15AR520 Building Services-II

Artificial Lighting
Odd Semester, 2021-2022

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 Contents for todays lecture

• Classification of lighting
• Sources of light – natural and artificial
• Types of artificial electric light sources
• Comparison of artificial light sources

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 Classification of lighting

• Lighting can be classified based on source as

– Natural day lighting
– Artificial lighting

• Lighting can be classified based on activity as

• Ambient Lighting
– Indoor
– Outdoor
• Task lighting
• Accent lighting

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 Natural Daylight

• The natural light provided by sun is bright and

pleasant
– But not a stable light source
– Constantly changing the space illumination

• Factors affecting the sunlight illumination

– Exterior effects – other buildings, terrain and landscaping
– Position of the sun – different seasons and latitudes
– Clouds – covered or staggered

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 Artificial Lighting
• Sources
– Temperature radiation light
• Incandescence
– When a steel bar is heated, its free electrons become
increasingly active
– As temperature increases, the shorter wavelengths appear,
producing orange, yellow and finally white light
– Luminescence light
• Gas or solid
– Single valance atom (the outermost shell of an atom which has
one to eight free electrons) raises its temperature when it
receives electric current

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 Electric light sources

• The electric light source can be classified into six

groups
1. Incandescent lamps
1.2 Tungsten-Halogen lamps
2. Fluorescent lamps
2.2 Compact fluorescent lamps
3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
4. High-Pressure Sodium (HPS-HID) lamps
5. Low-Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamps
6. Solid state - Electronic - LED and OLED lamps

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 1. Incandescent lamps

• Light is produced by heating the filament

• Hotter the filament - more efficient in converting electricity to
light – but shorter in life
• Selecting this lamp involves balancing the efficiency against
expected life out of it
• Inefficient in converting electrical energy (100%) into visible
light (6% - 12%)
– 72% goes to infrared heat
– 18% goes to heat
– 6% - 12% goes to light

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 1.2 Tungsten-Halogen lamps

• Also called as quartz lamp

• Same working principle as incandescent lamps
• But improvement – lamp filled with electronegative halogen
gas

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 2 Fluorescent lamps
• Works on the principle of gaseous discharge – ionization of
mercury vapour through arc
• Fluorescent lamps are favored over incandescent lamps
because:
– They produce 3 to 5 times greater lumens per watt
– They have 7 to 20 times greater lamp life
– They produce less heat
– They can operate at low temperature (-20°F)
– Lamp temperature at peak light is 104°F
• Distribution of energy output:
– 20% UV radiation -- 35% IR radiation
– 40% heat radiation -- 5% visible light

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 2.2 Compact Fluorescent lamps

• Called as miniature fluorescent lamps

• Same working principle as fluorescent lamps
• But improvement – smaller size, lower cost to operate and
easier to install
• The use is limited to indoor applications

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 3 High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
• Works on the principle of gaseous discharge but arc continues
throughout the lamp operation
• Four types of HID lamps:
– Mercury HID lamps
– Metal Halide HID lamps
– High-pressure sodium (HPS) HID lamps
– Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps
• Mercury HID lamps – 12% of energy goes to visible light
– Used indoors in commercial and industrial buildings
– Used outdoors for monument lighting, landscape and flood lighting
• Metal Halide HID lamps – 21% of energy into visible light
– Used for flood lighting, sports lighting, parking area and sign lighting

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 HPS and LPS lamps
• High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) HID lamps – 26% of energy goes
to visible light
• More efficient than mercury and metal-halide HID lamps
• Requires 4 to 8 minutes to warm up
– Used for roadway lighting, sports lighting, and other outdoor lighting
• Low-Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamps – 35% of energy into visible
light
• Requires 7 to 15 minutes to reach full light output
– Used for outdoor lighting

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 Solid State LED and OLED lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes (LED) – electroluminescence /solid state
• Improvements in efficacy lead to use in general area lighting
• Longer lifespan, higher efficiency, high light quality, low
maintenance cost
– Used for both indoor and outdoor lighting
– Ideal for creative, decorative, and task lighting
• Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) – emissive
electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound
• Currently very expensive compared to conventional sources
– Used for both indoor and outdoor lighting

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 Methods of Lighting

• Direct lighting – 90 to 100% downward

• Indirect lighting – 90 to 100% upward
• Semi-direct lighting – 60 to 90% downward
• Semi-indirect lighting – 60 to 90% upward
• Diffused lighting – 40 to 60% both upward and downward
• Direct-indirect – little light is emitted in horizontal plane

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 Installation of Light

• Recessed in the
ceiling
• Surface-mounted
on the ceiling
• Hung from the
ceiling
• As Track lighting
• placed on the
desk, table, etc..

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