BIOLOGY

Third Quarter
Science 10
 MELC
Describe how the nervous
system coordinates and
regulates these feedback
mechanisms to maintain
homeostasis.
Homeostasis
• The body is designed
to maintain
homeostasis, or
maintaining internal
environment in
equilibrium
• All organ systems are
controlled by the nervous
system, while the
endocrine system
secretes hormones that
regulate all body activities
The Nervous
System
• transmits signals between
the brain and the rest of the
body, including internal
organs.
• Highly organized and
complex collection of
nerves and neurons
 Nerves
• A collection of neurons
 Neurons
• Specialized cells that
transmit message to and
from the brain and the spinal
cord and other parts of the
body
Major Divisions
and Parts of the
Nervous System
 Central NS
• Serves as the main
processing center for the
entire nervous system
• Brain and spinal cord
 a. Brain
• Organ protected by the skull
that functions as organizer
and distributor of information
for the body
 1. Cerebrum
• Major outer part of the brain
• Large, upper part of the
brain that controls activity
and thought
 1. Cerebrum
• Two
hemispheres
• They control
the opposite
hemispheres
 2. Cerebellum
• Part under the cerebellum
that controls posture,
balance and
coordination
 3. Brain Stem
• Bottom of the brain
• Connects the
cerebrum to the spinal
cord
 3. Brain Stem
• Divided into three
parts: midbrain, pons
and medulla
oblongata
 Parts Function
Midbrain regulating eye movements

Pons coordinates facial

movements, hearing and
balance
Medulla breathing, heart rhythms,
oblongata blood pressure and
swallowing.
 4. Limbic System
• Composed of amygdala,
hippocampus, thalamus
and hypothalamus
 Parts Function
Hippocampus major role in learning
and memory
Amygdala integrative center for
emotions, emotional
behavior, and
motivation.
 Parts Function
Thalamus Acts as relay center;
carries messages from
the sensory organs
Hypothalamus controls your pulse,
thirst, appetite, sleep
patterns, and other
processes in your body
that happen
automatically
4 Lobes
 Lobes Function
Frontal lobe Cognitive functions and
movement
Parietal lobe Processing touch, pain,
temperature and
movement
Occipital lobe Vision

Temporal lobe Speech, hearing and

memory
• The brain is protected
by the skull, meninges
and cerebrospinal
fluid
• The skull is like a bony
helmet, while the
meninges are layers
of tissue
• Cerebrospinal fluid is
watery fluid that flows in
and around the brain
and the spinal cord that
cushions both part
 Spinal Cord
• elongated bundle
of neurons,
connected to the
brain via brain
stem
 Spinal Cord
• Information highway as
sensory messages and
movement commands travel
up and down on it to serve
the body
 Spinal Cord
• Protected by bones and is
divided into 5 sections:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
sacral and coccygeal
The Peripheral
Nervous
System
• Made up of the rest
of the body’s nerves
and sensory organs
• Subdivided into the:
somatic nervous
system and
autonomic nervous
system
 1. Somatic NS
• In charge of the voluntary
body movements
• Spinal nerves and cranial
nerves
 1. Somatic NS
• Spinal nerves – nerves
that carry motor and
sensory signal between
spinal cord and body
 1. Somatic NS
• Cranial nerves – nerve
fibers that carry
information into and out
of the brain stem
 2. Autonomic NS
• In charge of the
involuntary body functions
• Sympathetic and
parasympathetic
 Sympathetic
• Responsible for “fight or
flight” response
• Stimulates the body to use
energy
 Parasympathetic
• “rest or digest”
• Tries to conserve energy,
doing
 Reflex
• Involuntary muscle
response to a stimulus
without input from the
brain
 Reflex Arc
• The pathway the reflex
takes
• Connects to the spinal
cord bypassing the brain
 Reflex Arc
Sensory Reflex
Motor
Stimulus Muscle
Neuron Neuron Movement
 Examples of Reflexes
• Pulling your hand when you
touch something hot
• Jumping when you hear a
loud sound
• The knee jerk reflex
Examples of Reflexes
The Nerve
Cell
• Basic unit of the nervous
system
• Also called as neurons
• Specialized cells that
carry signals or impulses
• Basic unit of the
nervous system
• Also called as neurons
 Synapse
• Space in between
neurons and other body
cells where chemicals
travel
 Neurotransmitters
• body’s chemical messengers
• transmit messages between
neurons, or from neurons to
muscles
Homeostasis
and the Body
System
• All organ systems have
to collectively work
together to maintain
homeostasis, constantly
adjusting to changes
1. Nervous System
2. Endocrine System
3. Respiratory System
4. Excretory System
 Homeostasis
and Feedback
Mechanism
 Feedback
Mechanism
• System that respond to
changes occurring in
the body
• When there is a stimulus, or
change in the environment,
feedback mechanisms
respond by increasing or
reducing the change to
bring the systems back to
normal
 Positive Feedback
• Increases the change
• More of a product or
moving away from a
target point
 Examples
• Milk production
• Blood clotting
• Labor contractions
Negative Feedback
• Decreases the change
• Less of a product or an
action that moves
toward the target point
 Examples
• Temperature regulation
• Controlled blood glucose
levels
• Regulated blood pressure