ME211 THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS

Part-2
Dr. P. Parthasarathy
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NITK – National Institute of Technology Karnataka

India www.nitk.ac.in
 Fluid Mechanics
 Matter
 Fluid & Solid
 Solid – could resists shear force
 Fluid – cant resist shear force
 Liquid & Gas
 Liquid
 Molecules closely packed
 Have a defined volume
 Forms a free surface (if there is a open boundary
 Gas
 Molecules are far apart
 Have no definite volume
 Expands continuously

2 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 The Fluid as a Continuum
 In case of a very small elemental volume there will be density fluctuations due to random
movement of molecules in and out of volume.
 As the volume increase, on average the no of molecules remain the same, above which
the property becomes a point function.
 In case of rarified gases the continuum again fails as the mean free path become higher.

3 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Viscosity
 Measure of fluid resistance to flow.
 Relates the strain rate to shear stress.

 The fluid following the relation is named Newtonian Fluid.

4 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Non Newtonian fluid

5 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Flow between Plates

Integrating,

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Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Manometer

7 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
 Mass flow rate (ṁ)
𝛿 𝑚=𝜌
˙ 𝑽 𝑛 𝑑 𝐴𝑐
❑ ❑
˙ ∫ 𝑚=
𝑚= ˙ ∫ 𝜌 𝑽 𝑛 𝑑 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐

Usually density remain uniform but not the

velocity

1 ❑
𝑉 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∫ 𝑽 𝑛 𝑑 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝐴 𝑐

𝑚=𝜌
˙ 𝑽 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐

8 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
 Volume flow rate ()
❑
𝑉˙ =∫ 𝑽 𝑛 𝑑 𝐴𝑐 =𝑽 𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∙ 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐

˙ 𝑉˙
𝑚=𝜌
˙ 𝑉=
𝜗

9 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Principle of conservation of mass

𝑚𝑖𝑛 −𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =∆ 𝑚𝑐 𝑣

𝑑 𝑚𝑐
𝑚
˙ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚
˙ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑣

𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑚𝑐 𝑑
❑
= ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
𝑣

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 𝑣

❑
𝑑
❑
𝑑 𝑚𝑐 𝑑
❑

∫ 𝜌 (𝑽 ∙ 𝑛^ ) 𝑑𝐴+ 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 =0 → ∑ 𝑚˙ − ∑ 𝑚= ˙ 𝑣

𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑐
𝐶 𝑠
𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑣
𝑜 𝑢𝑡 𝑣

10 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Energy conservation
 Energy of a simple compressible system
ke + pe + u
 Total energy of a flowing fluid
fe + ke + pe + u
 Energy transported by mass
ṁ (fe + ke + pe + u)
 Energy conservation of a system

11 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Energy conservation for a steady flow system

12 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Bernoulli’s equation
 In cases of,
 Zero work
 Zero heat transfer
 Non viscous
 Steady flow

( ) ( )
2 2
˙ =∑ 𝑚 𝑽 𝑽
𝑄˙ − 𝑊 ˙ 𝑢+ + 𝑔𝑧 +𝑝𝑣 − ∑ 𝑚˙ 𝑢 + +𝑔𝑧 +𝑝𝑣
𝑜 𝑢𝑡 2 𝑖𝑛 2

( 𝑽2
2
+ 𝑔𝑧+ 𝑝𝑣 =
1
𝑽2
2 ) (
+ 𝑔𝑧+ 𝑝𝑣 ) 2

13 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Bernoulli’s equation (energy remains constant)
 When area decreases in a pipe (for same altitude),
 Velocity increases to maintain same flow rate
 When kinetic energy decrease, the pressure energy increase.

( 𝑽2
2
+ 𝑔𝑧+ 𝑝𝑣 =
1
𝑽2
2
+ 𝑔𝑧+ 𝑝𝑣 ) ( ) 2

14 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Instrumentation (using Bernoulli’s equation)
 Flow measurement
 Venturi meter
 Orifice meter

 Velocity measurement
 Pitot tube

15 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Venturi meter

16 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Venturi meter

17 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Venturi meter

18 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Venturi meter

19 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Orifice meter

20 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Orifice meter

21 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Orifice meter

22 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Orifice meter

23 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Orifice meter

24 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Pitot tube
 Velocity measurement device

25 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka
 Pitot tube

26 Dr. P. Parthasarathy Departmant of Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics National Institute of Technology Karnataka