Engineering Geology GTI1

Engineering Geology
GTI - Geoscientists Training Initiative
By
Abd Al Rahman Ibrahim Soliman,
BSc of Geology/ Geophysics,
Faculty of science, Alexandria University.
Abdalrahmanibrahim209@gmail.com
Spring 2016
2
Engineering Geology
3
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 1. Drilling (Drilling, Sampling, and Description)
o 2. Quality Control
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
o 5. Concrete Station
3. Open Discussion and Questions
4. References
4
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
4. References
5
Introduction .1
• Geotechnical engineering, as the name

implies, concerns the applications of civil
engineering technology to some aspect of
the earth. Usually, the geotechnical
engineer is concerned only with the natural
materials found at or near the surface of
the earth.
6
Introduction .1
• Soil mechanics is the branch of

geotechnical engineering concerned with
the engineering mechanics and properties
of soil, whereas rock mechanics is
concerned with the engineering mechanics
and properties of rock, usually but not
necessarily the bedrock.
7
Introduction .1
• Soil mechanics applies the basic principles

of mechanics including kinematics,
dynamics, fluid mechanics, and the
mechanics of materials to soils.
8
Introduction .1
• In other words, soil rather than water or

steel or concrete, for example, now
becomes the engineering material whose
properties and behavior we must
understand in order to build with it or upon
it. A similar comment could also be made
for rock mechanics.
9
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
4. References
10
?Where .2
Where
?
Concre
Soil
te
Drillin Asphal Conc.

QC Lab
g t Station
11
Drilling 2.1
12
,Drilling , Sampling 2.1
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Drilling , Sampling, and Description 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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Drilling 2.1
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,Drilling 2.1
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Drilling, Sampling, and Description 2.1
68
Drilling, Sampling 2.1
69
70
71
74
76
77
78
79
80
81
• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

82

83

84

85

86
• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel) (S.S)

87
• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

88
• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

89

90

91

92
93
• Shelby Tube Sampler

94
• Shelby Tube Sampler

95
• Single Core
96
• Single Core
97
Drilling, Sampling, Description 2.1
• Soil description
• Samples must be described in a routine
way, with each element of the description
having a fixed position within the overall
description:
98
r i p t i on
i t e d e s c
i n a r y s
Pr e l i m r i pt i o n
• i l d e s c
S o
10
Drilling, Sampling, Description 2.1 0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
110
111
Examples
• Very stiff fissured dark grey CLAY

(London clay)
• Loose brown very sandy subangular
coarse GRAVEL with pockets of soft
grey clay
112
• Rock Description
1. color;
2. grain size;
3. texture fabric and structure;
4. weathered state and alteration state where relevant;
5. minor lithological characteristics, including cementation
state where relevant;
6. ROCK NAME (in capitals);
7. estimated strength of the rock material; and
8. ther terms indicating special engineering characteristics
113
• Total core recovery (TCR)

• Solid core recovery (SCR)
• Rock quality designation (RQD)
114
1 1
1
1 3
2
115
?Where .2
Where
?
Concre
Soil
te

QC Lab
g t Station
116
Quality Control (Soil Tests) 2.2

• Sand Tests
o Sieve Analysis
o Direct Shear box
• Clay tests
o Water content
o Hydrometer
o Atterberg limits (Plastic limit – Liquid limit)
o Uni-axial Unconfined test
o Consolidation
• Rock tests
o Unconfined compressive strength
o Permeability
o Porosity
• Aggregates Tests
o Proctor
o California bearing ratio(CBR)
117

• Sand Tests
o Sieve Analysis (Soil classification
test)
o Direct Shear box
118

• Clay tests
o Water content
o Hydrometer (Soil classification test)
o Atterberg limits (Plastic limit – Liquid
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling
119

• Rock tests
o Permeability
o Porosity
o Proctor
o Los Angelou’s (Soundness)
120

• Sand Tests
test)
o Direct Shear box
121
Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

122

• Dry sieving is only suitable for sands

and gravels which do not contain any
clay.
123

125

• Sand Tests
test)
o Direct Shear box
126

127

128

129

130

• Direct shear test

• The direct shear test carried out in the
shear box apparatus; soil is cut to fit
tightly into a box which may be
rectangular or circular in plan and is
normally rectangular in elevation.
131

• The box is constructed to allow

displacement along its horizontal
mid-plane, and the upper surface of
the soil is confined by a loading
platen through which normal stress
may be applied.
132

• Shear load is applied to the lower

half of the box, the
• upper half being restrained by a
proving ring or load cell which is used
to record the shear load.
• The sample is not sealed in the shear
box; it is free to drain from its top
and bottom surfaces at all times
133

134

135

136
Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling
137

• Hydrometer: A hydrometer analysis is a

measurement method used to
determine soil particle size in a sample.
Hydrometer analysis is specifically for
soil particle sizes that are less than
approximately 0.75 mm in diameter.
138

139

140

141

142

• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling
143

• Atterberg: Atterberg limits is a basic

measure of the critical water content of
fine-grained soils. These tests include
shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid
limit,
• Depending on the water content of a
soil, it may appear in four states: solid,
semi-solid, plastic and liquid.
144

• The Atterberg limit refers to the liquid limit

and plastic limit of soil.
• These two limits are used internationally for
soil identification, classification, and strength
correlations. When clay minerals are present
in fine-grained soil, the soil can be remolded
in the presence of some moisture without
crumbling. This cohesiveness is caused by
the adsorbed water surrounding the clay
particles.
145

• At a very low moisture content, soil behaves

more like a solid; at a very high moisture
content, the soil and water may flow like a
liquid. Hence on an arbitrary basis,
depending on the moisture content, the
behavior of soil can be divided into the four
basic states shown in Figure 5-1: solid,
semisolid, plastic, and liquid.
146

147

• This test method is used as an

integral part of several engineering
classification systems (USCS,
AASHTO, etc.) to characterize the
fine-grained fractions of soils and to
specify the fine-grained fraction of
construction materials.
148

• The liquid limit, plastic limit, and

plasticity index of soils are also used
extensively, either individually or
with other soil properties to correlate
with engineering behavior such as
compressibility, hydraulic
conductivity (permeability), shrink-
swell, and shear strength.
149

Liquid Limit test

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

Plastic limit test

157

158

159

The water content obtained is the

plastic limit.
160

Shrinkage limit test

161

162

• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling
163

• Uni-axial Unconfined test

• To determine the shear strength of a
soil
164

165

166

167

168

• Clay tests
o Water content
limit)
o Consolidation
o Swelling
169

• Rock tests
o Permeability
o Porosity
170
Quality Control (Rock Tests) 2.2

171

172

• Rock tests
o Permeability
o Porosity
173
Quality Control (Aggregates Tests) 2.2

o Proctor
174

o Proctor
175

• Proctor Compaction test:

• The objective of this test is to determine
the maximum proctor density.
• This is a relationship between an
optimal moisture content and a
maximal proctor density of the soil.
176


• The Proctor Compaction test is used to
determine the density of a soil sample
in order to determine the foundation
stability of the soil.
177


• The test is conducted by achieving the
highest density for different moisture
content percentages, while applying a
certain amount of energy. This is called
the optimal moisture content.
178


• The test can be conducted as a Normal
Proctor test or, with more stringent
requirements, a more arduous test. The
difference between the tests is the
amount of energy used.
179

180

o Proctor
181

• The California Bearing Ratio test (CBR):

• The C.B.R. is the proportional
percentage between the plunger
pressure with a certain penetration and
the necessary plunger pressure to
achieve the same penetration in a
standard sample of “crushed rock”,
which has an assumed C.B.R.-value of
100%.
182

• The California Bearing Ratio test (CBR):

• The C.B.R. test provides information
about the load-bearing capacity of the
foundation (insitu field test) or of a
material (laboratory test). In the
Netherlands, the test is mainly used to
research the load-bearing capacity of
the soil on which a flexible road will be
built.
18
?Where .2 3
Where
?
Concre
Soil
te

QC Lab
g t Station
184
Engineering geology
• Next time
185
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. WHERE?
• Soil
o 3. Asphalt
• Concrete
o 4. Lab
4. References
186
187
188
Reference
• Site Investigation, Second Edition, C. R. I. Clayton, M. C. Matthews and N. E.

Simons; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Surrey.
• https://www.engineeringcivil.com/
189

Engineering Geology GTI1

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Engineering Geology GTI1

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Engineering Geology

GTI - Geoscientists Training Initiative

• Geotechnical engineering, as the name

• Soil mechanics is the branch of

• Soil mechanics applies the basic principles

• In other words, soil rather than water or

Drillin Asphal Conc.

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel) (S.S)

• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

• Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Split Spoon Sampler (Barrel)

• Shelby Tube Sampler

• Shelby Tube Sampler

• Very stiff fissured dark grey CLAY

• Total core recovery (TCR)

Drillin Asphal Conc.

Quality Control (Soil Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Soil Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Soil Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Soil Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Soil Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

• Dry sieving is only suitable for sands

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Soil Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

• Direct shear test

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

• The box is constructed to allow

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

• Shear load is applied to the lower

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Sand Tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

• Hydrometer: A hydrometer analysis is a

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

• Atterberg: Atterberg limits is a basic

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

• The Atterberg limit refers to the liquid limit

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

• At a very low moisture content, soil behaves

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2

• This test method is used as an

Quality Control (Clay tests) 2.2