SCIEN

CE
 CE
BIOLOG PHYSIC
ICAL AL
SCIENC SCIENC
E E
 I. HOW ELEMENTS FORMED IN THE UNIVERSE
A. Formation of Elements
B. Distribution of Elements and Isotopes
II. PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
A. Lewis Dot Structure and Polarity
B. Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
C. Organic Compounds
III. HOW CHEMICAL CHANGES TAKE PLACE
IV. HOUSEHOLD AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS
I. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY
A. Greek Views of Matter, Motion, & the Universe
B. Models of the Universe
II. LAWS OF PHYSICS
A. Aristotle vs. Galilean Views of Motion
B. Newton’s Laws of Motion
III. THE DUALITY OF LIGHT
IV. UNDERSTANDING THE COSMOS
A. Relativity
B. Solar System and Beyond
Seconds
seconds after
the big bang
Minutes
Minutes after
after
the
the big
big bang
bang
 Big
Big bang
bang
nucleosynthesi
nucleosynthesi
ss
N P
N
P
N
P
 N
N
P
N

P
N
N
P
N
Stellar nebula
 STELLAR
NUCLEOSY
NTHESIS
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
FUSSION
FUSSION
two light nuclei
merge to form a
single heavier
nucleus
PROTON-
PROTON CHAIN
PROTON-
PROTON-
PROTON
PROTON
CHAIN
CHAIN
Cno (carbon nitrogen oxygen)
CHAIN
Cno (carbon
nitrogen oxygen)
CHAIN
Radioactive
Radioactive
particle
particle
ALPHA
PARTICLE
- High speed particle consisting of 2
proton and 2 neutron.
BETA
PARTICLE
- High speed particle electron
 Radioactive
Radioactive
particle
particle
GAMMA RAY
- High energy stream of photon

POSITRON
- Positive charge electron
 Atomic
number and
 ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

Atomic number and mass

When Dmitry Mendeleev arranged the elements
according to their atomic masses in 1869, he paved the
way to the construction of the present periodic table.
However, Moseley argued and confirmed in 1913 that
the basis for the arrangement in the periodic table should
be the atomic number. Until today, the periodic table is
still arranged in terms of atomic number.

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 ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

isotopes

Atoms that have the same atomic number but

different atomic masses are known as isotopes.
They may also be written using the element
name or symbol, followed by a dash and the
atomic mass. For example, protium may also
be written as hydrogen-1 or H-1.

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 ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

ions
The loss or gain of one or more electrons leads to the formation of an atom with a
net positive or negative charge, respectively. These charged atoms are generally
called ions. A positively charged ion is called a cation; a negatively charged ion is
called an anion. The charge (q) of an ion is written as a superscript at the right-
hand side of the chemical symbol. A (+1) or a (-1) charge is normally written as
just + or —, respectively.

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 ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

ions

A
Z X q

The charge of an ion may be computed using the formula:

q = number of protons – number of electrons

A = mass number
Z = atomic number
X = element symbol

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 ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

cations
Number of Number of Number of
Substance Symbol Z A
neutrons protons electrons

Neutral 39
19 K 19 39 20 19 19
Potassium
Cation 39
19 K+ 19 39 20 19 18

Neutral 24
12 Mg 12 24 12 12 12
Magnesium
Cation 24
12 Mg2+ 12 24 12 12 10

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 ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

anions

Number of Number of Number of

Substance Symbol Z A
neutrons protons electrons

Neutral 35
17 Cl 17 35 18 17 17
Chlorine
Anion 35
17 Cl- 17 35 18 17 18

Neutral 14
7 N 7 14 7 7 7
Nitrogen
Anion 14
7 N3- 7 14 7 7 10

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