Philosophy - comes from the Greek word:

philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom)

The Ancient Greeks used this term to refer to a “love of wisdom”
and was soon applied to a science or discipline which uses human reason
to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern
all things.
Pythagoras a Greek mathematician who first call himself a
“philosopho” which means a “lover of wisdom.”

Philosophy: What is it and where did it originate?

The birthplace of Greek philosophy was the sea-board of Asia Minor in

Aegean sea, Ionia in the little city of Miletus in the 6th century BCE.
What is the technical term of philosophy?

Philosophy
-the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and
existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

-It is the process of constant questioning, and questioning

necessarily takes the form of dialogue.
-Plato
-It is the foundation of the ability to understand the basic
axioms that comprise knowledge. To study and question completely,
logic is the basic means of reasoning
-Aristotle
 NATURALISTIC
• NATURAL WORLD

Four Divisions METAPHYSICAL

of Greek • LAW AND JUSTICE
Philosophy
ETHICAL
• WORTHY LIFE/WORTH LIVING

RELIGIOUS
• RELIGION
 Four Periods of Philosophy and It’s Trend of Thinking

ANCIENT
MEDIEVA MODERN CONTEMPOR
PERIOD
L PERIOD PERIOD ARY PERIOD
1,000BCE-
10CE-1500 1600-1889 1960-present
5CE
• Theocentric • Anthrophocentric • Existentialism
• Cosmocentric
What are the six branches of Philosophy?

METAPHYSICS
EPISTEMOLOGY
LOGIC
ETHICS
AESTHETICS

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
 Metaphysics
-it is the philosophical branch that studies
reality, existence, the nature of being, the physical
world, and the universe.
Epistemology
-It is often referred to as
the theory of knowledge. It delves
into the definition, scope, and
parameters of knowledge and
knowledge formation. It seeks to
explain how we acquire knowledge,
how knowledge relates to notions
like justification, truth, and belief,
and how and where it falls in the
spectrum of certainty and error.
 Logic

-It is the branch of philosophy that studies reasoning. It

teaches us how to differentiate between good and bad
reasoning and how to construct valid arguments.
 Ethics
It is known as moral philosophy, is often referred to as the
study of morality. It seeks to address questions about how
we should live our lives, how we define proper conduct, and
what we mean by the good life. It’s a study that teaches us
what the virtuous life is like and how we can put these
virtues into practice.
 Aesthetics
It refers to the study of
everything related to
beauty, art, and good taste.
This includes how we define
art, how we feel when
viewing art or witnessing
beauty, how we judge
works of art, and how we
form our taste.
 Political Philosophy
- It examines various concepts related to politics,
government, laws, liberty, justice, rights, authority,
state, and even ethics (ethical ruling).
THE PRE- SOCRATIC
PHILOSOPHERS ARE
DIVIDED INTO
MONISM AND
PLURALISTS
 The Pre-Socratic Philosophers
■ Reality is One
■ Thales
■ Reality is Many
■ Anaximander
■ Empedocles
■ Anaximenes
■ Anaxagoras
■ Pythagoras
■ Democritus
■ Heraclitus
■ Parmenides
■ Zeno of Elea
Who is the first philosopher?

He was the founder of Milesian School.

He believed that the ultimate

composition of all things is water.
Thales of Miletus

He believes there is a unifying

principle of the universe, and he
called it “Arche.”
Anaximander

Student of Thales

He believed that the unifying element is not

water. He called it Apeiron or boundless

He believed that the planet moves the

way he observed the sun and moon.

Proto-Evolutionary human anthropology.

First metaphycisist.
Anaximenes

Student of Anaximander
He believed that the
source of all things is Air

Rarefaction and condensation.

fire <smoke <steam <AIR> mist> water> mud> dirt> stone

Pythagoras

Mathematician of Samos who obsessed with

numbers. He even ascribed special meaning
to numbers.

Applied numbers on music.

Founder of Pythagorean Theorem

Totality of reality can be explained by mathematical laws.

Xenophanes

He doesn’t believe in anthropomorphism.

He criticized Homer and Hesiod

during his time that portrays God
in human form.

He believed that there is only one God, which was identified with
the ultimate basic stuff that was self-moving, imperishable, and the
rational basis of the universe.
Heraclitus
The enigmatic and the dark philosopher.

He believed that fire is the single

original element.

Reality is always changing.

He proposed that everything that

exists is based on a higher order
or plan which he called logos.
 Parmenides

The reality is illusion

He believed that it is impossible

to create concept if it is nothing.

He believed that the empty space

of arche is nothing.
 Zeno of Elea

Philosophy of Paradox

The loyal defender of Parmenides

that time and motion is illusion.

The paradox of motion.

The Pre-Socratic Philosophers (Pluralists)

■ Reality is Many
■ Empedocles
■ Anaxagoras
■ Democritus
 Everything was composed of four
elements known as “four roots”

Two forces needed to explain

change and movement.
1. Love
2. Hate
Empedocles

Pluralist philosopher
Anaxagoras

The first philosopher to

be connected to Athens.

He replaced four roots with

“infinite seeds”

In everything that exists there is a

seed of everything else.
Democritus

The atomist

He saw the world as composed

of groups of “atoms.” the Greek
word which means “indivisible”

He contradicted the idea of Parmenides that

empty space of arche is real and has a motion.