Cognitive approach

Basic Concepts
• Memory
• The ability to take in , solidify , store and use information ; also the store
of what has been learned and remembered .
• As a college student in the 1990’s Jeniffer Thomson was sexually assaulted
in the middle of thew night at her apartment . She was determined , if she
survived, to identify the rapist and was very careful to study his face,
height, mannerisms, etc. Eleven days layer she helped police to make a
composite sketch and a few days after that Ronald Cotton was arrested for
the rape.Mostly based on this eye-witness account. Cotton was convicted
and s[end 11 years in prison before DNA evidence exonerated him and
confirmed what he claimed all, along. He was not the rapist.
• Early researchers believed that memory was a "place" in the brain - and researchers searched for
an engram.
• Neuroscientists have studied memory in different ways.
• ↓
• (i) Before modern technology, they could do post-mortem studies,
• (ii) Stimulate certain brain areas during an operation
• (iii) Study cases of people with brain damage
• (iv) Do experimental work with animals.
• (v) With modern technology, researchers have new ways to study memory processes in the living brain.
• As a result of these advances in technology, we now know that there are many different types of memory
and that there is no one such thing which can be called "memory."
• Memory has been described as a process with different memory stores where information flows between
the different parts of the system.
• Research on brain-damaged patients supports the theory that different types of memory are stored in
different parts of the brain.
• Forming memories  Encoding –Storage – Retrieval
• Encoding : The process by which the brain attends to, takes in and
integrates new information ; the first stage of long-term memory
formation .
• Storage : The retention of memory over time ; the third stage of long-
term memory formation.
• Retrieval : The recovery of information stored in memory ; the fourth
stage of long-term memory formation
• The most basic division of memory is:
• Short-term memory (also called Working Memory): If sensory information is recognized or considered
important it is coded and sent to short-term memory (working memory), which has limited capacity and is
supposed to last only around 12 seconds.
• Long-term memory: If the information is rehearsed or attended to in some way it is recorded and
transferred into long-term memory, which has unlimited capacity and may last forever.
• Researchers suggest that there are multiple types of memory.
• 1.Declarative memory (“knowing what”) is the memory of facts and events and refers to those memories
that can be consciously recalled. There are two subsets of declarative memory:
a)Semantic memory: Factual knowledge that you have. This is what many people think about when they
think about "memory.”
b)Episodic memory: These are your autobiographical memories - graduation day, your first kiss,
memories of happy childhood events,
2.Procedural memory: Memories of how to do so something - also habits that we have are procedural
memory.
3.Facial recognition: The ability to recall and recognize faces. The disability which is is
called prosopagnosia.
https://
www.drsoniam
axwell.com/
individuals-
drm/
neuropsycholo
gy/brain-
memory/
Encoding
• STM
• Acoustic
• Visual
• LTM
• (i)Semantic
• I know who Kolocotronis was
• (ii)Episodic
• I remember visiting Kolocotroni’s house
• Declarative  Semantic & Episodic
• (iii)Procedural
• I remember how to use Kolokotroni’s rifle
Long-Term Memory
• Principles of memory based on modern research
• There are different types of memory that are processed and stored
in different parts of the brain.
• Memory can be divided into
• (i) conscious (explicit) memories - including semantic memory for
facts and episodic memory for events
• (ii) unconscious implicit memory systems that include skills, habits,
and learned emotional responses.
• Explicit memory is expressed through recollection
• Implicit memory is expressed through performance.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-
between-implicit-and-explicit-memories-in-our-
brain
Implicit memory
• A. Knowing how to (procedural memory)
• (i) play the piano,
• (ii) ride a bike,
• (iii) tie your shoes
• “knowing how” : Can we describe these skills
• B. Priming : recall is improved by prior exposure to the same to the same or similar stimuli
• You meet someone and immediately you feel that you do not like him (the individual
resembles someone that you really do not like).
• Prejudice / Discriminatioin

• When we know or remember something but do not consciously know we remember it =

IMPLICIT MEMORY
Explicit Memory
• Explicit memory  the conscious recall of facts and events
• Declarative memory  Semantic & Episodic