CHAPTER Six

WATER LOGGING,LAND RECLAMATION,

SURFACE , AND SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE

What is Water Logging? and how to occur it ?
Water logging is phenomenon associated with rise in the
ground water table.
It occurs because of over irrigation, high water table and the
poor water management
Basic causes for water logging:
Factors responsible for water logging are broadly classified
into two groups.
1. Factors responsible for excess inflow:
2. Factors responsible for poor outflows
 Con..

1) Factors responsible for excess inflow:

Infiltration from excess rainfall

Flooding land

Induced seepage

Over irrigation - Sub-Soil flow

Con..

2) Factors responsible for poor outflows

Inadequate surface drainage

Natural & artificial obstructions to subsoil & surface

out flow.

Poor topography
Ill effects of waterlogging
The main Ill effects
waterlogging:

Reduction in growth of Growth of weeds

plants
Increase in plant diseases
Difficulty in cultivation
Increase in incidence of
Increase in salinity malaria
 How to prevent water logging?
The following measures are usually adopted for prevention

Controlling the intensity of irrigation

Providing a drainage system

Lining of canals

Lowering of the FSL of the canals

Improving the natural drainage of the area

Providing intercepting drains

Adopting well irrigation

Changing the crop pattern….etc

 Land reclamation

It is restoring the productivity and the fertility of the land which has
become unculturable or has suffered a reduction in the crop yield
because of waterlogging, salinity, etc.

The process and practices involved in bringing saline and alkali soils
into productive condition are known as reclamation measures.
 Con…
Before any reclamation procedure is applied, it is essential to
determine

Nature of the soil (Saline, Alkaline or Saline-Alkaline)

Degree of salinity / Alkalinity in the soil profile

Quality of irrigation water available for leaching out the salts

Drainage characteristics of the soil

Topography of the land

Presence of any hard pan of lime or clay in the soil strata

CON…
Reclamation Procedures

(A) Reclamation on temporary basis can be done by

By removing the salt crust from the surface of the soil

By ploughing salt surface crust deep into the soil

Neutralizing the effects of certain salts by adding other

salts
Con…
(B) Permanent Reclamation Procedures
By lowering water table ( if high )
Improving the infiltration capacity of the soil
Leaching of salts in saline soils by providing adequate sub-surface
drainage
Replacing excessive exchangeable Na by Ca salts and removing the
replaced salts
Suitable management practices
 Some preventive & curative measures

Anti-Water logging measures

• Providing surface drainage
• Sub-surface drainage, pumping & recycling (recycled for
irrigation)
• Controlling seepage losses-- Uncontrolled seepage losses from
open canal system in irrigated areas
• Scientific Management of Irrigation Water
• Making conjunctive use of surface & ground water for irrigation
Con…
Use of proper quality of irrigation water

Leaching of soil salts

Choice of salt tolerant crops, rotation of crops

Chemical method
 Surface and Sub Surface Drainage
Drainage systems

A properly- designed drainage system is quite effective for prevention of

water logging.

It is also an effective method for reclamation of the waterlogged land.

The design of a drainage system depends upon a number of factors:

Before undertaking the design of the system, it is necessary to conduct

topographical, geological end soil surveys.

 .
 Con…..
The properties of the soil especially the permeability, should be
determined

The depth of water table below the land surface should be

ascertained.

The fluctuations of the water table during the year should also
studied.

The quality of ground water should be determined.

 Types of drainage
1.Surface drainage
Surface drainage is the removal of excess water from the surface
(water logging) in time to prevent the land without causing soil
erosion.
Main components of a drainage system
A drainage outlet
Main drainage outlet
Collector canals (ditches)
Fields drains (pipe lines or open channels)
Con……
Layout of Drainage component

Fiels drains

Outlet

River
Collector Main drainage canal
2.sub-surface drainage system
Subsurface drainage system aims at controlling the water table a control that can be achieved
by tube well drainage, open drains, or subsurface horizontal drains (pipe drains or mole
drains).
Open drains
The advantage is that it can receive overland flow directly
Its disadvantages are:
Loss of land and Fragmentation of land into parcels
 Interference with irrigation system and Maintenance is expensive
Pipe drains
Types of pipes
Pipes envelopes, clay pipes concrete pipes, plastic pipes
The criteria for selection depends on the resistance to mechanical and chemical damages
CON…
the drainage requirement is based on:

1. The maximum duration and frequency of surface ponding

2. Maximum height of the water table

3. The minimum rate at which water table is lowered.

Development of Drainage - Design Criteria

Criteria for drainage design system - is to have the optimum level of water control required by
the kind of agriculture to be practiced. The criteria consist of:

1. The rate of water removal necessary to provide certain degree of crop protection

2. The optimum depth to water table

The rate of water removal often referred to Drainage Coefficient.

CON….
Elements of Drainage design: The principal elements of drainage design are
Crop requirements
Site investigations
Design criteria
Plans & specifications
Drainage Coefficient:
 It is the depth of water to be removed in a particular period, usually 24 hours. Normally a
drainage coefficient of 10 mm to 50 mm may be adopted for surface drainage. In case of sub-
surface drainage, it is little bit less i.e 6 mm to 25 mm.
Discharge rate Q = Dc x A A -- Area in ha, Dc = Drainage coefficient
Q -- Discharge from the field
CON…
The D.C varies with

Geographical locations

Land use

 Size of area to be drained

 The drainage coefficient for a particular drainage system should be based on

1) The water tolerance of crops to be grown and

2) The physical characteristics of the area. Climate, soils, topography and crops are always
important factors to consider.
 THE END !!!!
THANKS TO PAY ATTENTION !!!!
 QUIZ(10%) 25Min.

1. List the main component of drainage system and sketch the layout.(2marks)

2. Define drainage coefficient?(2marks)

3. Explain the difference between surface and sub-surface drainage?(2marks)

4. Write are the three drainage requirement?(2marks)

5. How to classify CDWs? State the difference between aqueduct and supper passage?(2marks)

Time allowed=25minute