophages for degradation of
particles acquired via phagocytosis
 Used to degrade organelles-autophagy
Fig. 6-14a
Nucleus 1 µm

Lysosome
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome

Plasma
membrane
Digestion

Food vacuole

(a) Phagocytosis
Fig. 6-14b
Vesicle containing 1 µm
two damaged organelles

Mitochondrion
fragment

Peroxisome
fragment

Lysosome

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion Digestion
Vesicle

(b) Autophagy
 Cell Death
 Sometimes used in development of organism
 Hand development
 Certain cells are programmed to die at appropriate
times
 Defense against viral or intracellular bacterial
infections
 Self-destruct
 Program is started by T cells
 Apoptosis is often accomplished by leaky or
popping lysosomes
 Peroxisomes
 Contain enzymes to collect free hydrogen and
oxygen and combine into H2O2 (peroxide)
 Peroxide is also toxic so they contain enzymes to
degrade into water and oxygen molecules
 Catalase experiment in lab
 Peroxisomes are formed by aggregation of lipids
and proteins (not formed in ER)
 Many are found in liver cells
 Degrade alcohols into peroxide then into water and
oxygen
Peroxisome pt 2
 Also responsible for degradation of fatty acids in
cytosol
 Modify fatty acids and phospholipids and
incorporate into peroxisome membrane
 Divide by binary fission
Glyoxysomes
 Specialized peroxisomes found in plant seeds
 Recognize appropriate signals and begin to
degrade stored fat in seed
 Fat is converted to sugars which allows
seedling to sprout
 Once photosynthesis starts, glyoxysomes
degrade