DESIGN OF

ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS
Module IV

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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFQFUxHHJ2g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrAQ4gCbkK8

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Content
Introduction
Terminology
Laws of illumination:
1. Inverse square law
2. Cosine law
 Measurement of luminous flux
 Lux meter

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Syllabus

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INTRODUCTION
Any hot body radiates energy in all directions.
Light is a form of radiant energy.
A radiant body which gives out light is termed as
source of light.
Light waves emitted by the source fall on a surface to
illuminate it.
 Deals with-terminology in illumination, various types
of lighting schemes, and design & installation of
lighting arrangements for workshops, drawing
halls,roads,etc.
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ILLUSTRATION OF SOLID ANGLE

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 LAWS OF ILLUMINATION

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 Consider a source placed at a distance 1 m away from
the surface to be illuminated.
The amount of light falling on the surface area is
proportional
i. directly to the power of the source
ii. inversely to the square of the distance between the
source and the surface to be illuminated.

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Assignment 2- Oct 23
Lux meter
Working
Applications.

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 LUX METER
Lux meters are used
for measuring brightness
in lux.
Some lux meters are equipped
with an internal memory or
data logger to record and save
measurements.
The measurement of light
intensity with a lux meter is
becoming increasingly
important in the workplace due
to safety concerns.
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How
 does a Lumen (Lux) Meter work?
A light meter is used to measure the amount of light distributed over a
particular area at a specified distance from the light source.
 The units that a light meter will measures in are either Lux, lumens and/or
foot candle.
The amount of light will vary between light source such as a well-lit office
having a reading of 500 Lux to an overcast sky of 5000 Lux.

To measure the light intensity, light meters use a sensor called a photodiode.
 A photodiode is a semiconductor that converts the incoming light to
electrical current.
The sensor conducts electrical current directly proportional to the amount of
light that it measures.
Filters and built in lenses make up the photodiode.
A photodiode will also differ in surface.
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APPLICATIONS
There are many applications to use a light meter to
measure light intensity.
 Office lighting is an important part of occupational
health and safety.
Proper lighting can reduce eye fatigue and headaches
for people that work in an office for long periods.
Proper lighting will also prevent workplace accidents
by increasing the visibilities of dangers and reducing
momentary blindness.

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 Councils will use a light meter to check if street lights
are performing at optimal levels during night time.
A light meter will ensure street lights are emitting the
right light levels to improve road and pedestrian safety.
 It will also help councils to reduce energy bills by
ensuring the street lights aren’t producing too much
light.

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Optimizing light levels in museums and art galleries .
The optical light levels will ensure the intricate details
and colour work of a piece of artwork won’t be missed
by the viewer.
It ensures the artwork is properly displayed as
intended.
The wrong light intensity can potentially harm light
sensitivity artworks.
Measuring the light intensity ensures the preservation
of light sensitive artworks.

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OCTOBER 19
HOUR 1

TYPES OF LIGHT SOURCES

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Various types of light sources
I. Incandescent lamps
II. Discharge lamps

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WORKING
When a tungsten filament is heated to a high
temperature by permitting a very large current to flow,
it emits light radiations.
If the W filament is enclosed in an evacuated glass
bulb and a small quantity of inert gas (N2+Ar) is
inserted in , then it can be operated at high
temperatures.
To get more efficiency, we can use coiled filament or
coiled coil filament.

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 The light output of an incandescent lamp is 15
lumens/watt
Deteriorates with use.
Operating life- 1000 hrs

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 Ellipsoidal reflector lamp

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DISCHARGE LAMPS
When a suitable voltage is applied between two
electrodes, an discharge is produces through the gas
enclosed.
The electric current when passed through the gas
produces visible radiation .
Argon gas, sodium or mercury vapour are used very
commonly in such lamps.

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Types of discharge lamps
a) Fluorescent lamp
b) Sodium lamp
c) High pressure mercury vapour lamp

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Wiring diagram

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WORKING
A starter and a choke has been connected in the circuit.
The electrodes are enclosed in a glass bulb, filled with
argon gas.
When the switch S is closed, full supply voltage appears
across the starter electrodes P & Q.
This causes discharge in the Ar gas with consequent
heating.
Due to this a bimetallic strip heats up and bends &
thereby causes contacts P & Q of the starter to close.

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 When this happens, the choke, the filament
electrodes MM of the tube T and the starter become
connected in series across the supply.
A current flows through the filament electrode MM
which heats them.
Meanwhile ,the discharge in the starter tube
disappears and after some time, the electrodes P& Q
move apart.
The moving parts of the electrodes P& Q causes a
sudden break in the circuit.
This causes a high value of emf to be induced in the
choke.

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B)SODIUM LAMP

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Construction
A double glass
container, the inner
glass tube filled
with neon gas &
some sodium
drops.
The wiring
diagram is shown.

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Working
 When the supply is switched on, the lamp would not
start as the supply voltage is too low to start the
discharge.
The ‘leak transformer’ connected across the mains
produces a starting voltage of about 400V
The neon gas starts the discharge , and afterwards the
sodium vapourises and the discharge continues.
Power factor is very low. Hence capacitor is used to
raise it.
Efficiency-75 lumens /watt
Av life- 6000 hrs.

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HID LAMP

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HPS( High-pressure sodium)

Widely used in :
industrial
lighting, especially
in large
manufacturing
facilities.

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 LPS(Low-pressure sodium vapour lamp)

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CONSTRUCTION
Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps have a borosilicate
glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) containing
solid sodium, a small amount of neon, and argon gas in
a Penning mixture to start the gas discharge.
The discharge tube may be linear (SLI lamp)or U-shaped.
When the lamp is first started, it emits a dim red/pink
light to warm the sodium metal; within a few minutes as
the sodium metal vaporizes, the emission becomes the
common bright yellow.

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 These lamps produce a virtually monochromatic light
averaging a 589.3 nm wavelength (actually two dominant
spectral lines very close together at 589.0 and 589.6 nm).
The colours of objects illuminated by only this narrow
bandwidth are difficult to distinguish.

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HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP C

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COMPARISON

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LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
https://youtu.be/wl45Rrt4j2U

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 LED(LIGHT EMITTING
DIODE) LAMPS

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LED LAMPS
An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for
use in light fixtures that produces light using one or
more light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
LED lamps have a lifespan many times longer than
equivalent incandescent lamps, and are significantly
more efficient than most fluorescent lamps, with some
manufacturers (Cree and others) claiming LED chips with
a luminous efficacy of up to 303 lumens per watt.

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  However, LED lamps require an
electronic LED driver circuit
when operated from mains power
lines, and losses from this circuit
means that the efficiency of the
lamp is lower than the efficiency
of the LED chips it uses.
The most efficient commercially
available LED lamps have
efficiencies of 200 lumens per
watt (Lm/W).
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LED
Similar to incandescent lamps (and
unlike most fluorescent lamps), LEDs
come to full brightness immediately
with no warm-up delay.
 Frequent switching on and off does
not reduce life expectancy as with
fluorescent lighting.
Light output decreases gradually
over the lifetime of the LED

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 *Luminaire- a complete electric light unit

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NATURAL LIGHTING

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NATURAL LIGHTING
In simple terms, natural light is light that is generated
naturally, the common source of which is the Sun.
This is as opposed to artificial light, which is typically
produced by electrical appliances such as lamps.
Natural light is received during daylight hours and coves
the visible spectrum with violet at one end and red at the
other.
 Not only is natural light beneficial
for health, wellbeing and a good source of Vitamin D, it is
required by plants to carry out photosynthesis.

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 Other sources of natural light include fire and, on clear
nights, the moon.
Natural light can play an important role in creating a
comfortable environment, helping to regulate the body
clock, improve concentration and create a calm,
tranquil setting.
It can reduce the energy consumption of
a building compared to artificial light and can also help
prevent mould or mildew from developing
in buildings since these spores thrive in darkness.

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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Types of artificial lighting
1. Ambient lighting
This is the general artificial lighting and overall
illumination in a room.
It can provide an even spread of light to give a
comfortable level of brightness for most people to be able
to see reasonably well and navigate safely around
the room.
Typically, it can be provided by a
pendant or ceiling downlights.

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2.Task lighting
This allows the completion of tasks such as reading,
studying and way-finding.
It is used where ambient light levels are insufficient for
the task in hand.
A reading lamp is an example, as are under-
cabinet lights.

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 3.Accent lighting
This type of lighting imparts drama and character and
allows certain features regarded of interest to be
highlighted.
The idea is to draw the viewer’s attention to the item
that is lit, whether a feature wall, an ornamental pool
or an expensive vase.

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General lighting & local lighting
Localized lighting systems provide illuminance on
general work areas with a simultaneous reduced level of
illuminance in adjacent areas.
 Local lighting systems provide illuminance for relatively
small areas incorporating visual tasks.
Such systems are normally complemented by a specified
level of general lighting.

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Daylight Factor (DF)
 The ratio of the light level inside a structure to the light level
outside the structure.
It is defined as:
DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%
where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors
working plane,
Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from
an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.
To calculate Ei, requires knowing the amount of outside light
received inside of a building.
Light can reach a room via through a glazed window, rooflight, or
other aperture via three paths:
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SC,ERC,IRC
Direct light from a patch of sky visible at the point
considered, known as the sky component (SC)
Light reflected from an exterior surface and then
reaching the point considered, known as the
externally reflected component (ERC)

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 Light entering through the window but reaching the
point only after reflection from an internal surface,
known as the internally reflected component (IRC).
The sum of the three components gives the
illuminance level (typically measured in lux) at the
point considered:

Illuminance = SC + ERC + IRC

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 The daylight factor can be improved by increasing SC (for
example placing a window so it "sees" more of the sky rather
than adjacent buildings),
 increasing ERC (for example by painting surrounding
buildings white),
 increasing IRC (for example by using light colours for room
surfaces).
 In most rooms, the ceiling and floor are a fixed colour, and
much of the walls are covered by furnishings.
This gives less flexibility in changing the daylight factor by
using different wall colours than might be expected meaning
changing SC is often the key to good daylight design.
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TO FIND NO. OF LAMPS REQUIRED

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Where,
N-No. of fittings needed.
E-Required illumination (lux)
A-Working area (sq.m)
O- Luminous flux produced per lamp (lumens)
CU- coefficient of utilisation
MF- maintenance factor

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PROBLEMS
1) A small assembly shop 15 m long , 9m wide, and 3m
upto trusses is to be illuminated to a level of 200 lux.
The coefficient of utilisation is 0.75 and maintenance
factor is 0.8. Calculate the no of lamps required to
illuminate the whole area if the lumen output of the lamp
selected is 3000 lumens.

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 2. An office 30m x15 m is illuminated by 40W fluorescent
lamps of lumen output 2700 lumens. The average
illumination required at the work place is 200 lux.
Calculate the no of lamps required to be fitted in the
office.
Assume the C.U to be 0.6 & depreciation factor 1.25.

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 3.

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 THANK YOU

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