GATHERS

INFORMATION FROM
SURVEYS,
EXPIREMENTS OR
OBSERVATIONS
QUANTITATIVE
AND
QUALITATIVE
DATA
course title 2
DATA Facts or information used usually to calculate,
analyze or plan something (Merriam Webster
Dictionary).
SURVEY It is a research method used for collecting data from
a predefined group of respondents to gain
information and insights into various topics of
interest. They can have multiple purposes, and
researchers can conduct it in many ways depending
on the methodology chosen and the study’s goal.
CODING Involves translating entries on questionnaires to
letters or numbers.
LOOPHOLES An error in the way a law, rule, or contract is written
that it makes people to legally avoid obeying it.
Source: Merriam Dictionary
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 QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA

-Are measures of types -Are measures of values

and may be represented or counts and are
by a name, symbol or a expressed as numbers.
number code. Quantitative data are
data about numeric
variables (e.g how
many; how much; or
how often)
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 STEPS IN GATHERING INFORMATION
FROM SURVEYS, EXPERIMENTS OR
QUANTITATIVE DATA
STEP 1: DATA PREPARATION
STEP 2: DATA VALIDATION
STEP 3: DATA EDITING
STEP 4: DATA CODING
STEP 5: DATA ENTRY OR DATA RECORDING
STEP 6: DATA TRANSFORMATION
STEP 7: DATA CLEANSING
 PROCESS OF QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
1. GETTING TO KNOW THE DATA
2. FOCUSING THE ANALYSIS
3. CODING
4. ENTERING DATA
5. EDITING/REVISING
6. IDENTIFYING MEANINGFUL PATTERNS &
THEMES
7. INTERPRETING THE DATA
course title 7 47
 TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS
1. Participant vs. Non Participant Observation
Nonparticipant observation: the researcher is
separate from the activity.
Participant observation: the researcher is
involved in the activity.
2. Simple vs. Behavioral Observation
Simple observation: the researcher collects simple
numerical data
Behavioral observation: the researcher interprets
people’s behavior.
 TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS
3. DIRECT VS. INDIRECT OBSERVATION
Direct observation: the researcher observes an
activity as it happens.
Indirect observation: the researcher observes the
results of an activity.
4. COVERT VS. OVERT OBSERVATION
Covert observation: the researcher observes
secretly.
Overt observation: people know the researcher is
observing them.