ADITYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada

Accredited by NAAC (A+) and NBA
Surampalem , Kakinada District, Andhra Pradesh - 533 4372020-2024

A MICROGRID BASED ON WIND DRIVEN DFIG, DG AND SOLAR PV ARRAY

FOR OPTIMAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
.
Under the guidance of:
Mrs. Sana vani M.Tech(Ph.D)

Presented by:
SSR
Chandra Murthy (21P35A0227)
K.Akhil Uday Srinivas (20P31A0251)
K.Naveen Babu (21P35A0209)
Head of the Department V.V.Swamy (20P31A0248)
Mr. M.RAJESH M.Tech (Ph. D)
Associate Professor
Contents

 Abstract
 DFIG(doubly fed induction generator
 Solar Photo Voltaic Array modes
 voltage source Convertors
 Battery Energy Storage
 References
ABSTRACT :
 This paper presents a green energy solution to a microgrid for a location dependent on a diesel
generator (DG) to meet its electricity requirement. This microgrid is powered by two renewable
energy sources: wind energy using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and solar photovoltaic
(PV) array. The solar PV array is directly connected to a common DC bus of back-back voltage
source converters (VSCs), which are connected to the rotor side of DFIG. Moreover, a battery
energy storage (BES) is connected at the same DC bus through a bidirectional buck/boost DC-DC
converter to provide a path for excess stator power of DFIG. The extraction of maximum power
from both wind and solar is achieved through rotor side VSC control and bidirectional buck/boost
DC-DC converter control, respectively.
 A modified perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is presented to extract maximum power from a
solar PV array. Moreover, the control of load side VSC is designed to optimize the fuel
consumption of DG. A novel generalized concept calculates the reference DG power output for
optimal fuel consumption. The microgrid is modeled and simulated using the SimPowerSystems
toolbox of MATLAB, for various scenarios such as varying wind speeds, varying insolation, the
effect of load variation on a bidirectional converter, and unbalanced nonlinear load connected at
point of common coupling (PCC).
Block Diagram :

Fig. 1. DFIG based microgrid

 Basics of Solar Cells

 The overwhelming majority of solar cells are fabricated from silicon with increasing efficiency and lowering
cost as the materials range from amorphous (non-crystalline) to polycrystalline to crystalline (single crystal)
silicon forms. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not utilize chemical reactions or require fuel to
produce electric power and unlike electric generators, they do not have any moving parts.
 The three energy-conversion layers below the antireflection layer are the top
junction layer, the absorber layer, which constitutes the core of the device, and
the back junction layer.
 Two additional electrical contact layers are needed to carry the electric current
out to an external load and back into the cell, thus completing an electric circuit.
 The electrical contact layer on the face of the cell where light enters is generally
present in some grid pattern and is composed of a good conductor such as a
metal.
 Since metal blocks light, the grid lines are as thin and widely spaced as is
possible without impairing collection of the current produced by the cell
 The back electrical contact layer has no such diametrically opposed restrictions.
It needs to simply function as an electrical contact and thus cover the entire back
surface of the cell structure. Because the back layer also must be a very good
electrical conductor, it is always made of metal. Since most of the energy in
sunlight and artificial light is in the visible range of electromagnetic radiation, a
solar cell absorber should be efficient in absorbing radiation at those
wavelengths.
DC To DC Converter:-

BUCK CONVERTER STEP-DOWN CONVERTER

• In this circuit the transistor turning ON will put voltage V in on one end of the
inductor. This voltage will tend to cause the inductor current to rise. When the
transistor is OFF, the current will continue flowing through the inductor but
now flowing through the diode.
• We initially assume that the current through the inductor does not reach
zero, thus the voltage at Vxwill now be only the voltage across the conducting

diode during the full OFF time. The average voltage at Vx will depend on the
average ON time of the transistor provided the inductor current is
continuous
BOOST CONVERTER STEP-UP CONVERTER

 While the transistor is ON Vx =Vin, and the OFF

state the inductor current flows through the diode
giving Vx =Vo. For this analysis it is assumed that
the inductor current always remains flowing
(continuous conduction).
 Since the duty ratio "D" is between 0 and 1 the
output voltage must always be higher than the
input voltage in magnitude. The negative sign
indicates a reversal of sense of the output voltage.
Energy Storage

 Power is a more adaptable use than different types of energy, as an exceptionally organized
type of energy can effectively change over into different kinds.
 For instance, it can change over its mechanical structure with around 100 percent yield or
hotness with 100 percent yield.
 Nonetheless, it can't change over nuclear power into energy with high proficiency since it
is an arbitrary type of power in iotas.
 Along these lines, the general warm to the electrical transformation proficiency of an
average fossil nuclear energy station is substantially less than half.
 The weakness of power is that it can only with significant effort store for an enormous
scope. Practically all the power utilized these days is taken care of when it is produced. It's
anything but an issue in regular power plants, where the fuel utilization continually
changes with the heap.
Types of Battery

• Lead-acid (Pb-acid)
• Nickel-cadmium (NiCd)
• Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
• Lithium-polymer (Li-poly)
• Zinc-air
References :
 The microgrid based on wind turbine driven DFIG, DG and solar PV array with BES,
with minimum number of converters, has been presented. The solar PV array is directly
connected to DC link of back-back connected VSCs, whereas BES is connected through
a bidirectional buck/boost DC-DC converter. The system has been simulated for various
scenarios such as variable wind speeds, variable insolation and unbalanced nonlinear
load connected at PCC. Moreover, the performance of bidirectional buck/boost DC-DC
converter at change in the load has been investigated. Simulated results have shown the
satisfactory performance of the system to achieve optimal fuel consumption. The DFIG
stator voltages, currents and DG currents, are found balanced and sinusoidal.
 A prototype has been developed in the laboratory to validate the steady state and
dynamic performances of the microgrid. Test results have shown quite good
performance under variable wind speeds, linear and nonlinear unbalanced loads and at
variable PV insolation.
THANK YOU