Power Systems Protection, 8th Semester

Lecture # 02
PRIMARY & BACKUP PROTECTION

Engr. Muhammad Usama

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 Topics to be Covered

 Primary & Backup Protection.

 Single- and Three-Phase Tripping and Reclosing
 Elements of a Protection System

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 Primary and Backup Protection
• A protection system may fail to operate and, as a result, fail to clear a fault.
• Must be an alternative protection system referred to as Backup Protection.
• The main protection system for a given zone of protection is called the primary
protection system.
• It operates in the fastest time possible and removes the least amount of equipment
from service.
• On EHV systems, it is common to use duplicate primary protection systems in case
an element in one primary protection chain may fail to operate.
• Both have same operating times; Manufactures can be different or relay types
• Backup relays are generally slower than the primary relays and remove more
system elements than may be necessary to clear a fault .
• Breaker failure relays are a subset of local backup relaying that is provided
specifically to cover a failure of the CB. Can be detected by breaker failure relay
and have a separate timer which is energized and de-energized when the fault
through the breaker disappears. If still persists, then that relay with timer setting
send the trip command to local and remote breakers to clear the fault
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 Example 1.4

Duplicate

Bu & Slower than R1

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Example #2

Example 1.4

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Maloperation Case

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 Single- and Three-Phase Tripping and Reclosing

• The prevailing practice in the United States is to trip all three phases of the faulted power
system element for all types of fault.
• In several EU and Asian countries, to trip only the faulted phase for a phase-to-ground fault,
and to trip all three phases for all multiphase faults on transmission lines.
• Temporary faults are commonly occurred and after tripping they are returned to its normal
state when CB gets close. Reclosing can be manual. (Previous Practices) now by SCADA.
• Following steps need to be checked for automatic reclosing by proper interlock t prevent
unsafe, damaging or undesirable reclosing
– Voltage Check ( Terminal voltage and in case of Tr HV side) (Thus, if a reclosing
operation is likely to energize that transformer, it would be good to check that the CB
on the low-voltage side is closed only if the transformer is already energized)
– Synchronizing Check ( When to energize an equipment from both sides. ( then check
the phases also and reclosing CB are in synchronism) ( All ok then verify phase angles)
(For unsynchronized System, and the closing of the CB is going to synchronize the two
systems, it is necessary to monitor the phasors of the voltages on the two sides of the
reclosing CB and close the breaker as the phasors approach each other .
– Equipment Check : This check is to ensure that some piece of equipment is not
energized
inadvertently 8
 Elements of a Protection System
•
Single- and Three-Phase Tripping and Reclosing
Battery and DC Supply
• Circuit Breakers

Consult Book

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END

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