BIOLOGICAL

BASES OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
BY: JOHN PAUL MANZANO
The Organization of the Nervous System
• Sensory Input - Nerves bring information into the nervous system.

• Integration - The brain and spinal cord interpret sensory input

through a process.

• Motor Output - Nerves transmit commands from the central nervous

system to muscles and glands, affecting responses.
Functional Groups of Human Nervous
System
• Central Nervous System (CNS) - The nervous system's information
processing site is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Outside of the brain and spinal

cord includes all nerves in the body. These nerves are commonly
divided into sensory nerves that carry information to the CNS and
motor nerves that transmit orders from the CNS.
Functional Nerves Groups of Peripheral Nervous
System

• Somatic Nervous System - Afferent pathways carry action potentials from the
CNS to the body's skeletal muscles and transfer sensory information from the
skin, skeletal muscles, and sense organs to the CNS.

• Autonomic Nervous System - The nerves on the autonomic nervous system

fall into two divisions, called the sympathetic system and parasympathetic
system.
• Sympathetic System - That prepare the entire body for strenuous
physical activity during an emergency.
• Parasympathetic System - It dominates in a quiet and relaxed
situation, controlling “housekeeping” activities of the body such as
digestion.

• Spinal Cord - The spinal cord, like the brain, is protected by bones
called vertebrae, as well as cerebrospinal fluid and meninges.
• Cerebellum - It is also called the “little brain” which is a structure that is
located at the back of the brain, underlying the occipital and temporal
lobes of the cerebral cortex. Although the cerebellum accounts for
approximately 10% of the brain's volume, it contains over 50% of the
total number of neurons in the brain.

• Limbic System - It is often called the “emotional brain” which is a ring of

structures surrounding the brain stem and interconnected by nerve
tracts. It also has some important structures these are the thalamus,
hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
• Thalamus - It is located just above the midbrain and is almost in the exact center
of the brain. It also acts like filter, sorting out the flood of sensory information
coming into the brain.

• Hypothalamus - Is a direct link between the hormone-secreting endocrine

system and the nervous system that regulates the autonomic centers in the brain
stem that can influence blood pressure and the rate of heart contraction. It also
has numerous connections with higher brain centers that are involved in pain,
pleasure, fear, and rage sensation.
• Hippocampus - Is located near the ventral surface of the pons. It’s a
channel through which current incoming sensory signals generate
particular limbic system responses, based on previous encounters with
the same information, found in-memory storage.

• Amygdala - It is an almond-shaped complex of nuclei just ventral to the

hippocampus that receives impulses from all portions of the limbic system
and from the higher brain centers and also appears to control human
aggression.
• Cerebrum - Also called as “cerebral cortex” and it is the largest part
of the brain that's responsible for memory, speech, the senses, and
emotional response. It is also divided into four sections called lobes:
the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital that each handles a
specific segment of the cerebrum's jobs.

• There are three major types of areas within the lobes of the cerebral
cortex, these are motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
• Motor Areas - It is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning,
control, and execution of voluntary movements. It is also an area of the frontal
lobe located in the posterior precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central
sulcus.

• Sensory Areas - The brain receives information through our five senses: sight,
smell, touch, taste, and hearing often many at one time. It assembles the
messages in a way that has meaning for us and can store that information in our
memory.

• Association Areas - It is parts of the cerebral cortex that receive inputs from
multiple areas that integrate incoming sensory information, and also form
connections between sensory areas and motor areas.
 THE END..
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