SUBSOIL INVESTIGATION

FOUNDATION REPORT

FOR

TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT

IGABI
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
KADUNA STATE

CLIENT: CONTRACTOR:

BASIN OLABODE OLOFINYO

JULY, 2022
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
REPORT
TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION
PROJECT

ADDRESS:

IGABI
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA,

KADUNA STATE

PREPARED BY:

SOILCRAFT GEOTECHNICS/
GEOTECHNICAL SERVICES ABUJA.

JULY, 2022

FINAL REPORT
FOUNDATION INVESTIGATIONS

ii
CONTENTS

Executive summary 5

1.0 Introduction 6
2.0 Geomorphology 7
3.0 Geotechnical Investigations 7-8
4.0 Subsoil Condition 8–9
5.0 Laboratory Testing 10 -12
6.0 Analysis of Geotechnique 17 -94

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Trial Pit logs.

Appendix B: Particle Size Distribution Tests Graphs.
Appendix C: Atterbergs Limit Tests Graphs.
Appendix D: Shear Strength Tests Graphs (Shear Box).

TABLES

Table 1: Summary of test pit positions

Table 2: Stratigraphy
Table 3: Allowable Bearing Capacity Values

FIGURES
Figure 1 - 5: Geologic map of Kaduna State showing the study area

PLATES
 Fig. 1 Geologic Aerial map showing the study area TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Sub soils investigations were conducted by at the various proposed Named
locations IGABI, ASHAFA and GIDAN DANJA all within IGABI L. G. A KADUNA STATE.
The strata formation in all the 17No Borehole locations show a predominance of silty
sand, Sandy clay, lateritic clay, fine sand, Lateritic Soil and weathered rock within
total explored depth of 0.00 – 10.0m at the TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION
PROJECT SITE.
Basement weathered rock was encountered at some depths within the sites tested at
Bh1, Igabi l.g.a, Kaduna State.
The investigations were done close to the Trial Test pits which were sunk by manually
digging the pits with sampling tools below the existing ground levels. Considering the
layer of the subsoil at the test locations within the sites, the foundations of the
proposed Turunku Water and Irrigation Dam Project are as recommended and the
summary of the results of the subsoil at the 17Nos Borehole Locations and their
ultimate bearing pressures are as presented in Tables 1A – 1D below:

Table 1A: Ultimate Bearing Capacity Pressures Igabi Local Government Area,
Kaduna State
BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

IGABI BH1 2.1 2 25 17.76 2.00 20.72 10.66 10.88 41.4 397.66 154.530 593.6 197.88

Table 1B: Ultimate Bearing Capacity Pressures Ashafa, Igabi Local Government
Area, Kaduna State

BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

ASHAFA
3.6 0 17 16.60 2.00 12.34 4.77 3.53 0.0 285.18 46.871 332.1 110.68
BH2

Table 1C: Ultimate Bearing Capacity Pressures Sand Bagging Area,I

gabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State

BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

SAND
BAGGING 3.6 0 20 16.68 2.00 14.83 6.40 5.39 0.0 384.27 71.875 456.1 152.05
BH 3

Table 1D: Ultimate Bearing Capacity Pressures Gidan Danja, Igabi Local
Government Area, Kaduna State

BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

GIDAN
DANJA 3.6 0 22 16.33 2.00 5.63 7.82 7.13 0.0 459.79 93.119 552.9 184.3
BH 2

1.0 INTRODUCTION
These investigations are considered high level investigations aimed at providing
geotechnical information for the design of the remedial works. Shallow test
pitting was supplemented by deep investigations, i.e. drilling of boreholes,
sampling and laboratory testing was undertaken. The Final report for the sub -
soil investigations for the TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT, is
presented herein. This report presents a description of the field activities and
results of in-situ and laboratory tests carried out in the course of the
investigations.

SCOPE OF WORK FOR THE INVESTIGATIONS

 To bore through the subsoil and conduct Standard Penetration Tests (SPT)
at 1.50m depth interval, to a depth of 10m or Refusal at designated
locations as appropriate;
 Evaluate the bearing capacity of soils for foundation of the proposed
development at the various locations;
 To ascertain the depth of the water table level and firm strata of the
subsoil adequate enough for the foundation design and construction;
 Obtain tube samples of 100 x 350mm long undisturbed samples from
boreholes for laboratory analyses;
 Evaluate, by conducting laboratory tests the physical properties and
strength of the soils obtained for both disturbed & undisturbed soil
samples from the test bores;
 To ascertain the depth to bed rock and the water table level for design
purposes;
 To characterize the materials in the embankment and immediate
environs, with a view to assessing their use in the embankment,
 To appraise geotechnical factors that might influence the dam condition,
as well as re-design and construction, and
 To provide generic geotechnical related considerations and
recommendations.

The field work conducted was carried out in July, 2022 and it involved sinking
geotechnical Boreholes within designated locations using various sampling
 materials (Percussion Rig). A total of 17Nos test locations were drilled up to
depths of refusal and further investigation was done by carrying out laboratory
tests on samples recovered. Samples were obtained at different depths / as
strata changes in the test Boreholes. Representative samples were taken from
the test holes and submitted to accredited laboratory, for classification and
geotechnical testing. Tests conducted include:
• Foundation indicator tests (comprising of grading and hydrometer analyses,
Atterberg limits and Linear
Shrinkage);
• Proctor compaction; Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and (OMC)
• Quick direct shear tests; and
• Falling head permeability tests.

Laboratory test results are summarized in Section and detailed test results
sheets attached as Appendix A - D.

2.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY
2.1. Geology
The entire Kaduna state is underlain by a basement complex of igneous and
metamorphic rocks of mainly Jurassic to Pre-Cambrian ages. The basement
complex rocks are essentially granites, gneisses, migmatites, schists and
quartzites (Bennett, 1979; 13). The geology of Kaduna North is predominantly
metamorphic rocks of the Nigerian basement complex consisting of biotite
gneisses and older granites (Kaduna State, 2003).
2.2. Topography
The topographical relief is relatively flat, having an elevation of between 600
and 650 meters in large areas of the local government. It is over 650 meters
above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.) in some places, and below 500 meters in places
that slope downward towards the river.
The topography at the sites is fairly flat terrain with localized section of flat
lands and gentle slope. The vegetation cover is sparse with grasses, shrubs and
scattered tress. With scattered settlement around the site.

3.0 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

3.1. Field Work (STANDARD PENETRATION TEST)

The field work involves sinking 17Nos. Geotechnical Bores (4 per site) across 4
Major locations spread across Kaduna State to a depth of Refusal so as to
ascertain the geotechnical index properties of the proposed site. The method
adopted, involved geological field mapping with conventional instruments
sampling methods. A reconnaissance field investigation was first conducted in
the area, followed by detailed geotechnical campaign of the area. During the
reconnaissance stage of the fieldwork, it was thought wise to use a global
positioning system (GPS) to locate the test points which will be reflected on
the base map showing points where investigations were conducted, for ease of
location and referencing during the construction work proper.

Detailed fieldwork was carried out during the campaign in (July, 2022). In the
course of the fieldwork, adequate attention was paid to the nature of the
topography and vegetation within the site,

3.2 Test Pit (Trial Pits)

Trial pit excavation was carried out by open excavation to depth of 0.00 –
1.50m, at designated locations for the test pit. Bulk disturbed samples were
obtained at the location for various laboratory analyses. The test pit loggings
 are shown in Appendices.

4.0 SUBSOIL CONDITIONAND GROUND WATER

The Stratigraphies of the subsurface deposits as observed from the logs of

Geotechnical Boreholes/ Trial test pit sunk at this site exhibited similarities
both in nature and in strength characteristics from the beginning of the Trial
pits till their termination. A generalized description for the site can thus be as
given below;

DESCRIPTION

The soil samples were examined visually for a general classification of which
there are many detailed soil classification currently employed. These
classifications are designed for particular use in soil mechanics work and are
therefore limited in their application.
In classification prior to testing, the soil is first relegated to the following
groups: Weathered material, Reddish brown laterite and Lateritic Clay.

 COLOURS
This depends, on its water content which should be noted. It is also
useful in indicating the presence of organic matter and iron.
 ODOUR
Some Soil has distinctive odors. During storage in the laboratory, the soil
can lose its original odour due to absorption.
 MINERAL
The behavior of a fine grained soil is considerably influenced by the
minerals within make up the soil.
 PRESENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER
Organic matter is normally detected by its characteristics odor and dark
color. Organic matter makes the soil weaker and more compressible.

Table 2: General Stratigraphy

Depth (m) General Lithology Remark

Brownish Concretional Laterite Soil/
1.00 – 1.50 IGABAI / ASHAFA
Sand Weathered Materials
SAND BAGGING
0.00 – 10.00 Brownish Sand /Sandy Clay Soil
AREAS, ASHAFA
0.00 – below Silty Sand, Sand GIDAN DANJA

Sand/ Silty Sand

Layer of permeable loose Sand mixed with silty material with traces of clay in

some locations as encountered between 0.00 - 1.50m, but also lying further

within the other boreholes investigated

Sand clay

These are sandy clay material with trace of plasticity inherent as proved
 between 1.00 – 2.00m, and beyond but refusal was encountered in this Zone at

some respective locations.

Laterite / Weathered Material

Layers of Brownish Concretional laterite/ferruginized iron stone soil material

was encountered in depths explored between 0.00 – 1.50m. These are
weathered material of medium – high dense grained stone, made up of
weathered material mixed with laterite as proved within some selected
locations on the site and beyond.

The groundwater level was observed to be shallow than depth of Excavation in

all the test locations as at the time of investigation which was conducted in
JULY, 2022.

5.0 LABORATORY TESTING.

5.1. Laboratory classification tests were carried out on the disturbed samples
obtained from the 17Nos. trial Pits obtained from the site to improve on the
field identification and classification tests. Test were conducted in accordance
to BS 1377: 1-9 part 2 1990 for all samples obtained in the 13 Nos. locations
that were investigated.

The tests carried out include:

 Natural Moisture Content Determination
 Particle Size Distribution Tests.
 Atterberg Limit Tests
 Undrained shear Test.
 Specific Gravity Test.
 Consolidation (Oedometer) Test were applicable
 Insitu density test.

5.2. Moisture content determination

 This was carried out in accordance with BS1377: Part2:1990. A specimen was
obtained from each of the samples delivered to the laboratory, and its weight

taken. The specimen was oven dried at temperatures between 105oC - 110oC
for 24 hours and the dry weight was also taken. The ratio of moisture loss
(wet mass – dry mass) to the mass of the dried soil expressed as a percentage
is the moisture content of the specimen.

5.3. Particle size distribution test (Sieve Analysis)

The standard method of wet sieving which conforms to BS 1377: Part 2: 1990
was adopted. A representative sample was taken from the main sample and

oven dried at temperatures between 105oC -110oC for 24 hours. The dried
soil

was weighed to obtain its dry mass, and after it was washed through a
0.063mm BS test sieve in accordance with the test method.

The retained fraction was again oven dried for 24hours at temperatures

between1050C - 1100C, after which it was sieved through a series of BS test

sieves arranged in descending order of aperture sizes to form a nest. Sieving
was done. The fraction retained on each sieve was weighed and the
percentage passing each sieve was determined.

5.4. Atterbergs Limit test

Plastic Limit

Plastic limit is the moisture content below which soil is not plastic (non-
plastic). This test was also carried out in accordance with BS1377: Part2:
1990. The samples used in this test were prepared in the same manner as
those for the liquid limit tests. The test consisted of rolling balls of soil pastes
between the hands and then into threads between the palm and a glass plate.
The plastic limit was the moisture content at which the threads develop
transverse cracks when they were about 3mm diameter.
5.5. Liquid Limit

Liquid limit is the moisture content beyond which soil behaves like a viscous
fluid. Therefore, Liquid limit is a consistency limit of soil. The Liquid limit
test was carried out using the BS liquid limit device in accordance with BS
1377: Part 2: 1990. Air dried representative samples were ground in a mortar
and sieved through a 0.425mm BS test sieve.200g of each of the sieved
samples were mixed thoroughly with distilled water and thereafter the water
was allowed to Permeate the samples overnight in an air tight container. The
soils specimens were then remixed on a glass plate with a spatula, till the
consistency desired is achieved, the soil is then placed on the device and
blow

applied, subsequently after the test is conducted, the samples are rolled into
strands between 2mm and 5mm. The respective moisture contents of the
specimens were determined. Moisture content, Penetration curve was plotted
for each of the specimens from which the moisture content at 20mm
penetration was taken to be the liquid limit.

Plasticity Index (PI)

The Plasticity index was determined in conformity with BS 1377: Part 2:

1990.ThePlasticity index is the numerical difference between the LL and PL.
(PI = LL – PL)

5.6. Specific Gravity of Soils (GS)

Specific gravity is in simple terms the relative density of soil, hence the
ration of mass of a given soil sample to the mass of an equal volume of water.
This test was carried out with accordance to BS 1377: Part 2: 1990. The
density bottle method was used in this test were each of the air dried sample
were ground with a mortar and pestle, and after sieved through a 2mm BS
test sieve. About 50g of each of the sieved samples were placed in respective
 bottles and their masses taken. These were treated to procedure complying
with BS 1377: Part 2: 1990 to obtain the Specific gravities for each of the
samples

5.5. SHEAR STRENGTH

Direct Shear Tests were performed on undisturbed samples to estimate the
shear strength characteristics. The results of the tests are presented in the
test summary sheets.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
6.0 FOR IGABI, IGABI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KADUNA STATE
6.1 Abstract of Findings

Sub soil and Ground Water Conditions

The stratigraphies of the subsurface deposits as observed from the log of the
Trial Pit revealed the presence of sandy clay horizon, followed by clay material
of low plasticity. These formation exhibited similarities in nature and in
strength characteristics within the total depths explored of 0.00 – 6.60m. Static
ground water level was observed to be deep during the period of investigation
at the sampling locations.
A total of 4Nos test bore were drilled at the proposed location as presented in
the Trial pit log shown in appendix 1.

The Geotechnical properties of the soils encountered at the various strata

formation of the overburden were obtained from the tests conducted in
laboratory. The summary of the results is given below.

ANALYSIS OF GEOTECHNIQUE

Soil Property Min. Max

 Natural Moisture Content (%) 5.86 12.30
Liquid Limit (%) 29.5 47.0
Plastic Limit (%) 18.00 33.00
Plasticity Index (%) NP 22.1
Passing # 200 Sieve (%) 11.05 54.77
Bulk density (KN/m3) 16.67 18.5
Apparent Cohesion (kN/m2) 2.00 11.00
Angle of Internal Friction (Ø) 17.00 25.0
Coefficient at compressibility (m2/KN) 1.69x10-2 9.46X10-5
Specific Gravity 2.58 2.68

The detailed laboratory tests are presented in the laboratory sheet.

6.2 BEARING CAPACITY VALUES

6.2.1 The allowable bearing pressure imposed by a foundation is a function of

characteristics of the shear strength of the soil as well as the depth and
dimension of the foundation. The bearing capacity is calculated from the
laboratory shear strength tests conducted on undisturbed samples collect from
the field test. The most commonly used bearing capacity equations are those
provided by Terzaghi for shallow foundations. Therefore, from the apparent
cohesion and angle of internal friction we can deduce the bearing capacity and
it is calculated as follows:
For strip footings,
Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

For Square footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.4 γ B N γ

For Circular footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.3 γ B N γ

Qa= Qu/FOS

Where Qa = Allowable bearing capacity

 Qu = Ultimate Shear Strength
FOS = Factor of Safety
= Bulk Density
D = Depth of footing
B = Width of footing

A safe factor of 3.0 was used in computing the safe bearing pressures.

CALCULATION FOR ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL USING

TERZAGHI’S EQUATION FOR SQUARE FOOTING
IGABI @BH1@2.10m

For strip footings; Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

Where C = 2kN/m2; 00 = 250; Z=2.10 m, B =2.0 m;  = 17.76kN/m³

The bearing capacity factors are: NC = 20.72; Nq=10.66, Ny = 10.88;

(1.) CNC = 2 x 20.72 = 41.4

(2.) γ D Nq = 17.76 x 2.1 x 10.66= 397.66

(3.) 0.4 γ B N γ = 0.4 x 17.76 x 2.0 x 10.88 = 154.5

Q (ULTIMATE) (KN/m2) = (41.4) + (397.66) + (154.5)

= 593.6kN/m2

When safety factor = 3.0

Q (allowable KN/m2) = 197.88kN/m2 (rounded up) / 198kN/m2

The allowable bearing capacities as calculated for the test points (BH1) at
depths between 0.00m and 2.10m (as the case may be) are as shown in this
report as below.
Table 1: Allowable Bearing Capacity Igabi, Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State
BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

BH1 2.1 2 25 17.76 2.00 20.72 10.66 10.88 41.4 397.66 154.530 593.6 197.88

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES BASED ON SPT TEST RESULT.

The bearing capacities for the selected borings were based on the SPT N30 value
obtain from the field results. The values obtained are given in the table below;

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES FOR FIELD BASED TEST (SPT TEST)

TABLE 4A.

Bearing Capacity(kN/m2)
Depth
(m)
BH 1 BH 2 BH 3 BH 4

0.6 325 30 30 70

2.1 550 110 320 330

3.6 635 400 410 435

5.1 - 580 635 530

6.6 - 1000 - 650

6.3 ANCILLARY TESTS
6.3.1. OBSERVED WATER TABLE LEVELS
The phreatic surfaces were observed from all the trial pit and were
taken twenty-four borings after digging (static). The water tables in the
trial pit location were observed to be deep at the time of investigation.

S/No Boring Locations Water Table Level

(m)

1 BH1 DEEP

2 BH2 DEEP

3 BH3 DEEP

4 BH4 DEEP
 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

6.4 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.4.1 DISCUSSION
The subsoil at the BH1 – BH4 IGABI, IGABI LOCAL GOVERNEMENT AREA,
KADUNA STATE FOR TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT.
locations consists of a mixture of material ranging for ferruginized iron
stone with concretional Lateritic at the top section of the slope and
having silty sand materials to Sandy Clay Formation towards the river
channel, while the general overburden at the lower end of the
investigation are homogenous.
The bearing capacity revealed that the subsoil at the site has relatively
average bearing pressure of 30 - 1000kN/m2 at depths explored between
0.00 - 6.60m as contained in the calculation sheet above, Appendix B.

6.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
Our recommendations as contained in this report are based on careful
correlation and interpretation of the results of the field and laboratory
analyses
 The overburden pressure gave 30 - 1000kN/m2 at depth of 0.00 - 2.00m;
therefore, the foundation of proposed structure at BH1 locations should
be Pad Foundation while for the Strip Foundation or Raft Foundation
with Tied Beam all Round placed into the overburden at 2.00m below
existing ground levels should be used for BH 2 – BH 4, to allow for
uniform settlement were the case may be and also to forestall cracking
in foundation due to the nature of soil encountered. The area or
locations as observed is susceptible to erosion and flooding during peak
wet Season.
 Considering the water table level which wasn’t encountered but
foreseeable in future for ground water movement, normal Portland

Sub Soil investigation report 20

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

cement could be used with cement content not less than 380kg/m 3 and a
maximum water cement ratio of 0.5.
 Adequate drainage should be provided around the site to drain away
surface / run-off water so as to prevent run-off water percolation and
water proof material should be used at the foundation hardcore level to
prevent ingress of water into the foundation base.

Sub Soil investigation report 21

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
7.0 FOR ASHAFA, IGABI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KADUNA STATE
7.1 Abstract of Findings

Sub soil and Ground Water Conditions

The stratigraphies of the subsurface deposits as observed from the log of the
Standard Penetration Test revealed the presence of Silty sand horizon, followed
by silty clay material of low plasticity. These formation exhibited similarities in
nature and in strength characteristics within the total depths explored of 0.00 –
9.60m. Static ground water level was observed to be deep during the period of
investigation at the sampling locations.
A total of 4Nos Borehole was drilled at this proposed location as presented in
the Boring log shown in Appendix B.

The Geotechnical properties of the soils encountered at the various strata

formation of the overburden were obtained from the tests conducted in
laboratory. The summary of the results is given below.

ANALYSIS OF GEOTECHNIQUE

Soil Property Min. Max.

Natural Moisture Content (%) 4.00 14.85
Liquid Limit (%) 4.30 7.66
Plastic Limit (%) 26.00 30.00
Plasticity Index (%) 19.34 26.4
Passing # 200 Sieve (%) 28.51 71.9
Bulk density (KN/m3) 16.75 18.2
Apparent Cohesion (kN/m2) 0.00 3.00
Angle of Internal Friction (Ø) 22.00 31.00
Coefficient at compressibility (m2/KN) 1.17 x 10-3 3.77 x 10-4
Specific Gravity 2.51 2.77

The detailed laboratory tests are presented in the laboratory sheet.

Sub Soil investigation report 22

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

7.2 BEARING CAPACITY VALUES

7.2.1 The allowable bearing pressure imposed by a foundation is a function of

characteristics of the shear strength of the soil as well as the depth and
dimension of the foundation. The bearing capacity is calculated from the
laboratory shear strength tests conducted on undisturbed samples collect from
the field test. The most commonly used bearing capacity equations are those
provided by Terzaghi for shallow foundations. Therefore, from the apparent
cohesion and angle of internal friction we can deduce the bearing capacity and
it is calculated as follows:
For strip footings,
Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

For Square footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.4 γ B N γ

For Circular footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.3 γ B N γ

Qa= Qu/FOS

Where Qa = Allowable bearing capacity

Qu = Ultimate Shear Strength

FOS = Factor of Safety
= Bulk Density
D = Depth of footing
B = Width of footing

A safe factor of 3.0 was used in computing the safe bearing pressures.

Sub Soil investigation report 23

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

CALCULATION FOR ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL USING

TERZAGHI’S EQUATION FOR SQUARE FOOTING
ASHAFA @ BH2@3.60m

For strip footings; Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

Where C = 26kN/m2; 00 = 170; Z=3.60 m, B =2.0 m;  = 16.6kN/m³

The bearing capacity factors are: NC =12.34; Nq=4.77, Ny = 3.53;

(4.) CNC = 0 x 12.34 = 0

(5.) γ D Nq = 16.6 x 3.60 x 4.77= 285.18

(6.) 0.4 γ B N γ = 0.4 x 16.6 x 2.0 x 3.53 = 46.871

Q (ULTIMATE) (KN/m2) = (0) + (285.18) + (46.871)

= 332.1kN/m2

When safety factor = 3.0

Q (allowable KN/m2) = 110.68kN/m2 (rounded up) / 111kN/m2

The allowable bearing capacities as calculated for the test points (ASHAFA BH2)
at depths between 0.00m and 3.60m (as the case may be) are as shown in this
report as below.
Table 1: Allowable Bearing Capacity Ashafa, Igabi l.g.a Kaduna

BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

ASHAFA
3.6 0 17 16.60 2.00 12.34 4.77 3.53 0.0 285.18 46.871 332.1 110.68
BH2

Sub Soil investigation report 24

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES BASED ON SPT TEST RESULT.

The bearing capacities for the selected borings were based on the SPT N30 value
obtain from the field results. The values obtained are given in the table below;

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES FOR FIELD BASED TEST (SPT TEST)

TABLE 4B.

Bearing Capacity(kN/m2)
Depth
(m)
BH 1 BH 2 BH 3 BH 4

0.6 20 20 40 40

2.1 40 50 70 60

3.6 90 80 120 100

5.1 200 180 210 170

6.6 270 245 220 260

8.10 325 325 295 320

9.60 625 385 355 380

Sub Soil investigation report 25

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

7.3 ANCILLARY TESTS

7.3.1. OBSERVED WATER TABLE LEVELS
The phreatic surfaces were observed from all the trial pit and were
taken twenty-four borings after digging (static). The water tables in the
trial pit location were observed to be deep at the time of investigation.

S/No Boring Locations Water Table Level

(m)

1 BH1 3.00m

2 BH2 4.00m

3 BH3 5.50m

4 BH4 2.80m

Sub Soil investigation report 26

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

7.4 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.4.1 DISCUSSION
The subsoil at the ASHAFA, IGABI TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION
PROJECT locations consists of Silty sand overburden thickness of
between 0.00 - 9.60m; standard penetration test was terminated but
continuous because no significant resistance. Static ground water table
was observed to be shallow.
The bearing capacity revealed that the subsoil at the site has relatively
average bearing pressure of 20 – 625kN/m2 at depths explored between
0.00 - 9.60m as contained in the calculation sheet above, Appendix B.

7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
Our recommendations as contained in this report are based on careful
correlation and interpretation of the results of the field and laboratory
analyses
 The overburden pressure gave 20 – 625kN/m2 at depth of 0.00 - 9.60m;
therefore, the foundation of the proposed structure at the proposed
locations should be Strip Foundation or Raft Foundation with Tied
Beam all Round placed into the overburden, 3.00m below existing
ground levels, to allow for uniform settlement were the case may be and
also to forestall cracking in foundation due to the nature of soil
encountered
 But if deep foundations are considered for this location, then it will
recommended that Micro – Piles be driven to the depth of 15.00m.
 Retaining sheet piles could be inculcated in the design.
 Considering the water table level which wasn’t encountered but
foreseeable in future for ground water movement, normal Portland
content could be used with cement content not less than 380kg/m 3 and a
maximum water cement ratio of 0.5.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

 Adequate drainage should be provided around the site to drain away

surface/run-off water so as to prevent run-off water percolation and
water proof material should be used at the foundation hardcore level to
prevent ingress of water into the foundation base.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
8.0 FOR SANDBAGGING, IGABI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KADUNA STATE
8.1 Abstract of Findings

Sub soil and Ground Water Conditions

The stratigraphies of the subsurface deposits as observed from the log of the
standard penetration test revealed the presence of lateritic sand horizon.
These formation exhibited similarities in nature and in strength characteristics
within the total depths explored of 0.00 - 8.10m. Static ground water level was
observed to be shallow during the period of investigation at the sampling depth
locations,
A total of 3Nos Geotechnical test Bores were sank at the proposed location as
presented in the Borehole logs shown in appendix A & B.

The Geotechnical properties of the soils encountered at the various strata

formation of the overburden were obtained from the tests conducted in
laboratory. The summary of the results is given below.

ANALYSIS OF GEOTECHNIQUE

Soil Property Min. Max.

Natural Moisture Content (%) 16.3 23.00
Liquid Limit (%) 45.00 47.00
Plastic Limit (%) 31.00 32.00
Plasticity Index (%) 14.00 16.00
Passing # 200 Sieve (%) 11.37 49.4
Bulk density (KN/m3) 16.25 19.07
Apparent Cohesion (kN/m2) 0.00 8.00
Angle of Internal Friction (Ø) 21.00 30.00
Coefficient at compressibility (m2/KN) 1.39x10-2 1.99x10-2
Specific Gravity 2.55 2.65

The detailed laboratory tests are presented in the laboratory sheet.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

8.2 BEARING CAPACITY VALUES

8.2.1 The allowable bearing pressure imposed by a foundation is a function of

characteristics of the shear strength of the soil as well as the depth and
dimension of the foundation. The bearing capacity is calculated from the
laboratory shear strength tests conducted on undisturbed samples collect from
the field test. The most commonly used bearing capacity equations are those
provided by Terzaghi for shallow foundations. Therefore, from the apparent
cohesion and angle of internal friction we can deduce the bearing capacity and
it is calculated as follows:
For strip footings,
Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

For Square footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.4 γ B N γ

For Circular footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.3 γ B N γ

Qa= Qu/FOS

Where Qa = Allowable bearing capacity

Qu = Ultimate Shear Strength

FOS = Factor of Safety
= Bulk Density
D = Depth of footing
B = Width of footing

A safe factor of 3.0 was used in computing the safe bearing pressures.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

CALCULATION FOR ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL USING

TERZAGHI’S EQUATION FOR SQUARE FOOTING
SAND BAGGING AREA, IGABI BH2@3.60m

For strip footings; Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

Where C = 0kN/m2; 00 = 200; Z=3.60 m, B =2.0 m;  = 16.68kN/m³

The bearing capacity factors are: NC =14.83; Nq= 6.40, Ny = 5.59;

(7.) CNC = 0 x 14.83 = 0

(8.) γ D Nq = 16.68 x 3.60 x 6.40= 384.27

(9.) 0.4 γ B N γ = 0.4 x 16.68 x 2.0 x 5.39 = 71.875

Q (ULTIMATE) (KN/m2) = (0) + (384.27) + (71.875)

= 456.1kN/m2

When safety factor = 3.0

Q (allowable KN/m2) = 152.05kN/m2 (rounded up) / 152kN/m2

The allowable bearing capacities as calculated for the test points (sand bagging
area BH3) at depths between 0.00m and 3.60m (as the case may be) are as
shown in this report as below.
Table 1: Allowable Bearing Capacity Sand Bagging, Igabi L.g.a Kaduna State

BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

SAND
BAGGING 3.6 0 20 16.68 2.00 14.83 6.40 5.39 0.0 384.27 71.875 456.1 152.05
BH 3

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Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES BASED ON SPT TEST RESULT.

The bearing capacities for the selected borings were based on the SPT N30 value
obtain from the field results. The values obtained are given in the table below;

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES FOR FIELD BASED TEST (SPT TEST)

TABLE 4C.
Bearing Capacity(kN/m2)
Depth SAND BAGGING AREA, IGABI
(m)
BH 1 BH 2 BH 3

0.6 40 30 40

2.1 70 40 50

3.6 120 100 120

5.1 230 150 140

6.6 410 265 220

8.10 635 320 305

9.60 530 425

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

8.3 ANCILLARY TESTS

8.3.1. OBSERVED WATER TABLE LEVELS
The phreatic surfaces were observed from all the test Boreholes and
were taken twenty-four after borings (static). The water tables in the
trial pit location were observed to be deep at the time of investigation.

S/No Boring Locations Water Table Level

(m)

1 BH1 Deep

2 BH2 Deep

3 BH3 Deep

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Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

8.4 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8.4.1 DISCUSSION
The subsoil at the SAND BAGGING AREA, TURUNKU WATER AND
IRRIGATION PROJECT IGABI locations consists of Sandy horizon
overburden thickness of between 0.00 – 9.60m; where Trial pitting was
terminated but continuous. Static ground water table was observed to be
deep.
The bearing capacity revealed that the subsoil at the site has relatively
average bearing pressure of 30 - 635kN/m2 at depths explored between
0.00 – 9.60m as contained in the calculation sheet above, Appendix B.

8.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
Our recommendations as contained in this report are based on careful
correlation and interpretation of the results of the field and laboratory
analyses
 The overburden pressure gave 30 - 635kN/m2 at depth of 0.00 – 9.60m;
therefore, the foundation of the proposed structure at the proposed
locations should be Strip Foundation or Raft Foundation with Tied
Beam all Round placed into the overburden, 3.00m below existing
ground levels, to allow for uniform settlement were the case may be and
also to forestall cracking in foundation due to the nature of soil
encountered
 But if deep foundations are considered for this location, then it will
recommended that Micro – Piles be driven to the depth of 15.00m.
 Retaining sheet piles could be inculcated in the design.
 Considering the water table level which wasn’t encountered but
foreseeable in future for ground water movement, normal Portland
content could be used with cement content not less than 380kg/m 3 and a
maximum water cement ratio of 0.5.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

 Adequate drainage should be provided around the site to drain away

surface / run-off water so as to prevent run-off water percolation and
water proof material should be used at the foundation hardcore level to
prevent ingress of water into the foundation base.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
9.0 GIDAN DANJA, IGABI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KADUNA STATE
9.1 Abstract of Findings

Sub soil and Ground Water Conditions

The stratigraphies of the subsurface deposits as observed from the log of the
Trial Pit revealed the presence of Lateritic horizon. These formation exhibited
similarities in nature and in strength characteristics within the total depths
explored of 0.00 – 9.60m and weathered Basement was encountered. Static
ground water level was observed to be deep during the period of investigation
at the sampling locations, thou water wasn’t encountered.

The Geotechnical properties of the soils encountered at the various strata

formation of the overburden were obtained from the tests conducted in
laboratory. The summary of the results is given below.

ANALYSIS OF GEOTECHNIQUE

Soil Property Min. Max.

Natural Moisture Content (%) 3.60 28.00
Liquid Limit (%) 18.00 43.2
Plastic Limit (%) 3.00 23.3
Plasticity Index (%) 1.40 20.00
Passing # 200 Sieve (%) 8.10 76.35
Bulk density (KN/m3) 15.5 17.77
Apparent Cohesion (kN/m2) 0.00 5.00
Angle of Internal Friction (Ø) 22.00 28.00
Coefficient at compressibility (m2/KN) 1.36 x 10-3 4.81 X 101
Specific Gravity 2.55 2.72

The detailed laboratory tests are presented in the laboratory sheet.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

9.2 BEARING CAPACITY VALUES

9.2.1 The allowable bearing pressure imposed by a foundation is a function of

characteristics of the shear strength of the soil as well as the depth and
dimension of the foundation. The bearing capacity is calculated from the
laboratory shear strength tests conducted on undisturbed samples collect from
the field test. The most commonly used bearing capacity equations are those
provided by Terzaghi for shallow foundations. Therefore, from the apparent
cohesion and angle of internal friction we can deduce the bearing capacity and
it is calculated as follows:
For strip footings,
Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

For Square footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.4 γ B N γ

For Circular footings,

Qult = 1.3 CNC + γ D Nq + 0.3 γ B N γ

Qa= Qu/FOS

Where Qa = Allowable bearing capacity

Qu = Ultimate Shear Strength

FOS = Factor of Safety
= Bulk Density
D = Depth of footing
B = Width of footing

A safe factor of 3.0 was used in computing the safe bearing pressures.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

CALCULATION FOR ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL USING

TERZAGHI’S EQUATION FOR SQUARE FOOTING
GIDAN DANJA @BH2@3.60m

For strip footings; Qult = CNC + γ D Nq + 0.5 γ B N γ

Where C = 0kN/m2; 00 = 220; Z=3.60 m, B =2.0 m;  = 16.33kN/m³

The bearing capacity factors are: NC =5.63; Nq= 7.82, Ny = 7.13;

(10.) CNC = 0 x 5.63 = 0

(11.) γ D Nq = 16.33 x 3.60 x 7.82= 459.79

(12.) 0.4 γ B N γ = 0.4 x 16.33 x 2.0 x 7.13 = 93.119

Q (ULTIMATE) (KN/m2) = (0) + (459.79) + (93.119)

= 552.9kN/m2

When safety factor = 3.0

Q (allowable KN/m2) = 184.3kN/m2 (rounded up) / 184kN/m2

The allowable bearing capacities as calculated for the test points (BH4) at
depths between 0.00m and 1.50m (as the case may be) are as shown in this
report as below.
Table 1: Allowable Bearing Capacity Agbulagu Town, Lafia Local Government

BOREHOLE 2
DEPTH CU KN/M φ γb B Nc Nq Nγ CNc γD Nq 0.4γBNy QULT QALL
NO.

GIDAN
DANJA 3.6 0 22 16.33 2.00 5.63 7.82 7.13 0.0 459.79 93.119 552.9 184.3
BH 2

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES BASED ON SPT TEST RESULT FROM GIDAN DANJA.

The bearing capacities for the selected borings were based on the SPT N30 value
obtain from the field results. The values obtained are given in the table below;

BEARING CAPACITY VALUES FOR FIELD BASED TEST (SPT TEST)

TABLE 4D.
Bearing Capacity(kN/m2)
Depth GIDAN DANJA
(m)
BH 1 BH 2 BH 3 BH 4 BH 5 BH 6

0.6 30 40 20 30 20 20

2.1 60 100 50 110 40 50

3.6 110 160 80 140 50 110

5.1 140 190 110 160 100 150

6.6 180 280 130 160 140 180

8.10 220 300 140 190 170 190

9.60 - - 200 240 220 200

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

9.3 ANCILLARY TESTS

9.3.1. OBSERVED WATER TABLE LEVELS
The phreatic surfaces were observed from all the trial pit and were taken
twenty-four borings after digging (static). The water tables in the trial pit
location were observed to be deep at the time of investigation.

S/No Boring Locations Water Table Level

(m)

1 BH1 Deep

2 BH2 Deep

3 BH3 Deep

4 BH4 Deep

5 BH5 Deep

6 BH6 Deep

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

9.4 FOUNDATION DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.4.1 DISCUSSION
The subsoil at the TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT locations
consists of Silty Sand, sandy and Lateritic overburden thickness of between 0.00
- 9.60m horizon; where the test bores was terminated but continuous. Static
ground water table was observed to be shallow / deep.
The bearing capacity revealed that the subsoil at the site has relatively average
bearing pressure of 20 - 300kN/m2 at depths explored between 0.00 -9.60m as
contained in the Appendix B.

9.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
Our recommendations as contained in this report are based on careful
correlation and interpretation of the results of the field and laboratory analyses

 The overburden pressure gave 20 - 300kN/m2 at depth of 0.00 – 9.60m;

therefore, the foundation of the proposed structure at the proposed locations
should be Raft Foundation with Tied Beam all Round placed into the
overburden, 3.00m below existing ground levels, to allow for uniform
settlement were the case may be and also to forestall cracking in foundations
due to the nature of soil encountered
 Considering the water table level which wasn’t encountered but foreseeable in
future for ground water movement, normal Portland content could be used with
cement content not less than 380kg/m3 and a maximum water cement ratio of
0.50.
 Adequate drainage should be provided around the site to drain away
surface/run-off water so as to prevent run-off water percolation and water
proof material should be used at the foundation hardcore level to prevent
ingress of water into the foundation base.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

 Foundation permeability
Seepage at the various locations with alluvium horizons at (location of proposed
embankment) was noted but the flow could be seen after a short period with
the test Boring being open. Such was the rate of seepage that it is indicative of
high permeability material. Results of the permeability test support this
observation;
The natural embankment at the various location show material with pervious
material therefore it is concluded that materials encountered on site have high
permeability characteristics. The seepages noted in the test borings then would
have occurred at or towards the locations close to the silty sand horizons or
River Bed.
 Erodibility of downstream areas
A walk-over the site, yield evidence of erosion of the downstream areas, apart
from the above-mentioned erosion trace of erosion can be seen running along
the Igabi areas. Nevertheless, the fact seen on site shows that materials will be
erodible in the event of any significant sustained overtopping rainfall (of
significant magnitude). The embankment of rivers encountered is however well
grassed and low flow overtopping is not expected to result in erosion.
Establishing grass cover on any new raised embankment would be important.

 The laboratory test results show that materials encountered on site including
the existing natural embankment as well as the underlying alluvium would be
suitable for the raising of the embankment
 Material for rip-rap will have to be sourced commercially.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS / SEEPAGES

 Seepages were encountered in five of the test pits excavated during the
investigation. These test pits are located on the crest and at the toe of the site
where geotechnical test borings were situated side by side with an offset of
between 3.00 – 7.00m due to topography and obstructions, on the right bank
and along the river channel. Very wet conditions and surface flow were noted
on the right bank during the light and scattered showers experienced in the
cause of our investigations.
 This report presents the results of the geotechnical investigation conducted for
the remedial works at TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATITION DAM PROJECT.
The observations and parameters provided are considered adequate to address
the proposed re-design works.
 The issue of embankment fill material for use in raising of the river flanks /
banks will need to be considered with regards to quantities of suitable
materials that can be extracted from the site itself. It is not anticipated that
material can be sourced from the immediate surrounds as the site is located
within a borrow pit, Construction materials will therefore need to be sourced
possibly from within the site itself. Rip-rap material requirements would have
to be met by commercial sources.
 Although excavations are said to be stable care will still need to be taken
particularly with deep excavations, those left open for long periods and where
seepage occurs.
 Scattered trees were noted on the embankments, and it is assumed that these
will be removed during the rehabilitation.

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 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION GALLERY

IGABI IMAGES

ASHAFA

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SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS

FOR
TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT.
DETAILS OF LABORATORY TESTS RESULT FOR GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT.
LOCATION: IGABI
Sample Sample PARTICLES SIZE ANALYSIS DIRECT SHEAR MV
Description Specifi Bulk
Depth of EMC LL PL PI 1'' 3/4'' 1/2'' 3/8'' 3/16'' 7 14 25 52 100 #.200 C CV (m2/yr) 2
c Density
No. Φ° (m /kN)
(m) Sample (%) (%) (%) (%) (25.40mm) (19.05mm) (12.70mm) (9.52mm) (4.75mm) (2.36mm) (1.14mm) (0.600mm) (0.300mm) (0.150mm) (0.075mm) kN/m2 Gravity kn/m 3

BH1 0.60 REDDISH BROW N 6.68 30 18 12 100 100 96.1 85.8 62.4 37.2 29.95 24.55 19.7 16.05 11.05 1.69x10-2 2.86x10-5 2.59 17.1

CONCRETIONAL LATERITE

BH1 2.10 REDDISH BROW N 6.34 NON - PLASTIC 100 100 100 99.8 99.4 98.9 74.6 61.1 46.9 38.4 34.2 - - 3.69X10-2 4.09X10-5 2.61 17.76
CONCRETIONAL LATERITE

BH1 3.60 WEATHERED MATERIAL 7.66 NON - PLASTIC 100 100 100 99.7 99.29 99.04 81.07 72.7 63.19 57.33 54.77 2 25 1.86X10-2 3.40X105 2.6 17.81

BH1 5.10 WEATHERED MATERIAL 9.00 NON - PLASTIC 100 100 100 99.8 99.78 99.7 87.05 77.71 60.03 52.01 49.16 2 25 1.76X102 3.86 X10-4 - -

BH2 0.60 BROWNISH SILTY SAND 5.86 NON - PLASTIC 100 100 98.12 92.42 65.38 38.14 31.06 26.52 22.88 20.18 16.14
REDDISH BROW N
BH2 2.10 6.44 45 32 13 100 100 99.8 98.6 97.8 97.6 95.8 95.2 94.3 93.6 93 0 25 1.97X10-2 3.69X10-5 2.58 17.5
LATERITE CLAY
LATERITIC CLAY / CLAY -2 -4
BH2 3.60 7.82 47 31 16 100 100 100 100 99.7 99.2 78.2 60.3 35.3 28.3 24.5 0 25 1.20X10 5.88X10 2.68 17.84
MATERIAL
WEATHERED MATERIAL /
BH2 5.10 - NON - PLASTIC 100 100 99.8 99.6 97.1 94.4 41.1 29.5 18.5 15 14.6 - - 2.99X10-2 9.46X10-5 - -
REFUSAL WAS
WEATHERED MATERIAL /
BH2 6.60 - NON - PLASTIC - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
REFUSAL WAS

BH3 0.60 GREYISH SILTY SAND 8.4 NON - PLASTIC NP 100 100 95.79 89.64 77.98 61.43 57.29 54.31 51.99 50.27 48.33 - -

-2
BH3 2.10 GREYISH BROWN CLAY 10.1 42 30 12 100 100 96.6 93.71 91.37 70.7 60.59 41.39 34.87 29.76 25.44 11 17 3.86X10 4.33X10-5 2.6 18.5

BH3 3.60 GREYISH BROWN CLAY 11.64 44 32 12 100 100 93.17 88.76 86.86 72.44 63.47 45.75 40.238 36.058 32.808 0 25 4.86X10-2 4.44X10-5 2.6 18

BH3 5.10 GREYISH BROWN CLAY 12.2 46 33 13 100 100 100 98.11 90.82 87.3 80.55 79.73 38.92 34.87 28.38 10 24 2.8 18.1

BH4 0.60 SILTY SAND 7.6 NON - PLASTIC 100 100 96.8 88.44 64.56 46.56 39.56 34.96 31.16 28.2 25.2 0 22

BH4 2.10 LIGHT BROW N CLAY 10.4 34 19 15 100 100 96.68 95.48 91.6 79.57 71.77 37.77 33.37 31.7 29.2 3 22 - - 2.61 17.78

BH4 3.60 LIGHT BROW N CLAY 9.88 32.8 25.4 7.4 100 100 94.68 92.45 87.77 72.32 65.68 45.18 40.07 36.07 33.37 8 20 - - 2.6 16.67

BH4 5.10 LIGHT BROW N CLAY 12.3 29.5 17.1 12.4 100 100 93.78 89.33 85.4 68.9 63.27 51.77 47.31 43.64 41.38 6 19 - - 2.6 16.77

BH4 6.60 BROWN CLAY 9.4 38 15.9 22.1 100 100 100 97.65 92.41 86.71 84.27 70.51 69.82 52.73 40.27 5 18 1.84 X 10-3 1.71 X 10-4 2.62 17.26

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Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

DETAILS OF LABORATORY TESTS RESULT FOR GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT.
LOCATION: ASHAFA
Sample Sample Description PARTICLES SIZE ANALYSIS DIRECT SHEAR MV Specifi Bulk
Depth of EMC LL PL PI 1'' 3/4'' 1/2'' 3/8'' 3/16'' 7 14 25 52 100 #.200 C CV (m2/yr) c Density
2
No. Φ° (m /kN)
(m) Sample (%) (%) (%) (%) (25.40mm) (19.05mm) (12.70mm) (9.52mm) (4.75mm) (2.36mm) (1.14mm) (0.600mm) (0.300mm) (0.150mm) (0.075mm) kN/m 2 Gravity kn/m3

BH1 0.60 SILTY SAND 4.00 29 24.7 4.3 100 100 96.87 90.83 84.11 75.28 71.53 68.07 65.74 63.99 61.77 - - - - 2.6 16.75

BH1 2.10 SILTY SAND 6.00 26 22.3 3.7 100 100 100 100 100 95.27 88.34 82.95 77.46 65.21 52.56 - - - - 2.7 17.58

BH1 3.60 SILTY SAND 7.00 30 26.4 3.6 100 100 100 100 100 100 90.4 82.95 77.46 65.21 52.56 1 29 - - 2.71 18.26

BH1 5.10 SILTY SAND 6.00 27 19.34 7.66 100 100 100 100 100 98.3 92.47 86.11 82.95 60.21 49.33 0 30 - - 2.6 17.16

BH1 6.60 SILTY SAND 13.4 Non-plastic 100 100 100 100 100 90.91 82.15 81.26 72.15 67.3 42.7 - - - - 2.57 17.98

BH1 8.10 SILTY SAND 12.11 Non-plastic 100 100 100 100 100 97.12 87.36 82.53 76.73 55.56 32.53 - - - - 2.58 17.56

BH1 9.60 SAND 14.85 Non-plastic 100 - 99.7 99.4 98.27 95.73 94.13 90.07 88.47 51.2 50.1 - - - -

BH2 0.60 SILTY SAND 6.4 100 100 95 87.7 79.6 70.8 67.2 64.6 62.5 61.2 59.6 2 25 1.65 x 10-3 2.04 x 10-4 2.63 16.98

BH2 2.10 SILTY SAND 6.6 Non-plastic 100 100 91 89 87 85 81.79 79.71 75.18 72.02 69.25 1 26 2.55 x 10-3 2.06 x 10-5 2.64 17.48

BH2 3.60 SILTY SAND 10.1 Non-plastic 100 100 97 96 94 92.6 89.63 87.15 86.5 79.61 71.39 0 25 1.56 x 10-4 2.16 x 10-4 2.6 16.6

-3 -4
BH2 5.10 SILTY SAND 11.8 Non-plastic 100 100 98 94 93 90.54 85.33 81.74 73.3 66.57 57.69 0 24 1.17 x 10 2.06 x 10 2.57 17.98

BH2 6.60 SILTY SAND 12.0 Non-plastic 100 100 93 91 89 86.56 85.12 73.6 69.4 61.7 59.75 1 23 1.36 x 10-3 2.61 x 10-4 2.58 17.86

BH2 8.10 SILTY SAND 12.0 100 100 100 99.09 93.26 81.11 82.72 72.98 51.15 43.96 36.24 1 30 1.49 x 10-3 1.92 x 10-4

BH2 9.60 SAND 12.0 Non-plastic 100 100 100 100 99.36 96.2 82.11 78.41 64 57 53.95 0 28

BH3 0.60 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 93.33 87.62 78.44 70.05 59.21 53.95 49.88 47.06 44.81 43.58 3 22 - -

BH3 2.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 81.32 77.12 72.3 69.35 66.52 61.92 59.01 53.7 40.51 2 24 - - 2.63 17.73

BH3 3.60 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 93.1 91.93 90.63 88.73 86.75 85.17 83.1 82.47 80.83 2 28 - - 2.77 18.13

BH3 5.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 95.41 93.47 91.6 90.56 88.75 86.96 85.63 83.63 79.62 3 27 - - - -

BH3 6.60 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 98.15 92.81 87.5 81.62 78.24 66.51 53.72 49.11 42.31 0 29 - - - -

BH3 8.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 85.3 83.47 82.1 79.55 72.1 67.8 61.83 60.03 56.24 0 30 - - - -

BH3 9.60 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 91.63 87.24 83.32 79.47 75.2 73.32 68.17 64.33 59.13 1 31 - - - -

BH4 0.60 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 90.7 85.7 80.9 80.0 78.6 77.9 77.5 77.0 75.1 71.9 - - 3.66 x 10-3 2.24 x 10-5 2.66 17.96

BH4 2.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 89.49 86.2 80 75.34 70.12 67.33 51.66 46.13 39.53 - - 2.57 x 10-3 1.36 x 10-3 2.71 18.2

BH4 3.60 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 98.6 95.52 93.4 88.53 85.41 80 75.72 69 60.45 - - 3.40 x 10-4 2.41 x 10-5 2.51 18.15

BH4 5.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 86 81.73 75.1 67.05 58.12 50.42 45.37 39.9 28.51 - - 3.38 x 10-3 1.36 x 10-5 2.65 17.17

Non-plastic -3 -5
BH4 6.60 SILTY SAND - 100 100 91.31 84.57 79.3 68.54 60.24 57.13 49.56 42.01 29.06 0 29 2.76 x 10 1.53 x 10 2.62 18.13

BH4 8.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 87.42 85.16 84 79.25 75.1 62.13 56.15 50.17 44.24 0 31 3.77 x 10-4 3.21 x 10-5 2.73 18.13

BH4 9.60 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 - - - - - - - - - - -

Sub Soil investigation report 46

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.
DETAILS OF LABORATORY TESTS RESULT FOR GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT.
LOCATION: SAND BAGGING AREA, IGABI
Sample Sample PARTICLES SIZE ANALYSIS DIRECT SHEAR MV
Description Specifi Bulk
1'' 3/4'' 1/2'' 3/8'' 3/16'' 7 14 25 52 100 #.200 CV
Depth of EMC LL PL PI C (m 2
/kN c Density
No. (25.40 (19.05 (12.70 (9.52m (4.75m (2.36m (1.14m (0.600 (0.300 (0.150 (0.075 Φ° (m2/yr)
(m) Sample (%) (%) (%) (%) kN/m2 ) Gravity kn/m3
mm) mm) mm) m) m) m) m) mm) mm) mm) mm)
BROWNISH
0.60 17 Non-plastic 100.0 100.0 98.8 91.6 78.0 63.1 58.1 55.0 52.4 50.5 46.9 2 17 1.59x10-23.85x10-5 2.6 18.98
BH1 LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
2.10 19 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 98.28 94.99 91.42 82.78 67.48 27.51 17.48 1 18 1.39x10-24.89x10-4 2.58 17.21
BH1 LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
3.60 17.68 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 97.21 90.89 85.24 70.12 66.78 45.33 38.11 2 20 1.99x10-23.66x10-5 2.56 18.06
BH1 LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
5.10 18.3 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 95.19 91.96 89.95 76.68 55.58 25.98 26.98 1 20 - - 2.55 16.91
BH1 LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
6.60 16.68 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 97.23 82.53 76.73 55.56 43.23 31.23 14.21 2 21 - - 2.6 17.36
BH1 LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
8.10 17 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 94.22 83.32 78.66 74.23 60.48 40.05 25.98 10.37 1 22 - - 2.61 17.36
BH1 LATERITIC SAND
9.60 LATERITE 17.8 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 93.12 84.32 79.66 75.23 61.48 41.05 28.09 11.37 2 23 - - 2.58 18.36
BH1

BROWNISH
BH2 0.60 16.3 Non-plastic 100.0 100.0 98.2 91.3 80.8 68.8 63.3 58.8 55.8 53.3 49.4 0 20 - - 2.55 17.86
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH2 2.10 17.42 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 95 92 90 76.68 55.58 41.09 21.76 10.11 1 21 - - 2.54 19.07
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH2 3.60 18.25 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 99 92.98 76.73 55.56 43.23 31.23 14.21 1 22 - - 2.6 16.68
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH2 5.10 18.1 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 94 83.32 78.66 74.23 60.48 40.05 10.37 0 20 - - 2.58 16.25
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH2 6.60 18.16 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 93 80.76 72.09 60.48 51.09 41.05 11.37 0 21 - - 2.58 17.25
LATERITIC SAND
BH2 8.10 LATERITE 20.2 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 97.23 82.53 79.09 55.56 43.23 31.23 14.21 4 21 - - 2.62 17.21

BH2 9.60 LATERITE 21.12 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 - 97.98 83.32 78.66 74.23 60.48 40.05 10.37 2 23 - - 2.63 17.88

BROWNISH
BH3 0.60 - Non-plastic 100.0 100.0 97.1 90.0 81.1 68.7 63.1 58.7 55.5 52.6 48.6 0 23 - - 2.6 16.98
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH3 2.10 18 45 32 14 100.0 100 100 98.19 83.96 76.89 72.2 69.46 53.19 31.47 13.56 0 20 - - 2.58 16.68
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH3 3.60 22 47 31 16 100.0 100 100 98.69 85.86 79.6 73.5 60.86 52.29 42.34 16.7 1 21 - - 2.61 17.48
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH3 5.10 23 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 90.4 88.6 78.6 71.49 67.89 45.86 18.76 15.96 1 21 - - 2.64 16.96
LATERITIC SAND
BROWNISH
BH3 6.60 21 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 92.8 87.4 83.1 72.84 49.58 35.86 19.48 15.89 0 20 - - 2.66 17.86
LATERITIC SAND
BH3 8.10 LATERITE 22 Non-plastic 100.0 100 100 97.9 92.38 75.8 69.87 53.38 42.75 33.47 22.57 0 21 - - 2.64 17.17

BH3 9.60 LATERITE 26 100.0 100 100 98.9 93.38 76.8 70.87 54.38 43.75 34.47 23.57 0 21 - - 2.65 17.96
Sub Soil investigation report 47
 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

DETAILS OF LABORATORY TESTS RESULT FOR GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TURUNKU WATER AND IRRIGATION PROJECT.
LOCATION: GIDAN DANJA
Sample Sample Description PARTICLES SIZE ANALYSIS DIRECT SHEAR MV Bulk
Specific
Depth of EMC LL PL PI 1'' 3/4'' 1/2'' 3/8'' 3/16'' 7 14 25 52 100 #.200 C CV (m2/yr) 2
Density
No. Φ° (m /kN) Gravity
(m) Sample (%) (%) (%) (%) (25.40mm) (19.05mm) (12.70mm) (9.52mm) (4.75mm) (2.36mm) (1.14mm) (0.600mm) (0.300mm) (0.150mm) (0.075mm) kN/m2 kn/m3

BH1 0.60 SILTY SAND 9.6 18 3 1.4 100 94.69 82.16 77.33 74.21 73.59 71.96 71.04 70.63 70.21 68.31 0 22 3.82 X 101 4.38 X10-3 2.57
16.96

BH1 2.10 SILTY SAND 10.22 27.8 9.3 3.6 100 100 100 100 99.86 96.09 75.89 53.86 48.39 39.49 23.86 1 24 3.82 X 101 4.38 X10-3 2.65
16.54

1 3
BH1 3.60 SILTY SAND 13.6 25 8.5 4.3 100 100 100 100 99.94 89.38 84.4 59.2 43.86 34.86 28.3 0 28 4.81 X 10 4.30 X10- 16.33
2.69
BH1 5.10 SILTY SAND 15.14 27 9.6 7.1 100 100 99.46 96.5 83.4 69.2 50.8 49.3 46.5 32.45 19.12 0 24 4.81 X 101 4.30 X10-3 2.68
17.1

BH1 6.60 SILTY SAND 16.9 Non-plastic 100 100 100 99.48 90.86 83.9 79.99 53.9 48.7 43.3 33.86 0 23 4.82 X 101 4.10 X10-3 2.64
17

BH1 8.10 STIFF CLAY 18.34 37 19 18 100 100 100 98.43 95.93 76.03 55.4 95.3 18.53 29.8 23.38 - - 4.82 X 101 4.10 X10-3 2.66
16.69

BH2 0.60 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 94.00 83.15 77.81 74.12 73.37 71.66 70.53 69.80 68.87 63.85 0 24 2.3 X 101 5.4 X10-3 2.57 16.7

BH2 2.10 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 100 92 89 75 64 54.49 48.7 38.97 15.9 8.1 0 24 2.3 X 101 5.4 X10-3 2.65 16.66

1 -3
BH2 3.60 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 100 91 88 80 72.24 57.94 39.74 12.53 8.64 7.24 0 22 4.78 X 10 4.7 X10 2.69 16.33

BH2 5.10 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 100 100 100 98 89.51 73.34 62.45 47.36 36.19 17.85 0 24 4.78 X 101 4.7 X10-3 2.68 17.1

BH2 6.60 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 100 100 100 97.86 89.39 88.91 75.81 56.39 34.22 0 24 1.606 X 101 4.1 X10-3 2.64 17

BH2 8.10 STIFF CLAY - - - - 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.46 90.3 73.19 68.45 35.21 5 22 3.81 X 101 5.1 X10-3 2.66 17.2

BH3 0.60 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 96.25 88.56 83.74 79.96 78.81 77.75 76.23 75.57 73.75 66.87 0 23 - - 2.84 16.98

BH3 2.10 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 100 96.8 94.5 86.96 80.5 79.6 68.8 42.36 27.31 10.25 0 23 2.11 x 10-3 6.80 x 10-4 2.65 16.68

BH3 3.60 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 100 97.8 94.5 90.46 85.9 80.99 74.8 55.26 32 18.47 0 25 1.36 x 10-3 2.30 x 10-4 2.63 17.48

BH3 5.10 SILTY SAND - - - - 100 100 99.96 92.9 88.96 68.6 59.4 36.14 30.15 29.8 23.38 0 22 - - 2.68 16.96

BH3 6.60 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 99.4 98.4 86.9 80.9 54.5 42.8 35.14 30.14 29.4 0 28 - - 2.55 17.86

BH3 8.10 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 98.4 92.6 87.4 73.8 69.6 40.36 28.77 23.89 10.49 0 28 - - 2.7 17.17

BH3 9.60 STIFF CLAY - 40.00 29.00 11.00 100 100 100 97.9 92.38 75.8 69.87 53.38 42.75 33.47 22.57 4 22 - - 2.62 17.96

Sub Soil investigation report 48

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

Sample Sample PARTICLES SIZE ANALYSIS DIRECT SHEAR MV Bulk

Description
Specific
of CV (m2/yr) Density
Depth EMC LL PL PI 1'' 3/4'' 1/2'' 3/8'' 3/16'' 7 14 25 52 100 #.200 C Gravity
No. Sample Φ° (m2/kN) kn/m3
(m) (%) (%) (%) (%) (25.40mm) (19.05mm) (12.70mm) (9.52mm) (4.75mm) (2.36mm) (1.14mm) (0.600mm) (0.300mm) (0.150mm) (0.075mm) kN/m2
LIGHT BROWN
BH4 2.10 12 40 22 18 100 100 100 98.9 93.38 76.8 70.87 54.38 43.75 34.47 23.57 - - - - 2.65 16.8
LATERITIC CLAY
LIGHT BROWN
BH4 3.60 15.3 42 27 15 100 100 100 99.9 94.38 77.8 71.87 55.38 44.75 35.47 24.57 - - - - 2.63 17.14
LATERITIC CLAY
LIGHT BROWN
BH4 5.10 18 32 16 16 100 100 100 98.43 95.93 76.03 55.4 95.3 18.53 29.8 23.38 - - - - 2.68 17.22
LATERITIC CLAY
LIGHT BROWN
BH4 6.60 20 38.9 22 17 100 100 100 98.43 95.93 76.03 55.4 95.3 18.53 29.8 23.38 - - - - 2.55 17.54
LATERITIC CLAY
2 5
BH4 8.10 STIFF CLAY 26 40 22 18 100 100 100 - 99.4 96.6 89.46 74.86 62.29 50 36.14 - - 1.48x10 2.10x10 2.7 17.77

2 4
BH4 9.60 STIFF CLAY 28 43.2 23 20 100 100 100 92.46 89.4 74.86 63.99 54.49 48.7 38.97 29.36 - - 1.71x10 2.99x10 2.62 17.61

BH5 0.60 SILTY SAND - 100 97.11 91.76 88.39 85.91 84.69 84.07 82.67 81.43 79.92 76.35 - - - - 2.64 15.5

-3 -4
BH5 2.10 SILTY SAND - 100 100 100 90.84 86.9 79.4 70.22 65.14 45.6 40.9 34.8 - - 2.11 x 10 6.80 x 10 2.65 16.1

-3 -4
BH5 3.60 SILTY SAND - 100 100 100 92.86 97.5 83.44 67.9 45.8 30.76 23.8 13.33 - - 1.36 x 10 2.30 x 10 2.63 16.56

BH5 5.10 SILTY SAND - 100 100 96.8 99.86 98.19 89.29 73.4 64.44 49.7 34.5 21.36 - - - - 2.68 16.82

BH5 6.60 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 97.8 95.43 73.9 52.33 42.36 33.01 26.13 16.07 13.5 - - - - 2.55 17.2

BH5 8.10 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 99.96 96.43 74.9 53.33 43.36 34.01 27.13 17.07 14.5 - - - - 2.7 17.2

BH5 9.60 STIFF CLAY 14.32 17.58 18 17.91 100 100 99.4 97.43 75.9 54.33 44.36 35.01 28.13 18.07 15.5 - - - - 2.62 17.45

BH6 0.60 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 97.56 92.33 86.64 82.57 80.73 79.14 76.85 74.79 73.18 67.10 - - - - 2.84 16.16

-3 -4
BH6 2.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 98.4 98.43 76.9 74.3 70.1 66.7 64.4 61 60.3 - - 2.11 x 10 6.80 x 10 2.65 16.44

-3 -4
BH6 3.60 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 100 99.43 84.3 80.6 78.8 75.4 72 70.1 66.4 - - 1.36 x 10 2.30 x 10 2.63 16.08

BH6 5.10 SILTY SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 100 96.43 86.3 81.8 79.6 77.7 72.8 69.69 58.92 - - - - 2.68 17.01

BH6 6.60 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 100 97.43 78.66 74.23 60.48 40.05 10.37 6.84 6.24 - - - - 2.55 17.22

BH6 8.10 SAND - Non-plastic 100 100 100 98.43 79.66 75.23 61.48 41.05 11.37 7.84 7.24 - - - - 2.7 17.1

BH6 9.60 STIFF CLAY 23.5 35.00 20.00 15.00 100 100 94.5 92.1 80.4 76.7 63.24 55.2 32.1 29.56 21 - - - - 2.62 17.5

Sub Soil investigation report 49

 Turunku Water and Irrigation Project Geotechnical investigation Report.
Igabi L.G.A, Kaduna State.

APPENDICES
(FIELD LOGS)

Sub Soil investigation report 50