IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO.
5, OCTOBER 2014
A Novel Method of Ground Fault Phase
Selection in Weak-Infeed Side
Shaofeng Huang, Lan Luo, and Kai Cao
Abstract—The sequence current-based fault phase selector
and traditional low-voltage fault phase selector have diffi-
culties in being applied to the weak-infeed side. This study
proposes a new method of ground fault phase selection for
high-voltage/extra-high-voltage transmission-line protection
under weak-infeed conditions. The method utilizes the relative
phase-angle relationship between negative- and zero-sequence
voltages and a relative phase relationship between superimposed
positive-sequence voltage and superimposed negative-sequence
voltage to identify the fault phase under weak-infeed conditions.
Theory analysis and simulation have proven that the proposed
method has high immunity against fault resistance as well as
impedance phase-angle inequality and overload.
Index Terms—Distance protection, fault phase selector, fault
resistance, ground fault, impedance inequality, overload, relative
phase angle, sequence voltage difference, superimposed compo-
nents, weak-infeed condition.
NOMENCLATURE
Prefault voltage at the fault point.
Superimposed sequence voltage at the fault
point , 2, 0.
Superimposed sequence voltage at the relay
point , 2, 0.
Sequence voltage at the fault point , 2, 0.
Sequence voltage at the relay point , 2, 0.
Sequence current at the fault point , 2, 0.
Integrated impedance in sequence network
, 2, 0.
Impedance from relay to fault point , 2, 0.
System equivalent impedance behind relay
point , 2, 0.
Phase angle of .
Rated voltage of the transmission line.
Manuscript received August 01, 2013; revised December 03, 2013 and March
15, 2014; accepted April 27, 2014. Date of publication May 20, 2014; date of
current version September 19, 2014. This work was supported by the National
Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under 2012CB215206. Paper
no. TPWRD-00858-2013.
The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, North China
Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China (e-mail: huangsf@sf-auto.
com; luo57093652@163.com; caokai_hd@163.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2322073
0885-8977 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
2215
I. INTRODUCTION
I N PROTECTION for the transmission line, faults should be
cleared as fast as possible in order to enhance the transient
stability of the power system, minimizing voltage disturbances
and damage to the equipment [1]. As a primary procedure of
the relay, fault phase selection is required to be fast and accurate
in transmission-line protection. The measured impedance of the
distance relay indicates the distance from the relay to fault point
correctly only if the fault phase selector identifies the fault phase
accurately.
The methods of fault phase selection can be divided into three
categories: 1) methods based on frequency components; 2)
methods based on superimposed components; and 3) methods
based on transient signals [2]–[6]. Currently, these three
categories are all applied in high-voltage/extra-high-voltage
(HV/EHV) transmission-line protection. In [2], a new method
of fault phase selection is proposed for phase selection on
six-phase transmission lines by using six-sequence compo-
nents. In [3], a phase selection algorithm for weak-infeed
conditions and cross-country faults based on sequence com-
ponents and adaptive techniques is presented. In [4], a phase
selector using superimposed sequence currents in conjunc-
tion with the correlation analysis is proposed to improve the
operation performance of fast phase selection, which com-
bines the advantage of the phase-comparison scheme with
a magnitude comparison scheme to guarantee the reliability
of phase selection. In [5], a phase selection scheme based
on fault-generated high-frequency noise and artificial neural
networks (ANNs) is presented. In [6], the fault phase selector
based on the combination of current component and adaptive
cumulative sum method (ACUSUM) is proposed, which can
detect even low magnitude faults with high resistances and has
good performance in speed and accuracy. In [7], a method of
fault phase selection based on the initial current traveling wave
and wavelet-transform technology is proposed.
In China, the sequence current-based fault phase selector [8]
is widely used. Reference [9] proposes an improved fault phase
selector aimed at solving the problem of probable malopera-
tion of the sequence current-based fault phase selector during
power swings. In [10], a fault phase selection scheme devel-
oped from [8] for faults with high-fault resistance during normal
operating situations and power swings is presented. Although
the sequence current-based fault phase selector has many ad-
vantages, it has difficulties applying in weak-infeed side. Be-
sides, the sequence current-based fault phase selector utilizes
measured values of phase to ground impedance and phase to
phase impedance to identify the single phase to ground faults
2216
Fig. 1. Weak-infeed system.
and phase-to-phase to ground faults; it may cause maloperation
under serious overload condition.
A system may be considered weak when the source
impedance is high. The weak-infeed system often has relatively
low values of fault current availability [11]. Weak-infeed con-
ditions occur only under fault conditions. They can be divided
into two types, conditional and unconditional. Conditional weak
infeed occurs in complex system configuration and is dependent
on fault location; unconditional weak infeed occurs mainly
with independent power producers [12]. Under weak-infeed
condition, no matter conditionally or unconditionally, because
the source impedance is very high, the relay current related
element cannot receive reliable fault currents from source for
fault detecting [13]. The sequence current-based fault phase se-
lector may have difficulties in being applied to the weak-infeed
side. The traditional low-voltage (LV) fault phase selector may
have some problems in being applied to the weak-infeed side;
the fault resistance will make it difficult to choose the voltage
threshold.
This paper proposes a method of fault phase selection that can
be applied to the weak-infeed condition, regardless of whether
it is conditional or unconditional. The relay only needs the local
voltage information for the fault phase selection by using this
method. The method starts by using the relative phase-angle
relationship between negative- and zero-sequence voltages to
define a distinctive phase region which indicates the probable
fault phases. Then, the relative phase-angle relationship be-
tween superimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages
is used to differentiate between single-phase-to-ground faults
and phase-to-phase-to-ground faults. The method provides a
simple way for fault phase selection in the weak-infeed side
and it has high immunity against fault resistance, impedance
phase-angle inequality, and overload.
II. ANALYSIS OF FAULT CHARACTERISTICS
The difficult part of fault phase selection is distinguishing be-
tween the single-phase-to-ground fault and phase-to-phase-to-
ground fault, because the phase-to-phase fault does not gen-
erate zero-sequence components. It is easy to distinguish the
phase-to-phase fault from other asymmetry faults by setting the
zero-sequence threshold.
Taking a phase A to ground fault and phase B to phase C to
ground fault, for instance, the characteristics of these two types
of ground faults are analyzed in this section.
Fig. 1 shows an equivalent two-end system. The relay at point
M is under a weak-infeed condition. The equivalent impedance
behind point M is very high or there is no source behind point
M. k is the fault point. It is assumed that all the impedances
throughout the system have the same phase angle.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2014
Denote the phase A to ground fault as an A-G fault and a
phase B to phase C to ground fault as a BC-G fault. It is the
same way for the B-G fault, CA-G fault, C-G fault, and AB-G
fault.
According to [14], when the A-G fault occurs, the positive-
and negative-sequence voltages at the fault point are opposite
in phase; when the BC-G fault occurs, the phase angle of the
positive- and negative-sequence voltage at the fault point are
equal. However, considering the load effect, the phase angle of
positive-sequence voltage at the relay point is not equal to the
phase angle of the positive-sequence voltage at the fault point.
In order to eliminate the load effect, the superimposed sequence
voltages are utilized for fault phase selection in this study.
When the A-G bolted fault occurs, the superimposed posi-
tive- and negative-sequence voltages at the fault point can be
expressed as follows:
(1)
(2)
According to (1) and (2) and the assumption that impedances
throughout the system have the same phase angles, the super-
imposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages at the fault
point thus have the same phase angle, as shown
(3)
When the BC-G bolted fault occurs, the superimposed pos-
itive- and negative-sequence voltages at the fault point can be
expressed as follows:
(4)
(5)
where “//” means the parallel connection.
According to (4) and (5), the relative phase-angle difference
between the superimposed positive- and negative-sequence
voltages is obtained, which is equal to 180 , as shown
(6)
According to the analysis from before, it can be concluded
that the superimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages
at the fault point have the same phase angles when a single-
phase-to-ground bolted fault occurs; and the superimposed pos-
itive- and negative-sequence voltages at the fault point are op-
posite in phase when a phase-to-phase-to-ground bolted fault
occurs, as shown in Fig. 2. The method of ground fault phase
selection in this study is based on this conclusion.
Under normal conditions, the relay can use the relative phase-
angle relationship between negative- and zero-sequence cur-
rents for fault phase selection. But the negative-sequence cur-
rent is at a very low level in the weak-infeed side. Therefore, the
HUANG et al.: NOVEL METHOD OF GROUND FAULT PHASE SELECTION IN WEAK-INFEED SIDE
Fig. 2. Phase relationship of fault components of sequence voltages.
Fig. 3. Relative phase-angle relationship between negative- and zero-sequence
voltages.
relative phase-angle relationship between negative- and zero-
sequence voltages is used for the fault phase selection instead.
When the A-G bolted fault occurs, the following can be
obtained:
(7)
When the BC-G bolted fault occurs, the following can be ob-
tained:
(8)
The relative phase-angle relationships between negative- and
zero-sequence voltages under different types of ground fault are
shown in Fig. 3.
When the relay is under a weak-infeed condition, the equiv-
alent positive- and negative-sequence impedances behind it are
considered very large. The superimposed positive- and nega-
tive-sequence voltages at the relay point can be expressed as
follows:
(9)
(10)
Based on the analysis above, the relative phase-angle rela-
tionship between negative- and zero-sequence voltages can be
used to indicate the probable fault phases. Then, the relative
phase-angle relationship between superimposed positive- and
negative-sequence voltages can be used to distinguish between
the two types of ground faults.
2217
Fig. 4. Influence of impedance phase-angle inequality on the relative phase-
angle relationship between negative- and zero-sequence voltages. (a) A-G fault.
(b) BC-G fault.
III. CRITERIA OF GROUND FAULT PHASE SELECTION IN THE
WEAK-INFEED SIDE
A. Influencing Factors
In order to establish the criteria for ground fault phase se-
lection in the weak-infeed side, the influencing factors, such
as fault resistance, impedance phase-angle inequality, and over-
load are studied during this section.
1) Influence on the Relative Phase-Angle Relationship Be-
tween Negative- and Zero-Sequence Voltages: When an A-G
fault with fault resistance occurs, the negative- and zero-se-
quence voltages at the relay point can be expressed as follows:
(11)
(12)
The phase-angle difference between negative- and zero-se-
quence voltages is obtained
(13)
According to (13), the phase-angle difference between neg-
ative- and zero-sequence voltages is not affected by fault re-
sistance. Consider that the phase angle of the transmission-line
impedance varies from 75 to 85 and the phase angles of the
transformer impedance and power source are 90 approximately
in the HV/EHV system. The error of phase angle caused by
impedance phase-angle inequality is considered to not be more
than 15 . It is still considered . The phase-angle dif-
ference between and can be neglected. Therefore, the
phase-angle difference has a region of 30 to 30 , as shown
in Fig. 4(a).
As for the BC-G fault with fault resistance, the grounding
resistance (denoted as ) can be much larger than interphase
resistance, so the influence of interphase resistance is neglected.
According to the sequence network, the zero-sequence voltage
at the fault point can be expressed as follows:
(14)
The phase-angle difference between negative- and zero-se-
quence voltages is obtained, as shown in (15). According to
(15), the possible variation range of phase angle is from 90
2218 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2014

to 15 considering the influences of fault resistance and phase-

angle inequality, as shown in Fig. 4(b). The phase-angle differ-
ence is higher than 90 when the BG-G fault occurs because
when the fault resistance is very large, the zero-sequence
voltage is at a very low level and the fault phase selector will
identify it as a phase-to-phase fault

(15)
Fig. 5. Relative phase-angle relationship of superimposed sequence voltages
2) Influence on the Relative Phase-Angle Relationship when the BC-G fault occurs .
Between Superimposed Positive- and Negative-Sequence Volt-
ages: When an A-G fault with fault resistance occurs, the
superimposed positive-sequence voltage can be expressed as
follows:

(16)

According to (10), (11), and (16), the following equation is

obtained:

(17)

According to (17), the phase-angle difference between su-

perimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages is not af-
fected by fault resistance. Considering , the phase-
angle difference is almost 0 .
As for the BC-G fault with fault resistance, the superimposed
positive- and negative-sequence voltages are expressed as fol-
lows:
(18)
(19)
According to (18) and (19), the phase-angle difference be-
tween superimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages
is obtained, as shown in (20). Through mathematical analysis,
the following inequalities are obtained, as shown:
(20)
(21)
According to (20) and (21), the phase-angle difference be-
tween superimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages
has a region of 165 to 270 when a BC-G fault occurs. The
relative phase-angle relationship is shown in Fig. 5.
In the equivalent sequence networks, the influence of the
overloading condition is reflected in two aspects: 1) changing
the equivalent electromotive force and 2) changing the equiva-
lent impedances (such as and ). According to (13), (15),
(17), and (20), the relative phase-angle differences only depend
Fig. 6. Distinctive phase region.
on the equivalent impedances and fault resistance. Therefore,
the influence of overload can be regarded as an influence of the
equivalent impedances which has been discussed above.
B. Criteria of Fault Phase Selection
The criteria of ground fault phase selection in the weak-infeed
side are proposed during this chapter. The criteria include two
steps.
1) Distinctive Phase Region: Based on the analysis from
before, a distinctive phase region is proposed. Three separated
phase regions are divided, as shown in Fig. 6. The zero-sequence
voltage is regarded as the reference vector. The region where the
negative-sequence voltage is indicates the probable fault phases.
Compared to the sequence current-based fault phase selector,
the negative-sequence voltage is easier for the relay to pick up
in the weak-infeed side.
2) Fault-Type Identification: Considering the influ-
encing factors, the principle for distinguishing between
the single-phase-to-ground fault and phase-to-phase-to-ground
fault in the weak-infeed side is proposed, as shown in (22),
(23), and Fig. 7.
Single-phase-to-ground fault
(22)
Phase-to-phase to ground fault
(23)
HUANG et al.: NOVEL METHOD OF GROUND FAULT PHASE SELECTION IN WEAK-INFEED SIDE
Fig. 7. Fault-type identification.
Fig. 8. Scheme of fault phase selection.
where is the fault region obtained from the distinctive
phase region (e.g., for A-G or BC-G faults, is A).
Compared to the sequence current-based fault phase selector,
this principle can be used in the weak-infeed side. The se-
quence current-based fault phase selector utilizes the measured
impedance to distinguish between the single-phase-to-ground
fault and phase-to-phase-to-ground fault, which may be af-
fected by overload. The method using the relative phase-angle
relationship between the superimposed positive- and nega-
tive-sequence voltages can solve this problem.
3) Scheme of the Fault Phase Selection: Finally, combining
the two steps above, the scheme for the ground fault phase selec-
tion is obtained, as shown in Fig. 8. First, the scheme uses the
relative phase-angle relationship between negative- and zero-
sequence voltages to indicate the probable fault phase. Then,
the scheme uses the relative phase-angle relationship between
the superimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages to
identify the fault type.
IV. SIMULATION VERIFICATION
In order to verify and evaluate the proposed method of fault
phase selection, a series of faults under different conditions
along the transmission line is simulated in this chapter, and
2219
Fig. 9. Simulation model. (a) IEEE 39-bus system and the (b) transmission line
between Buses 16 and 21.
the simulation is carried out in the IEEE 39-bus system [15]
(shown in Fig. 9) by using the PSCAD/EMTDC package.
The fault types include a single-phase-to-ground fault and
phase-to-phase-to-ground fault. The relay utilizes full-cycle
Fourier correlation analysis to extract the fundamental fre-
quency components. It takes a transient fault period of a cycle
(0.0167 ms) to extract the 60-Hz fundamental frequency com-
ponents. The sample rate of the relay is 1440 Hz.
Define
where is the fault region number obtained from Fig. 6.
In the IEEE 39-bus system, when the transmission line con-
necting Bus 21 to Bus 22 is out of operation, the relay at Bus 21
is under the weak-infeed condition. The fault point k1 is at the
beginning of the line between Bus 16 and Bus 21, k2 is at the
middle of the line, and k3 is at the end of the line. Faults occur
at 0.05 s.
Under the weak-infeed condition, the voltage waveforms and
sequence current magnitudes measured by the relay at Bus 21
are shown in Fig. 10 when an A-G fault with 50 occurs
at k3. The negative- and zero-sequence voltages are nearly equal
in phase. Meanwhile, the phase-angle difference between the su-
perimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages is nearly
0 . According to the proposed scheme, the result of the fault
phase selection is phase A. Besides, the sequence current-based
fault phase selector cannot be used in such a situation because
2220
Fig. 10. A-G fault at k3 . (a) Waveforms of negative- and zero-
sequence voltages. (b) Waveforms of the superimposed positive- and negative-
sequence voltages. (c) Magnitudes of sequence currents.
the negative-sequence current is at a very low level (less than
300 A).
Similarly, the voltage waveforms and current magnitudes are
obtained and shown in Fig. 11 when a BC-G fault with
50 occurs at k3. The leading phase angle of the negative-
sequence voltage with respect to the zero-sequence voltage is
equal to . The superimposed positive- and negative-se-
quence voltages are nearly opposite in phase. According to the
proposed scheme, the result of the fault phase selection is phase
BC. Because of the low level of negative-sequence current, the
current-based fault phase selector cannot be used in such a sit-
uation as well.
The other ground faults with different fault resistance along
the transmission line are also simulated. The results are shown
in Table I. It can be seen that the proposed scheme can identify
the fault phase reliably. The worst situation in Table I is a C-G
fault with 300- fault resistance at k3: the negative-sequence
voltage is low but still larger than 17.5 kV (5% ) and the fault
phase detected by the relay is phase C.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 29, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2014
Fig. 11. BC-G fault at k3 50 . (a) Waveforms of negative- and
zero-sequence voltages. (b) Waveforms of superimposed positive- and nega-
tive-sequence voltages. (c) Magnitudes of sequence currents.
The original transmission line connecting Buses 16 to 21 is
60 km in the IEEE 39-bus system. If the transmission line is very
long, the errors of phase-angle differences caused by impedance
phase-angle inequality will be affected by the fault distance ob-
viously. In the following simulation, the length of the transmis-
sion line between Buses 16 and 21 is extended to 300 km. A-G
faults with 20- fault resistance with different fault distances
are simulated and the phase-angle differences and
are shown in Fig. 12. Similarly, the phase-angle differences
and when BC-G faults occur with 20- fault resistance
with different fault distances are simulated, as shown in Fig. 13.
It can be concluded from Figs. 12 and 13 that the proposed cri-
teria have enough margins to tolerate the errors and the relay
will select the fault phase accurately.
For faults with very high fault resistance at the end of a long
transmission line near the strong source end, the sequence volt-
ages in the weak-infeed side may have low magnitudes and the
fault selection may fail. In such cases, protection of the trans-
mission line has to rely on the relay in the source side for fault
detection and send signals to the weak-infeed side.
HUANG et al.: NOVEL METHOD OF GROUND FAULT PHASE SELECTION IN WEAK-INFEED SIDE 2221

TABLE I
GROUND FAULTS WITH DIFFERENT FAULT RESISTANCES ALONG THE TRANSMISSION LINE

Fig. 13. BC-G faults with against different fault location.

(a) Phase-angle difference between negative- and zero-sequence voltages.
Fig. 12. A-G faults with 20 against a different fault location. (b) Phase-angle difference between superimposed positive- and negative-se-
(a) Phase-angle difference between negative- and zero-sequence voltages. quence voltages.
(b) Phase-angle difference between superimposed positive- and negative-se-
quence voltages.

In order to study the influence of load conditions on this

TABLE II method, faults at k2 under different load conditions are sim-
GROUND FAULTS UNDER DIFFERENT LOAD CONDITIONS ulated and the results are shown in Table II. The transient re-
sistance is equal to 20 . In Table II, the first column lists the
prefault power flows on the transmission line between Buses
16 and 21 while the load on Bus 21 is different. It can be con-
cluded from Table II that the proposed scheme can identify the
fault phase under different load conditions.

V. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a new method of ground fault phase
selection for weak-infeed conditions. The proposed method
reliably defines a distinctive phase region according to the
phase-angle difference between negative- and zero-sequence
voltages. The relative phase-angle relationship between su-
perimposed positive- and negative-sequence voltages is used
2222
to differentiate between single-phase-to-ground faults and
phase-to-phase-to-ground faults.
The method has high immunity against fault resistance as
well as impedance phase-angle inequality and overload. Simula-
tions have been carried out in the IEEE 39-bus system to test the
method with respect to various single-phase-to-ground faults
and phase-to-phase-to-ground faults with different fault resis-
tances, fault locations, and load conditions. The results have
proven the reliability of the proposed method.
However, if the potential transformer (PT) is broken, the relay
must quit the operation of fault phase selection based on this
method and use the original methods.
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Shaofeng Huang was born in Fujian Province,
China, in 1958.
He is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering
Department, North China Electric Power University,
Beijing, China. His research interest is in the area of
power system protection.
Lan Luo was born in Fujian Province, China, in
1989. He received the M.S. degree in power system
and automation from North China Electric Power
University, Beijing, China.
Currently, he is with North China Electric Power
University. His research interest is in the area of
power system protection.
Kai Cao was born in Shandong Province, China, in
1988. He received the M.S. degree in power system
and automation from North China Electric Power
University, Beijing, China.
Currently, he is with North China Electric Power
University. His research interest is in the area of
power system protection.