THE CENTRAL NERVOUS,

NERVOUS SYSTEM &

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CRISTETA JACA FRANCIA
DALUBHASAAN NG LUNGSOD NG LUCENA
 BRAIN
• The central nervous system (CNS) is
composed of the brain and spinal cord.

•
BRAIN
• The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that controls all functions of
the body, interprets information from the outside world, and embodies the
essence of the mind and soul. ---Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and
memory
• The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch,
taste, and hearing - often many at one time.
• It assembles the messages in a way that has meaning for us, and can store
that information in our memory.
• The brain controls our thoughts, memory and speech, movement of the
arms and legs, and the function of many organs within our body.
BRAIN
•The brain has three main parts:
the cerebrum, cerebellum and
brainstem.
THREE MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN

• Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain It performs higher functions like
interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning,
and fine control of movement.
• The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right and left hemispheres. They are
joined by a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum that transmits messages from
one side to the other. Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If a stroke
occurs on the right side of the brain, your left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed.
• The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills.
• The left hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people, it
controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
THREE MAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN

• Cerebellum: is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate

muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
• Brainstem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and
cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions
such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles,
digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN: Hypothalamus

• Hypothalamus: plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger,

thirst, sleep, and sexual response. It also regulates body temperature,
blood pressure, emotions, and secretion of hormones.
• As these feelings grow, the hypothalamus triggers release of other
hormones, such as dopamine, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Dopamine
is associated with your body's reward system. This helps make love a
desirable feeling.
2. PITUITARY GLAND

• Your pituitary gland is about the size of a pea and is situated in a bony
hollow, just behind the bridge of your nose. It is attached to the base of your
brain by a thin stalk.
• The pituitary gland is often called the master gland because it controls
several other hormone glands in your body, including the thyroid and
adrenals, the ovaries and testicles.
• It secretes hormones from both the front part (anterior) and the back part
(posterior) of the gland.
• Hormones are chemicals that carry messages from one cell to another
through your blood stream.
PITUITARY GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
3. PINEAL GLAND

• Pineal gland: is located behind the third

ventricle.
• It helps regulate the body’s internal clock and
circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin.
• It has some role in sexual development.
4. THALAMUS

•Thalamus: serves as a relay station for almost

all information that comes and goes to the
cortex.
• It plays a role in pain sensation, attention,
alertness and memory.
5. BASAL GANGLIA

•Basal ganglia: includes the caudate, putamen

and globus pallidus.
• These nuclei work with the cerebellum to
coordinate fine motions, such as fingertip
movements.
6. LIMBIC SYSTEM

•Limbic system: is the center of our emotions,

learning, and memory.
• Included in this system are the cingulate gyri,
hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional reactions)
and hippocampus (memory).
 ADRENAL GLANDS
• The adrenal glands (also known
as suprarenal glands) are
endocrine glands that produce a variety
of hormones including adrenaline and the
steroids aldosterone and cortisol.
• They are found above the kidneys.
Each gland has an outer cortex which
produces steroid hormones and an inner
medulla.
•FUNCTIONS
Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct parts: the
outer part called the adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal
medulla.
• The adrenal glands secrete different hormones which act
as 'chemical messengers'. These hormones travel in the
bloodstream and act on various body tissues to enable
them to function correctly.
Adrenal androgens: male sex hormones mainly
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone
. All have weak effects, but play a role in puberty
and early development of the male sex organs in
childhood, and female body hair during puberty.
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative
nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that
supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function
of internal organs.
• The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely
unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate,
digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and
sexual arousal.[2]
• This system is the primary mechanism in control of the
fight-or-flight response.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the

brainstem to the spinal cord and organs.
• Autonomic functions include control of respiration, cardiac regulation (the
cardiac control center), vasomotor activity (the vasomotor center), and certain
reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. Those are
then subdivided into other areas and are also linked to autonomic subsystems
and the peripheral nervous system. The hypothalamus, just above the
brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving autonomic
regulatory input from the limbic system.[3]
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

•New life begins when an egg from a woman is

fertilised by sperm from a man. Eggs (ova) are
made in the ovaries, and sperm in the testicles.
The ovaries and testicles (gonads) also make
sex hormones.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• The male reproductive organs are the penis, the testicles,
the epididymis, the vas deferens and the prostate gland:
• Penis – contains tissue that fills with blood during sexual
arousal, making the penis erect (or ‘hard’). Semen is a
mixture of sperm and fluid from the male reproductive
organs. It exits the penis, through the urethra, during
ejaculation
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• The testicles (testes) – small oval sex glands located in a skin sack
called the scrotum. Sperm and sex hormones are made by the
testicles. Keeping the testicles outside of the body means they have a
lower temperature, which is important for sperm production
• Epididymis – a series of small tubes attached to the back of each
testicle. The epididymis collects and stores sperm
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Vas deferens – the epididymis eventually becomes the vas deferens, a larger
tube that transports sperm to the urethra (the urinary passage from the
bladder)
• Accessory sex glands – including the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and the
bulbourethral glands. These glands contribute nourishing fluid to the sperm.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

• Hormones are chemical messengers made by glands in the body. Androgens

are the hormones that make men ‘male’.

Androgens are responsible for sexual functioning, fertility and secondary

sexual characteristics such as muscle mass, height, deep voice and body hair
(including the beard). The most important androgen is testosterone, which is
manufactured in the testicles.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PROBLEMS
• Some of the conditions men may experience at some time in their lives include:
• Impotence – a problem with getting or keeping an erection
• Infertility – the inability to achieve a pregnancy in a fertile woman due to low sperm production, blockages or other
factors
• Prostate disease – benign prostate enlargement and prostate cancer
• STIs – bacteria or viruses acquired through sexual contact.
• Testicular torsion
• hernia
• Circumcision Issues
• Masturbation
• Mumps- Swollen testicle. Pain and swelling of the testicle (orchitis) affects up to 1 in 3 males who get mumps after
puberty. The swelling is usually sudden and affects only one testicle. The testicle may also feel warm and tender.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• The female reproductive organs are the vagina, womb (uterus), fallopian
tubes and ovaries:
• Vagina – a muscular canal around 7.5 cm long that extends from the neck of
the womb to the genitals, or vulva
• Uterus (womb) – a muscular organ, shaped like an upside down pear. Its
lining is called the endometrium. The neck or entrance to the womb is the
cervix, which has a small hole in its centre called the os
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Fallopian (uterine) tubes – these tubes extend from the womb, one on each
side. They both open near an ovary. These tubes carry the egg (ovum) from
the ovary to the womb
• Ovaries – two small almond-shaped glands that contain ova. Sex hormones
are also made by the ovaries.
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

• Hormones secreted by the ovaries and a small gland in the brain called the
pituitary gland control the menstrual cycle. The average menstrual cycle is
around 28 days.

After a period, rising levels of the hormone estrogen help to thicken the
lining of the womb (the endometrium). At mid-cycle, an egg is released from
one of the ovaries (ovulation). If the egg is fertilised on its journey down the
fallopian tube, it lodges in the womb lining.
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

• If the egg is unfertilised, falling levels of the hormone progesterone make the
womb lining come away. This is called a period, or menstruation. The cycle
then repeats.
• When you want to have a baby you can improve your chance of getting
pregnant if you know about ovulation and the ‘fertile window’ in the
menstrual cycle. Read more on ovulation and fertility window.
THE EGG (OVUM)

• A female’s entire egg supply is developed when she is still an unborn baby.
At the start of puberty, the eggs are ripened inside the ovary and released
every month.

Each egg contains genetic material. At menopause, the ovaries stop making
hormones and eggs are no longer ripened or released.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PROBLEMS

• Some of the conditions women may experience at some time in their lives include:
• Endometriosis– the presence and growth of functioning endometrial tissue in places other than the uterus
• Fibroids – non-malignant tumours of the womb
• Infertility – inability to become pregnant
• Painful periods
• Premenstrual tension
• STIs – bacteria or viruses acquired through sexual contact, some of which can cause cancer or infertility.
• Frigidity
• PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects a woman’s hormone levels)
• Mumps -inflammation of the ovaries (oophoritis) and/or breast tissue (mastitis)
• https://
www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreatments/reproductive-s
ystem
• https://
www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=multiple-choice-male-reprod
uctive-system
• https://www.healthline.com/health/what-part-of-the-brain-controls-
emotions#fear