Contemporary

AGUSAN DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Bunawan, Agusan del Sur

website: http://asscat.edu.ph
email address: op@asscat.edu.ph; mobile no.: +639486379266
CONTEMPORAR
Y WORLD
College of
Teacher
CONTEMPORARY WORLD Education
 defined as “living or occurring

at the same time” or period
refers to the present times
Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

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GLOBALIZATION Education
 Is used to indicate the global nature

of capital, the emergence of a
single global economy, and
tremendous speed of exchange
across vast distances (Kakepoto,
2005)
College of
Teacher
Education
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. WORLD-SYSTEMS
It emphasizes the interconnectedness of nations,
economies, and societies. The world-systems examines how
global processes impact nation-states and their relations.
2. GLOBAL CULTURAL
Focusing on cultural flows, this perspective explores how
ideas, values, and practices spread globally.

College of
Teacher
Education
CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
3. GLOBAL SOCIETY
This conception emphasizes the emergence of a global social
fabric. The global society approach seeks to understand how
global dynamics affect people worldwide.
4. GLOBAL CAPITALISM
Centered on economic forces, this perspective examines the
role of transnational corporations, financial institutions, and
market-driven processes.

College of
Teacher
GLOCALIZATION Education
 The simultaneity- the co-presence-

of both universalizing and
particularizing tendencies (Roland
Robertson, 1980)
“Living local while thinking global”

College of
Teacher
Education
PERSPECTIVES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES
Political globalization refers to the
intensification and expansion of political
interrelations across the globe.
2. SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES
Globalization should be accompanied by efforts
to ensure social justice and inclusivity
College of
Teacher
Education
3. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES
The opening of international borders to fast
flows of goods, services, finance, investment,
people, information, ideas, and technology.
4. TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
This refers to the rapid diffusion of technology
across the global economy.
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Education
5. CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
influenced by the diffusion of commodities and
ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural
expressions around the world.

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Teacher
UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHIES OF THE Education
VARYING DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. NEOLIBERALISM
This philosophy is seen as an oppotunity for
economic growth, efficiency, and market-driven
development.
2. ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE
This highlights the increasing
interconnectedness and interdependence of
economies worldwide
College of
Teacher
3. CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND DIVERSITY

This recognizes the potential for cultural
diversity and the blending of different cultural
influences.
4. GLOBAL JUSTICE AND SOLIDARITY
This emphasizes the need for global
cooperation, solidarity, and addressing global
inequalities.
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Teacher
5. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
This is associated with the advancements in
communication, transportation, and technology.

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WORKING DEFINITION OF Teacher

Education
GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization is a process of interaction and

integration among the people, companies,
and governments of different nations, a
process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information and
technology.

College of
Teacher
MANFRED STEGER, has Education
outlined six core claims:
1. Globalization Is About the Liberalization and

Global Integration of Markets
2. Globalization Is Inevitable and Irreversible
3. Nobody Is in Charge of Globalization
4. Globalization Benefits Everyone
5. Globalization Furthers Cultural Homogenization
and Hybridization
6. Globalization Is a Multidimensional Phenomenon

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Teacher
THE STRUCTURES OF Education
GLOBALIZATION
ECONOMY
 The basic foundation which should be given primary
importance. This influences the condition of the society.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
 According to Mohan (2009), economic globalization refers
to the free movement of goods, capital, services,
technology and information.

College of
Teacher
DIMENSIONS OF ECONOMIC Education
GLOBALIZATION
1. The globalization of trades of goods and services;

2. The globalization of financial and capital markets;
3. The globalization of technology and
communication; and
4. The globalization of production.

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ACTORS THAT FACILITATE Education
1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
 promotes voluntary cooperation and coordination between
or among its members (McCornick, 1999)
 categorized either intergovernmental or supranational
organization
Intergovernmental - entities formed by sovereign states
coming together to collaborate on common issues or goals.
Supranational - member states do surrender power in specific
areas to the higher organization.

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Teacher
2. INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
 Organizations not created by an international treaty or
intergovernmental agreement. It is a non-profit voluntary
associations.
3. LARGE MANUFACTURING CORPORATIONS
 consist of multinational and transnational
 production is done in developing countries where taxes are
low to make profit and sold in developing countries.

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Teacher
4. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
 Focused on adapting itrs products and services to each
individual local market.
5. TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
 Does business in more than one country, thus, does not
consider any particular country its national home.

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Teacher
Education
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
 According to Immanuel Wallerstein (1974), this is

essentially capitalism in nature, is a social system that has
boundaries, structures, memebr groups, rules of
legitimation, and coherence.
 This is s a multidisciplinary approach to world history and

social change. It emphasizes the world-system (rather than
nation-states) as the primary unit of social analysis.

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Education
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
4 Categories of the regions based on their relative

position within the the world economy.
 CORE
 PERIPHERY
 SEMI-PERIPHERY
 EXTERNAL AREAS

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Teacher
GLOBAL ECONOMIC Education
INTEGRATION
 It the the process or arrangement between regions to

reduce or eliminate trade barriers, and to coordinate
monetary and fiscal policies with the common purpose of
increasing the trade to those countries involved.
 Kahn (2000), stated that it is to improve the allocation of

natural resources, promote technology transfer, and
enhance living standards.

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Teacher
GLOBAL ECONOMIC Education
INTEGRATION
Factors in promoting the growth of economic globalization:
 Regional integration
 Trade liberalization
 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
 Privatization and deregulation

College of
Teacher
Education
MARKET INTEGRATION
The role of international financial institutions (IFIs) in the creation

of global economy
 provide policy advice, financing for development, global public

goods, financial safety nets and rules-based framework for
international economic activity. They also facilitate the growth
of international trade and globalization, support the expansion
of companies across borders, and enable the exploitation of
comparative advantage and outsourcing opportunities.

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Teacher
Education
MARKET INTEGRATION
BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT
 was signed in July 1944 by 44 countries
 to create a new system of economic order and international

cooperation that would help countries recover from the Second
World War and provide the conditions for long-term economic
growth, according to the World Bank.

College of
Teacher
Education
MARKET INTEGRATION
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND(IMF)
 was created in 1945
 an internation organization that aims to promote global

economic growth and financial stability to encourage
international trade and reduce poverty. Its activities are
monitoring, capacity building, and lending.

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Teacher
Education
MARKET INTEGRATION
WORLD BANK GROUP (WBG)
 was created following the Bretton Wood Agreement to provide

financial assistance to countries affected by World War I for
reconstruction of projects in 1945.
2 GOALS:
 end extreme poverty
 promote shared prosperity

College of
Teacher
Education
MARKET INTEGRATION
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)
 its primary goal of the GATT was to promote international trade

by reducing barriers such as tariffs and quotas.
 signed by 23 nations in Geneva in 1947 and took effect in

1948 after World War II.

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Education
MARKET INTEGRATION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS
 superseded GATT in 1995
 it was established as a stronger global organization to monitor

and regulate international trade, especially those important
services.

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Education
MARKET INTEGRATION
ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CORPORATION
Advantages Disadvantages
 Cheaper Labor  Potential abuse of workers
 Broader Market Base  Threat to local business
 Tax Cut  Loss of jobs
 Job Creation

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Education
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
STATE
 A state is an independent political entity with clear geographic
boundaries.
 It has a permanent population, defined borders, and a
government that effectively controls the territory.
NATION
 It is a socio-cultural entity that binds people together
based on their shared identity.

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Teacher
Education
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GOVERNMENTS BY

MOHAMMAD ABO GAZLEH (2001)
Positive Effects: Negative Effects:
 In Communication  In Culture
 In Education  In Developing countries
 In Different Fore issues  In Religion
 In Culture  In Morals
 In Resources  In International Politics
 In Investment  In Economy
 In Competition  In Science
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Education
INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
 International non-governmental organizations (INGOs)

 Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
These institutions were classified under:
 Generalist interstate organizations
 Economic institutions
 International legal bodies
 Regional Security Arrangements

College of
Teacher
Education
INTERNATIONALISM vs GLOBALISM
INTERNATIONALISM
 It is the cooperation of nations in political, economic, and
cultural aspects for the promotion of the common good.
GLOBALISM
 Ideology based on the belief that people, goods, and
information ought to be able to cross national borders
unfetted.

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Education
3 TYPES OF INTERNATIONALISM
 HEGEMONIC INTERNATIONALISM
 LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
 REVOLUTIONARY INTERNATIONALISM
 SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

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Education
GLOBALISM vs GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALISM
 is the network of nation-states
GLOBALIZATION
 is the degree of relationship- how thick or thin the
globalism is

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Education
DISTINCT DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISM
 Economic Globalism
 Environmental Globalism
 Military Globalism
 Social or Cultural Globalism

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CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL Teacher

Education
GOVERNANCE
GOVERNANCE
 refers to how the government is being run and managed
by the people or leaders
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 is the movement towards political cooperation aimed to
solve issues or problems that affect more than one state
or region.

College of
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF Teacher

Education
THE UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS
 The most prominent international institution established.
 An intergovernmental that promotes international
cooperation, and creates and maintains international
order.
 Was established after World War II on October 24, 1945
 Coined by US President- Franklin D. Roosevelt and first
used on January 1, 1942 during 2nd World War.

College of
SPECIFIC ROLES OF THE Teacher

Education
PRINCIPAL ORGANS
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 deliberate and settle issues relating to maintaining peace
and security and make suggestions to Security Council
(UNSC)
UN SECRETARIAT
 supports the other UN bodies administratively

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Education
PRINCIPAL ORGANS
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

 decides dispute between states which observe its
jurisdiction; issues legal opinions; and renders judgement
by relative majority.
UN SECURITY COUNCIL
 maintains international peace and security; and may adopt
compulsory resolutions.

College of

Education
PRINCIPAL ORGANS
UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

 respomsible for the cooperation bet. states with regards to
the economic and social matters; and coordinate with UN’s
numerous agencies.
UN TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
 originally programmed to manage colonized countries
which were former mandates of League of Nations.

CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL
College of
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GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST

Education
CENTURY
United Nations has naturally faces numerous

problems and challenges given the scope of its
responsibilities.
Weiss (2015), identified 5 global governance gaps:
 Knowledge, Normative, Policy, Institutional, and
Compliance.

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Teacher
STATE RELEVANCE AMID Education
GLOBALIZATION
Despite the many concerns on the loss of sovereignty

due to globalization, it has always been the principle
of the state to protect and serve the people.

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A WORLD OF REGIONS
REGIONALISM
 a political process charaterized by economic policy
cooperation and coordination among countries (Claudio,
2018)
REGIONALIZATION
 concentration of economic flows within region thereby
binding together the region’s economy.

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Teacher
Education
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE
North-South Divide or Rich-Poor Divide is the socio-

economic and political division between the wealthy
developed countries - “the North,” and the poorer
developing countries- “the South.”

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Education
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE
GLOBAL NORTH
 encompasses the West and First World, along with many
of the Second World. It is the home of all the G8 (Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United
States, and European Union).
 Also includes outermost regions of the European Union,
Australia, New Zealand, and developed members of Asia
(the 4 Asian Tigers- Hongkong, Singapore, Taiwan, and
South Korea)
 Controls 4/5 of the income worldwide, and owned 90% 0f
industries.
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Education
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE
GLOBAL SOUTH
 refers to regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and
Oceania. Includes countries belonging to the Third World
and Periphery.
 Only has access to 1/5 of the world income.
 These are countries that have low-income and often
politically or culturally marginalized.

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LATIN AMERICA
Region having small populations but endowed with rich

natural resources. This region is the target for grand-scale
pillage for capital accumulation by Europe and the United
States.

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LATIN AMERICA
Different waves of globalization in Latin America
1. Military Wave - The military invasion of Americans that
became extremely brutal.
2. Economic Wave - Latin Americas natural resources were
exploited and workers were abused. However, infectious
diseases were reduced, communications and trasportation
were developed.
3. Cultural Wave - Widespread of Computers and
telecommunications. Flow of trade becomes easy and people
can communicate with people from other regions.
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REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Process by which two or more neighboring nation-

states agree to cooperate and work closely together
to achieve peace, stability, and wealth.

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Education
3 Cooperations leading to greater Integration of Asian Region:

1. Economic Integration - an agreement of various countries
in removing trade barriers.
2. Political Integration - Cooperation of states to have
integration since there is a need for common policies.
3. Single Market - Countried involved are totally integrated
that they adopt a common currency with a monetary policy,
even share foreign policies.

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Teacher
Education
Reasons that hinder the Integration of Asian Region:

1. Unbalanced economic growth - this delays the integration
as the economic status of each country is not the same.
2. Diverse cultures, religions, and customs - refers to the
different sets of beliefs and practices of the people.
3. Issues and problems of security - The issues on terrorism
and boundary dispute brought negative effect on Asia’s
economic integration.

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AGUSAN DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

Bunawan, Agusan del Sur

CONTEMPORARY WORLD Education

 defined as “living or occurring

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

 Is used to indicate the global nature

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

 The simultaneity- the co-presence-

“Living local while thinking global”

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

VARYING DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

VARYING DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

3. CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND DIVERSITY

VARYING DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

WORKING DEFINITION OF Teacher

 Globalization is a process of interaction and

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

outlined six core claims:

1. Globalization Is About the Liberalization and

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

1. The globalization of trades of goods and services;

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

 According to Immanuel Wallerstein (1974), this is

 This is s a multidisciplinary approach to world history and

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

4 Categories of the regions based on their relative

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

 It the the process or arrangement between regions to

 Kahn (2000), stated that it is to improve the allocation of

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

Factors in promoting the growth of economic globalization:

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

The role of international financial institutions (IFIs) in the creation

 provide policy advice, financing for development, global public

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT

 was signed in July 1944 by 44 countries

 to create a new system of economic order and international

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND(IMF)

 was created in 1945

 an internation organization that aims to promote global

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

WORLD BANK GROUP (WBG)

 was created following the Bretton Wood Agreement to provide

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)

 its primary goal of the GATT was to promote international trade

 signed by 23 nations in Geneva in 1947 and took effect in

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS

 superseded GATT in 1995

 it was established as a stronger global organization to monitor

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CORPORATION

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence

Innovation . Creativity . Excellence