MATTE

R
Pure Mixture
Substance s

Element Compou Homogene Heterogen

s nds ous ous
mixture mixtures
 ELEME
NTS
An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of
atom

Example:
Hydrogen, Helium, Oxygen

 Cannot be split up into two or more simple substance because it

is made up of one kind of Atom.
 Element
s

Metal Metalloid Non-

s s metals
 METAL
Sreadily lose electrons to formpositiveions
 A metal is an element, whose atoms
(cations), (except hydrogen)

 Metals are electropositive elements as they form positive ions by losing

(donating) electrons.
 Major metals in the earth’s crust
are: Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg

Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal, it constitutes 8% of the earth’s crust while
Fe is the second most abundant metal, and it constituents 5% of the earth’s crust.
 OCCURRENCE OF
Combined State METALS Free State
 Highly reactive metals are present  Less reactive metals are generally
in the form of their compounds found in their elemental form in
as carbonates, sulphates, oxides the free state or in native state.
etc.
 Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Platinum
 In the reactivity series, all the (Pt) etc. are found as such in
metals above copper are found in nature.
the combined form as sodium is
present in the form of sodium
chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium
carbonate etc.
 METAL
Properties of Metals S
 Metals are Generally Hard
Most of metals are hard except sodium, Potassium. Metals like iron, copper, Aluminium
etc. are very Hard

 Metals are Malleable

This means that metals can be beaten into sheets with a hammer, without breaking.
•Aluminium, Copper, gold, silver are highly malleable metals.

Example: Aluminium foils are used for packing food

items
 METAL
Properties of Metals S
 Metals are Ductile
This means that Metals can be stretched into thin wires, gold and silver are best
ductile metals.
Cu and Al are also very ductile so used in making electrical wires.

 Sonorous
Metals make a ringing sounds when we strike them, this is why metals are used for
making bells, musical instruments etc.
 METAL
Properties of Metals S
 Thermal Conductivity
Transfer of heat from one end of a substance to the another end is known as
thermal conductivity.
Exception: Hg and Pb are poor conductors of heat.

 Electrical Conductivity
Metals are good conductor of electricity, due to presence of free
electrons. Example: Ag, Cu
 METAL
Properties of Metals S
 Density
Metals usually have high densities i.e., they are heavy substances, due to rigid
structures
ACTIVITY SERIES OF
METALS
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
Melectropositive
Metals are ETALS elements
 Metals are very reactive
 Metals tend to lose electrons easily and form positively charged ions called
cations.

Example:
a) 𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍+ + 𝐞𝐞− (loss of one
𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍 electron)
b) 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌+ + 𝟐𝟐𝐞𝐞− (loss of two
𝐌𝐌
𝐌 𝐌 electron)
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
ME
1. Reaction ofTALSwith Oxygen
Metals
𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 + 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎 𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞

Metal oxides are basicoxides since they form bases (or alkalis i.e., water soluble
bases) when dissolved in water and turn red litmus blue.

𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 + 𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐖 𝐁𝐁𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁𝐞𝐞
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTSodium
A. Reaction ALSwith
Oxygen
𝟒𝟒𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍 𝐁𝐁 + 𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎
𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁
𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒 𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒
𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐍𝐎𝐍
𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
𝐍𝐍𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐁𝐁 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐎𝐎𝐇𝐇 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚
𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐌
𝐌 𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞 𝐒𝐒𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁𝐞𝐞
𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖 𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐚𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨
𝐖 𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒
𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTMagnesium
B. Reaction ALS with
Oxygen
𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁 + 𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎 𝐁𝐁
𝐌𝐌 𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐌
𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝐎𝐎𝐇𝐇 𝟐 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐌
𝐌 𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒
𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐖 𝐒𝐒𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁𝐞𝐞
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTCopper
C. Reaction ALSwith
Oxygen
𝐎𝐎𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖 𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌 𝐡𝐡𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌 𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖
𝐖𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐒
𝐒𝐎𝐎 (𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈)
𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒 𝐎𝐎𝐇𝐇 𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈
𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐌
𝐌
𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖 𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 𝐒𝐒𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁𝐞𝐞
𝐖
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTAluminum
D. Reaction ALS with
Oxygen

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁 + 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟑𝟑 𝐁𝐁
𝐍𝐍𝐒𝐒𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚
𝟑𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝐌 𝐌 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEOxides
Amphoteric TALS
Those oxides that can reactwith acids as well as bases are called amphoteric
oxides. Examples:
𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟑𝟑 𝐁𝐁 + 𝟔𝟔𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌𝟑𝟑 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 + 𝟑𝟑𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐌
𝐌

𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟑𝟑 𝐁𝐁 + 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐎𝐎𝐇𝐇 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎

𝐌𝐌

Some more examples of amphoteric oxides are ZnO, PbO, SnO etc.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTMetals
2. Reaction ALSwith Water
Hydrogen gas is produced when metals reactwith water.

𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 + 𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐖 𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 + 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎 𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁

Highly reactive metals form their respective hydroxides while less reactive metals
form their respective oxides.

𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 + 𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐖 𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 + 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎 𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTPotassium
A. Reaction ALS with
Water
+ 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝐇
𝐇 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐
𝐏𝐏𝐨 𝐌
𝐌
𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖𝐨
𝐒𝐒𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖𝐍𝐨
𝐨𝐌
𝐍𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐖𝐖𝐞
+
𝐒 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐞
↑
𝐏𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒
𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎
𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐰𝐰𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝐎
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTSodium
B. Reaction ALSwith
Water
𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐎𝐎𝐇𝐇 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐
𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨 𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖𝐨
𝐒𝐒𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖𝐍𝐨
𝐨𝐌
𝐍𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐖𝐖𝐞
𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎
+
𝐒𝟐𝟐𝐍 𝐍𝐍𝐍 + 𝐰𝐰𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝐞
𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐎 ↑
𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
Note METALS
 In case of sodium and potassium, the reaction is so violent and exothermic that
the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.

 Calcium and magnesium floats on water because bubbles of hydrogen gas formed
during reaction with water sticks to the surface of calcium and it floats over water.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTMagnesium
C. Reaction ALS with
Water
𝐌
𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐌
𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝐎𝐎𝐇𝐇 𝟐 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐
𝐇𝐇𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎
𝐰𝐰𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖𝐖 + 𝐎 ↑
+ 𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐨𝐨𝐁𝐁𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐌
𝐌𝐌𝐌 + 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐨𝐨𝐁𝐁𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒↑ 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎
𝐒 𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐞 𝐒 𝐎
𝐍𝐍𝐒𝐒 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTZinc
D. Reaction ALwith
S
Steam
𝐙𝐙𝐎𝐎 + 𝐙𝐙𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐
𝐙𝐙𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐚 𝐒𝐒𝐌
𝐌𝐞
𝐚𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝐍𝐍𝐒𝐒
↑
𝐙𝐙𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐚𝐚 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTIron
E. Reaction ALwith
S Steam
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝐞𝐞 + 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝟑𝟑𝐞𝐞𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟒 +
𝐖𝐈 𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎 𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐒𝐒 𝐖
𝐈 𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎
𝟒𝐎𝟒𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐 ↑𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTMetals
3. Reaction ALSwith Dilute Acids
Metal salt and hydrogen gas are produced when a metal reacts with dilute
acid.

𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌 + 𝐃𝐃𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞 𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐌
𝐌𝐞𝐌
𝐌𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐁
𝐁
𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝐌 + 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTNA
A. Reaction aLSDilute
with
Acid
𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐
+ 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨.𝐌𝐌 + 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎
𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚 𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐎 ↑
𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝟐𝟐𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
‘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐’ is evolved readily and
vigorously.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTMagnesium
B. Reaction ALS with Dilute
Acid
𝐌
𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐
𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌.
𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚 𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒 ↑ 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎
𝐎
+ 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐒
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝟐𝟐𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
‘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐’ is evolved quite less
readily.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTAlAwith
C. Reaction LSDilute
Acid
𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁 + 𝟔𝟔𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝟐𝐌
𝟒 𝐌𝟐𝟐𝐌
𝐌𝟑𝟑 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 + 𝟑𝐇
𝐇𝟐𝟐 𝐌
𝐌
𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 ↑
𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌. 𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝟐𝟐𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚
‘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐’ is evolved comparatively
𝐍𝐍𝐚
𝐚𝐨 less
readily.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTZinc
D. Reaction ALwith
S Dilute
Acid
𝐙𝐙𝐎
𝐎 𝐁 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 𝐙𝐙𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 +
+ 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨.𝐌𝐌 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐 ↑
𝐙𝐙𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐚𝐚 𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚
𝐙𝐙𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐚𝐚 𝟐𝟐𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐇𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
‘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐’ is evolved comparatively less
readily.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTCopper
E. Reaction ALSwith Dilute
Acid
𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒 𝐁𝐁+ 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 No
𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌.
𝐡𝐡𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚
reaction
𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
‘𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐’ is evolved because Cu is less reactive than hydrogen andcannot displace it from
acid.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTMetals
4. Reaction ALSwith Salt Solutions of lessreactive
metals:
𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐞 𝐒𝐍
𝐍𝐌𝐌
𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐌 𝐌
𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍
𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌
𝟏𝟏𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐞 +𝐒
𝐍
𝐍𝐌𝐌
𝐌𝐌
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁
𝐁𝐁
𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 + 𝐒
𝐍
𝐍𝐌𝐌
𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎
𝐞 𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐒𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌
𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐌𝐌𝟏𝟏
Here M1 and M2represents two different
metals.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTIron
A. Reaction ALwith
S Copper solution
𝐖
𝐈 𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎 + 𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐁𝐁𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞 𝐖
𝐈 𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎 𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐁𝐁𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞 + 𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌

𝟑𝟑𝐞𝐞 𝐁𝐁 + 𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟒 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 𝟑𝟑𝐞𝐞𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟒 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 + 𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒 𝐁𝐁

𝐖
𝐖
𝐎
𝐈𝐨𝐨𝐈 𝐁𝐁𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐞𝐞 𝐆𝐆𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎 𝐖
𝐞𝐂𝐨
𝐖
𝟐

Copper (II) sulphate solution is blue; iron sulphate solution is light green when dilute.
During reaction, the blue colour of solution fades and the iron metal is seen to turn
red- brown as the displaced copper gets deposited on it.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTMagnesium
B. Reaction ALS with Copper Sulphate Solution
Magnesium being more reactive displaces ‘Cu’ from its salt which gets deposited as
pure metal.
𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁 + 𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟒 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟒𝟒 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚
𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐒 + 𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒 𝐁
𝐁
𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐁𝐁𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐞𝐞 𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐖𝐖𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁
𝐖
𝐞𝐂𝐨
𝐖
𝟐
On adding magnesium to blue copper (II) sulphate solution, the blue colour fades
as colourless magnesium sulphate is formed and brown bits of copper metal form
a precipitate.
 CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF
MEofTSilver
C. Reaction ALSwith Copper sulphate solution:
Silver, being less reactive than copper, cannot displace Cu from its solution. Hence,
no reaction takes place.
𝟒𝟒𝐌𝐌 𝐁𝐁 + 𝟐𝟐𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟒 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 No reaction
𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐖𝐖 𝐁𝐁𝐌𝐌𝐒𝐒𝐞𝐞
 USES OF
MEaspect
Metals are important in every TAL ofS
life. Some uses of metals are mentioned
below:
 USES OF
METALS
1. Metals in Bio-processes

Iron (Fe) is a constituent of hemoglobin. Na, Mg, K, Ca etc., are essential metals
required as minerals in the living body.
 USES OF
Mand
2. Metals in daily Goods ET ALS
Machines

Copper (Cu) and Aluminum (Al) are used for making electrical wires andcables. Iron is
used for making stove burners, gutter pipe, railway tracks etc. steel (Iron and Carbon)
is used for making engine parts, utensils, equipment's etc.
 USES OF
METALS
3. Metals in Accessories

Gold (Au), Silver (Ag) and Platinum (Pt) are used to make
jewelry.
 USES OF
METAand
4. Metals in Health Equipment's LSinstruments
Mercury (Hg) is used in thermometers, sphygmomanometers and barometers
etc.
Practice Time
Q. Which of the following elements is found in native
state?
a) Iron (Fe) b) Sodium
c) Platinum (Na)
(Pt) d) All of
these
Practice Time
Q. Select the correct one
a)Metals conduct electricity but not
heat
b)Metals have shiny surfaces
c)All metals are generally coloured
d)Metals generally have low melting
point
Practice Time
Q. It it possible to store copper sulphate solution in a silver
container?
a) No b) Yes
c) Can’t d) Depends upon
say conditions
 NON-
 A non metal is an elementMETALS
whose atoms readily gain electrons to form negative ions
 Non-metals are electronegative elements as they form negative ions by gaining
electrons.
 NON-
METALS
Occurrence of Non-Metals

 Non-metals are present in the earth’s crust.

 Oxygen is the most abundant non-metal in earth’s
crust
 Silicon is the second most abundant non-metal
 NON-
1. PhysicalState METALS
Non-metals are usually opposite to metals in characteristics. The important
physical properties of non-metals are as follows:
 NON-
2. Hardness METALS
Non-metals are generally soft.
Reason: Due to non-rigid packing of their atoms.
Exception: Diamond (an allotrope of carbon) is the hardest naturally
occurring substance.
 NON-
3. Luster METALS
Non-metals are non-lustrous.
Exception: Graphite and
iodine.
 NON-
4. Ductility METALS
Non-metals do no show
ductility.
 NON-
5. Malleability METALS
Non-metals are non-
malleable.
 NON-
6. Conductivity METALS
Non-metals are bad conductors. (Both thermally and
electrically) Reason: Absence of free electrons.
Exception: Graphite (an allotrope of carbon) is a good
conductor.
 NON-
7. Sonority METALS
Non-metals are non-sonorous. They do not produce sound when hit with an
object.
 NON-
8. Density METALS
Non-metals have low densities.
Example: Nitrogen (1.25 g/cm3), Oxygen (1.32
g/cm3)
CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF NON-
MET ALS
1. Reaction of Non-metal with Oxygen
Non-metals form respective non-metallic oxides with oxygen.
𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎−𝐒𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌 + 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎
𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎−𝐒𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞

Non-metallic oxides generally are acidic in nature because they form acids on dissolving
in water and turns blue litmus paper red.

𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎−𝐒𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 + 𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐖 𝟒𝟒𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF NON-
MET ALS
A. Reaction of Carbon with Oxygen
When carbon reacts with oxygen it forms acidic oxide i.e., carbon dioxide CO2. This is
in water forms carbonic acid. A solution of carbon dioxide gas in water turns blue
litmus paper red, showing that it is acidic in nature.

𝟐𝟐 𝐁𝐁 + 𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 ↑
𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎 𝐌 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎
𝐎
𝐌 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚 𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐎
𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝐌
𝐌 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟑
𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎 𝐌
𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚
𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚
𝐖 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF NON-
MET ALS
B. Reaction of Sulphur with Oxygen
Sulphur forms acidic Sulphur dioxidewith oxygen which in turn gives sulphurous acid
on dissolving in water.
𝐒 𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟐 ↑
𝐎
𝐎
𝐎𝐎
𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐒𝐒𝐖𝐖
+ 𝐞𝐎
𝐎 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐒𝐒𝐖𝐖
𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟐 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐎𝟑
𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐒𝐒𝐖 𝐇𝐇 𝐎𝐎 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐒𝐒𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐁𝐁
𝟐𝟐
𝐖 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞 𝐖
𝐞
CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF NON-
MET ALS
C. Reaction of Phosphorus with Oxygen
Phosphorus forms phosphorus pentaoxide with oxygen which gives phosphoric acid
on dissolving in water.
𝐏𝐏𝟒𝟒 + 𝟓𝟓𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝐏𝐏𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟓
𝐏𝐏𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐁𝐁𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐁 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐞𝐎 𝐏𝐏𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐁𝐁𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐁𝐁
𝐁 𝐎 𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞

𝐏𝐏𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟓 + 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝟑𝐏𝐏𝐎𝐎𝟒
𝐏𝐏𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐁𝐁𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐁 𝟑𝟑𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐏𝐏𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐁𝐁𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐚
𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
𝐁
𝐂𝐂𝐞𝐞𝐎𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 𝐖
CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF NON-
MET ALS
2. Reaction with water
Generally, non-metals do not reactwith water or steam. This is because non-metals
cannot give electrons to reduce hydrogen ions of water into hydrogen gas.

Reaction of Sulphur and Coke with Water

𝐒𝐒 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨
𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐒𝐒𝐖
𝐖 𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎
𝐖 𝐖𝐍𝐍𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐖
𝟐𝟐 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨
𝟐𝟐𝐨𝐨𝐚𝐞
𝐞 𝐖 𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎
𝐖
𝐖𝐍𝐍
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐖
𝐖
CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF NON-
MET ALS
3. Reaction of Non-metals with dilute acids
Non-metals do not reactwith dilute acids because they cannot displace hydrogen
from acids. This is because to replace hydrogen from acids, electrons should be
supplied to acids but non-metals are electron acceptor themselves.

Reaction of Carbon and Phosphorouswith dilute hydrochloric acid

𝟐𝟐 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨
𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐖 𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎
𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎
𝐎
𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌

𝐏𝐏𝟒𝟒 + 𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐨𝐨

𝐏𝐏𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐁𝐁𝐂𝐂𝐡𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐒𝐒𝐁 𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎
𝐁 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐌𝐌
CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF NON-
MET ALS
4. Reaction of Non-metals with Salt Solutions
A more reactive non-metal displaces a less reactive non-metal from its salt
solution.
𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐁𝐁𝐖𝐖 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 + 𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 𝐌 𝐌 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚 +
𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝟐𝟐𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐞𝐞 𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐁𝐁𝐖𝐖𝟐𝟐(𝐌𝐌)
𝐒𝐒𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞 𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞 𝐚𝐚𝐡𝐡𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐞𝐞
𝐌𝐌𝐞𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐁𝐁𝐖𝐖𝐨𝐨𝐒𝐒𝐨𝐨𝐎𝐎𝐞
𝐖𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐚𝐌𝐌𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐞
𝐞
 USES OF NON-
1. Non-metals in MET ALS
Bio-processes
CO2and O2are gases for life. Oxygen is taken during respiration by all living beings
while CO2is a raw material for photosynthesis in plants.
 USES OF NON-
2. Non-metals in MET ALS
Laboratory
For the preparation of various chemicals of commercial use, compounds of non-metals
are used as laboratory reagents. For example, Sulphur as Sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
nitrogen as nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen as reducing agent etc.
 USES OF NON-
3. Non-metals in MET ALS
Healthand Protection
Sulphur is used as fungicide. Petroleum jelly is composed of carbon compounds, chlorine
is an important disinfectant and insecticide.
 USES OF NON-
4. Non-metals in MET
Various ALS
Goods
Sulphur is used in batteries, detergents, fertilizers, matches, gun powder, fire works
etc.
 USES OF NON-
5. Non-metals asMET
Fuel ALS
Hydrogen is the most efficient fuel. It is used as rocket fuel. Fossil fuels having
carbon compounds, such as coal petroleum, are used as fuel for almost all energy
consuming processes.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METALS AND NON-
METALS
1. Differences in Physical
Properties
Metals
1. Malleable, ductile hard.
2. Lustrous and sonorous.
3. Generally solids at room
temperature.
4. Have high densities and high
melting and boiling points.
5. Have high tensile strength.
6. Used in alloy formation.
Non-Metals
1. Non-malleable, non-ductile
and generally soft.
2. Non-lustrous and Non-sonorous.
3. Generally liquids or gases at
room temperature.
4. Have comparatively low densities
and low melting and boiling points.
5. Have low tensile strength.
6. With metals, occasionally form alloys.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METALS AND NON-
METALS
2. Differences in Chemical
Properties
Metals Non-Metals
1. Lose electrons easily to form cations. 1. Gain electrons easily to form anions.
2. From basic oxides. Some metals 2. Form acidic oxides. Some non-
form amphoteric oxides also. metals form neutral oxides also.
3. Evolve hydrogen from dilute acids. 3. Do not evolve hydrogen from dilute acids.
4. Evolve hydrogen gas from water. 4. Do not evolve hydrogen gas from water.
5. Form ionic chlorides. 5. Form covalent chlorides.
6. Usually do not combine with 6. Non-metals form covalent hydrides
hydrogen but some metals form with hydrogen.
their respective ionic hydrides with
hydrogen.
INTERACTIONS IN METALS AND NON-
MET ALS
 When metals reactwith non-metals, they form ionic compounds.
 When non-metals reactwith other non-metals, they form covalent
compounds.
INTERACTIONS IN METALS AND NON-
MET ALSBond
Chemical
The force of attraction that holds two or more atoms, ions etc. together in different
chemical species is called a chemical bond.
INTERACTIONS IN METALS AND NON-
MET ALS
Causes of Chemical Bond Formation
 To attain minimum energy and maximum stability

 To attain nearest inert gas electronic

configuration
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL
BOND

Ionic Covalent Coordinate

Bond Bond Bond
 IONIC
BOND
1. Formation of Sodium Chloride
(NaCl)
 IONIC
BOND
2. Formation of Potassium Chloride
(KCl)
 IONIC
3. Formation of MagnesiumB OND
Chloride
(MgCl2)
CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIC
C
1.O Mcompounds
Ionic POUNareDS
solid at room temperature.
2. Ionic compounds are hard.

3. In the solid state, the ionic compounds are non-conductors but in the molten (fused) or
in the aqueous state, they conduct electricity.

4. Ionic compound have high melting and boiling point.

5. Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water.
Practice Time
Q. Ionic compounds are generally soluble
in a) Polar b) Non-polar
solvent solvent
c) Any solvent d) Benzene
Practice Time
Q. Ionic compounds are soluble in water and conduct electricity due to the presence
of a) Free b) Free ions
electrons d) Free
c) Free atoms molecules
 METALLURGYEXTRACTION OF
METAisLtheSprocess of extraction of metals in pure state from their respective ores
“Metallurgy
and refining them for use.”

ORES
The minerals from which the metals can be conveniently and economically extracted
are known as ‘Ores’.
 Concentration of
ore

Metals Metals of Metals

of
high medium low
of

l
reactivity

Electrolysis of molten Carbonate

reactivity

Sulphide
I
reactivity

Sulphide
ore ore ore ore

Pure Calcination Roasting Roasting

metal

Oxide of Metal
metal

Reduction to Refining
metal

Purification of
metal
EXTRACTION OF METALS ACCORDING TO THEIR
REACTIVITY
A) Mining of Ore
Generally ores are found deep inside the earth but some may be present only a few
metres under earth’s surface. Mining is the process to take out the ores from mines.

B) Sizing of Ores
Mined ores are found generally in form of big lumps which are crushed into small
pieces and then powdered.
EXTRACTION OF METALS ACCORDING TO THEIR
REACTIVITY
C) Enrichment of Ore
The removal of undesired foreign impurities i.e., gangue from ore is called
concentration of ore.
EXTRACTION OF METALS ACCORDING TO THEIR
REACTIVITY
Low Reactivity
Metals low in the activity series are very unreactive. The oxides of these metals can
be reduced to metals by heating alone.
𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟑𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬 𝐇 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐥𝐥 +
𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐
EXTRACTION OF METALS ACCORDING TO THEIR
REACTIVITY
Low Reactivity
Copper which is found as Cu2S in nature can be obtained from its ore by just heating in
air.
𝟐𝟐𝐇
𝐇𝐇𝐇
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝐇 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬
𝟑𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐 +
𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 + 𝐇
𝟐𝟐𝟔
𝟐𝟔
𝟐𝟐
𝐎𝟐𝐎
𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝟐
𝐬𝟐+
𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
EXTRACTION OF METALS ACCORDING TO THEIR
REACTIVITY
Middle Activity
 The metals in the middle of the activity series such as (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu)

 It is easy to extract metal from its oxide so to make it easy first we have to
covert sulphides and carbonates into oxide

Roasting (Sulphides) Calcination (Carbonate)

Excess of Air Limited Air
𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟑𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟑𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
EXTRACTION OF METALS ACCORDING TO THEIR
REACTIVITY
Middle
Activity
Roasting (Sulphides) Calcination (Carbonate)
Excess of Air Limited Air
𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟑𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟑𝟑𝐎𝐎𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬 +
𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 𝟐𝟐
EXTRACTION OF METALS ACCORDING TO THEIR
REACTIVITY
High Activity
By electrolysis of molten ore

At Cathode
𝐍𝐍𝐇𝐇+ + 𝟏𝟏𝐇𝐇−
𝐍𝐍𝐇𝐇
At Anode 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐥𝐥− 𝟐𝟐𝐥 𝟐 +
𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇−
EXTRACTION OF VARIOUS METALS ACCORDING TO
THEIR REACTIVITY
Thermite process
The reaction of iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) with aluminum is used to join railway tracks or
cracked machine parts. This reaction is known as the thermit reaction.

𝐅𝐅𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟑𝟑 𝐬𝐬 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝐥 𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝐅𝐅𝐇𝐇 𝐥𝐥 + 𝟐𝟐𝐥 𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟑 𝐬𝐬

+ 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇
 REFINING OF
Purification of METALS
copper
 REFINING OF
META
Dissociation of Electrolyte LS
(CuSO
4
solution)
𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐+ + 𝟒
𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎−𝟐
 REFINING OF
METALS
Reaction at Cathode

𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐𝟐+ + 𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇−
𝟐𝟐𝐮
𝐮
 REFINING OF
Reaction at AnodeMET ALS
𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮 𝟐𝟐𝐮𝐮𝟐+ +
𝟐𝟐𝐇𝐇−
 CORROSIO
 Silver articles become blackN
after some time when exposed to air. This is because it
reacts with Sulphur in the air to form a coating of Silver Sulphide.
 Copper reacts with moist CO2in the air and slowly loses its shiny brown surface and
gains a green coat. This green substance is copper carbonate.
 Iron when exposed to moist air for a long time acquires a coating of a brown
flaky substance called rust.
 PREVENTION OF
CORROSION
A) By Painting
The most popular and common method of rust prevention is painting which prevents
the direct contact of moist air and iron material.
 PREVENTION OF
CO
B) By Greasing orRROSION
Oiling
Grease or oil also prevents the direct contact of iron material with moist air and
hence prevent rusting.
 PREVENTION OF
CORROSION
C) By Galvanisation
Galvanisation is a process of depositing a thin layer of zinc metal on iron
objects.
 AQUA
 Freshly prepared mixture ofR EGIA hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid
concentrated
in the ratio 3 : 1.
 It can dissolve gold, even though neither of these acids can do so alone. Aqua regia
is a highly corrosive, fuming liquid.

 It is one of the few regents that is able to dissolve gold and platinum.