Supervised By: Presented By:

DR RAJVEER SINGH SOUMEN MAJI

15MEE016
Outlines.....
Introduction
Detection technique
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
INTRODUCTION
A high impedance fault (HIF) results when an energized
primary conductor comes in contact with a quasi-
insulating object such as a tree, structure or equipment, or
falls to the ground.
A high impedance fault is characterized by having
impedance sufficiently high that it is not detected by
conventional over current protection, such as fuses and
over current relays.
Unlike low impedance short circuits, which involve
relatively large fault currents and are readily detectable by
conventional over current protection, these HIFs
represent little threat of damage to power system
equipment.
• High impedance faults produce current levels in the 0
to 50 ampere range.
• Typically, an HIF exhibits arcing and flashing at the
point of contact.
• The detection of high impedance faults on rural
electrical distribution systems has been one of the
most persistent and difficult problems facing the
electric utility industry.
• Advances in digital technology have enabled practical
solutions for the detection of a high percentage of
these previously undetectable faults.
Hi-Z Fault Current Levels
Problem Statement
DETECTION TECHNIQUES

There are two types of techniques :

Mechanical Detection
Electrical Detection
Mechanical Detection
Mechanical detection usually involves some way
of forcing contact with a solid ground in order to
allow conventional overcurrent protection to
operate.
The first type of mechanical High impedance
detection method consists of a device(s) mounted
to a cross arm or pole.
A second type of mechanical High impedance
detection method uses a pendulum mounted
aluminum rod with hooked ends.
Electrical Detection
There are three primary “algorithmic” techniques that
have been developed and field tested to date. A summary
of these three systems follows:

1. High Impedance Fault Analysis System

2. Open Conductor Detection
3. Signature Based High impedance Detection
1. High Impedance Fault Analysis System
This electrical High impedance detection method measures
the third harmonic current phase angle with respect to
the fundamental voltage.
2. Open Conductor Detection
This electrical High impedance detection method detects loss of
voltage to determine a broken conductor.

3. Signature Based HiZ Detection

The signature based High impedance IED performs expert system
pattern recognition on the harmonic energy levels on the
currents in the arcing fault.
HIF MODEL
.
STRATEGY
CONCLUSIONS
Implementation of ANN shows
satisifactory result for detection of different
transient condition likes HIF , LIF , Load &
capacitor switiching etc . We can improved
result if any way the percentage of error
obtained in the result could be minimized .
References
[1]. Ibrahem Baqui, Inmaculada Zamora, “High impedence fault
detection methodology using wavelet transform and artificial
neural networks”, Elsevier 81(2011) 1325-1333.

[2]. A.H. Etemadi, M. Sanaye-Pasand, “High-impedance fault

detection using multiresolution signal decomposition and
adaptive neural fuzzy inference system”, IET Gener. Transm.
Distrib. 2 (1) (2008) 110–118.

[3]. M. Michalik, W. Rebizant, M. Lukowicz, S.J. Lee, S.H. Kang, “High-

impedance fault detection in distribution networks with use of
wavelet-based algorithm”, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 21 (4) (2006)
1793–1802.