1.

An inclined plane making an angle 300 with the horizontal is placed in a uniform
horizontal electric field E of 100 V/m as shown in the figure. A small block of mass
1 kg and charge 0.01 C is allowed to slide down from rest from a height h = 1m. If
the coefficient of friction is 0.2, find the time it will take the block to reach the
bottom of the incline.
 CHARGE AND ITS
CHARACTERISTICS
REMOVE
ADD

(ATOM) (+VELY CHARGED)

-VELY CHARGED

NEUCLEUS ELECTRONS NO. OF PROTONS = NO.

(-VE CHARGE) ATOM NEUTRAL
OF ELECTRONS
NEUTRONS PROTONS
(NO (+VE CHARGE) NO. OF ATOMS
BODY
CHARGE)
CHARGING OF METALLIC & NON METALLIC
METALLIC BODIES
CHARGES ARE FREE TO MOVE DUE TO FREE
ELECTRONS
BODY
NON CHARGES ARE NOT ALLOWED TO MOVE
METALLIC WITHIN BODY VOLUME

CHARGED METALLIC BODIES:

e -
- - -
e-
e-
- -
e
-
-

e-
- - -- - -
e-

CHARGED METALLIC WHOLE OF ITS CHARGE RESIDES ONLY ON

BODY ITS OUTER SURFACE
 KEY POINTS REGARDING CHARGE
PROPERTY OF BODY DUE TO WHICH VARIOUS ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC EFFECTS ARE OBSERVED
CHARGE
SCALAR TOTAL CHARGE = ALGEBRIC SUM OF ALL
QUANTITY THE CHARGES SUPPLIED
QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE q = Ne , WHERE N = INTEGER
CONSERVATION OF CHARGE FOR AN ISOLATED SYSTEM , THE NET
CHARGE OF THE SYSTEM IS CONSTANT.

CHARGE DISTRIBUTION ON AN ISOLATED CONDUCTOR:

SURFACE CHARGE 1 - - -
DENSITY (C/m2) α LOCAL RADIUS OF
- -
CURVATURE OF THE BODY -
SURFACE AT ANY POINT ( r )
- - - - -
 COULUMB’S LAW WHAT IF MORE THAN

?
TWO CHARGES ARE
THERE IN A SYSTEM

STATEMENT VECTOR FORM LIMITATIONS

r +q1 ⃗
𝒓 +q2 1. ONLY VALID FOR POINT
+q1 +q2 F1 F2 CHARGES.
F F 𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒 𝟐
𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 ⃗
𝑭 𝟐= ^
𝒓
𝑭= 𝒓
𝟐 2. ONLY VALID FOR
𝟐
𝒓 STATIC CHARGES.
⃗ 𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒 𝟐
1. GIVES NET FORCE EXPERIENCED 𝑭 𝟐= ⃗
𝒓 ( AT LEAST ONE
𝟑
BY EACH OF THE CHARGES. 𝒓 CHARGE MUST BE STATIC)
2. ACCOUNTS FOR THE 1. FORCE ACTS ALONG THE
SURROUNDING MEDIUM IN LINE JOINING THE TWO POINT CHARGE:
WHICH CHARGES ARE PRESENT. CHARGES. WHEN DISTANCE
SIGN DIRECTION
BETWEEN CHARGES IS
𝟏 1. SAME REPULSIVE MUCH MORE THAN
=¿
𝟗 ×𝟏𝟎
𝟗
N-m2/C2 2. OPPOSITE ATTRACTIVE
𝟒 𝝅𝜺 THE SIZE OF
CHARGES.
𝜺= 𝜺 𝟎 𝜺𝒓 ⃗
𝑭 𝟏=− ⃗
𝑭𝟐
 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION𝒒FOR
𝒒 𝟑
WHEN TO APPLY ? ELECTRIC FORCES ⃗
𝟐
𝑭 𝟏
IF IN A SYSTEM MORE THAN TWO CHARGES ARE ⃗𝟑
𝒓
⃗𝟐
𝒓
INTERACTING.
⃗𝟒
𝒓
WHERE TO FIND THE FORCE ? ⃗
𝑭𝟒 𝒒𝟒
WE TRY TO FIND NET FORCE ON ANY GIVEN 𝒒𝟎
CHARGE DUE TO ALL OTHER CHARGES. ⃗
𝒓𝟏 ⃗𝑭𝟐
HOW TO FIND THE NET FORCE ? 𝒒𝟏
1. FIND OUT THE FORCE ON A GIVEN CHARGE BY
TAKING TWO CHARGES AS A PAIRINDEPENDENTLY
INDEPENDENTLY. ⃗
𝑭𝟑
2. NET FORCE =VECTOR
VECTORSUM
SUM OF ALL INDIVIDUAL
FORCES.
⃗
𝑭 𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ⃗
𝑭 𝟏+ ⃗
𝑭 𝟐 +⃗
𝑭𝟑+…
𝒌 𝒒𝟎 𝒒𝟏 𝒌 𝒒𝟎 𝒒𝟏 𝒌 𝒒𝟎 𝒒𝟑
¿ 𝟐
^𝟏+
𝒓 𝟐
^ 𝟐+
𝒓 𝟐
^ 𝟑 +⋯
𝒓
𝒓 𝟏 𝒓 𝟐 𝒓 𝟑
 EQUILIBRIUM OF THREE CHARGES UNDER
SYSTEM IS IN EQUILIBRIUM FELEC 𝑟 𝑟 1 2

𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2
ALL THE CHARGES IN THE SYSTEM
MUST BE IN EQUILIBRIUM +¿ − +¿
− +¿𝑭 𝑭 𝟐𝟑
−
𝟏𝟑
FOR ALL THE CHARGES IN SYSTEM 𝑭 𝟏𝟐 𝑭 𝟐𝟑 𝑭 𝟏𝟐
𝑞1 𝑭 𝟏𝟑 𝑞3 𝑞2
CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM OF THREE CHARGES UNDER ⃗
𝑭 𝑵𝑬𝑻
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES: 𝑟 1 𝑟2
1. CHARGES MUST BE COLLINEAR.
2. CHARGES MUST NOT BE OF SAME SIGN. 𝑞1 𝑭 𝟏𝟑 𝑞 3 𝑭 𝟐𝟑 𝑞2
3. CHARGES MUST NOT BE OF SAME MAGNITUDE.

THE EQUILIBRIUM IN THIS SITUATION WILL ALWAYS BE

 STABLE AND UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM OF A CHARGED PARTICLE
BETWEEN TWO FIXED CHARGES
STABLE EQUILIBRIUM RESTORING FORCE TRIES TO BRING A CHARGE BACK
: TO ITS INITIAL POSITION IF DISPLACED.

CASE I : WHEN MIDDLE CHARGE IS OF SAME

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝟐 𝑭SIGN
UNSTABLE STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
𝐅 𝐅 EQUILIBRIU
𝜽 𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝟏
M
𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒙
𝜽 𝑭= + 𝒒𝟏 + 𝒒𝟐 + 𝒒𝟏
𝒙 (𝒓 + 𝒙 )
𝟐 𝟐

𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝟏= 𝑭𝟐=
+ 𝒒𝟏 𝒓 + 𝒒𝟐
𝒓 𝟐
(𝒓 + 𝒙 ) ( 𝒓 − 𝒙 )𝟐
+ 𝒒𝟏

HERE WE ARE NOT DISCUSSING ABOUT EQUILIBRIUM OF THE SYSTEM

RATHER WE ARE DISCUSSING ABOUT THE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE MIDDLE
 STABLE AND UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM OF A CHARGED PARTICLE
BETWEEN TWO FIXED CHARGES
CASE II : WHEN MIDDLE CHARGE IS OF OPPOSITE
𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 SIGN
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐅 𝜽𝒙 𝐅 𝒙
+ 𝒒𝟏 − 𝒒𝟐 + 𝒒𝟏
𝟐 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
+ 𝒒𝟏 𝒓 − 𝒒𝟐 𝒓 + 𝒒𝟏
𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝑭𝟏= 𝑭𝟐=
𝒌 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
𝟐
(𝒓 + 𝒙 ) ( 𝒓 − 𝒙 )𝟐
𝑭=
(𝒓 𝟐 + 𝒙 𝟐 )

STABLE EQUILIBRIUM UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM

ELECTRIC FIELD