DEVELOPMENT TASK

AND CHALLENGES
EXPERIENCED DURING
ADOLESCENCE
ADOLESCENCE
IS A PERIOD OF TRANSITION
WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL
CHANGES – PHYSICALLY AND
PSYCHOLOGICALLY – FROM A
CHILD TO AN ADULT.
IT IS A PERIOD WHEN RAPID
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES
DEMAND NEW SOCIAL ROLES
TO TAKE PLACE.
ERIKSON
BELIEVED THAT EACH STAGE
OF LIFE IS MARKED BY A
SPECIFIC CRISIS OR
CONFLICT BETWEEN
COMPETING TENDENCIES.
PHYSICAL CHANGES
DURING
ADOLESCENCE
FOR GIRLS PHYSICAL
DURING PUBERTY
DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST
CHANGES OF BODY SHAPE AND
HEIGHT
GROWTH OF PUBIC AND BODY HAIR
ONSET OF MENSTRATION OR
MONTHLY PERIOD
FOR BOYS
PHYSICAL CHANGES USUALLY START AT
AROUND 11 – 12 YEARS OLD BUT THEY
MIGHTHSTART AT YOUNG AS 9 YEARS OLD
OR AS OLD AS 14.
GROWTH OF PENIS AND TESTES
( TESTICLES)
CHANGES IN BODY SHAPE AND HEIGHT
ERECTION WITH EJACULATION
GROWTH OF BODY AND FACIAL HAIR
CHANGES IN VOICE.
BODY IMAGE CONCERN
BODY IMAGE CAN BE DEFINE AS
THE SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION
OF ONE’S BODY AND
APPEARANCE

SMOLAK & THOMPSON

NUTRITION AND
DIETARY HABITS
DURING
ADOLESCENCE
ADOLESCENCE IS A PERIOD OF RAPID
PHYSICAL GROWTH, WITH A
CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS TO
SUPPORT THE INCREASE IN BODY MASS
AND TO BUILD UP STORES OF
NUTRIENTS.

THE DAILY INTAKE OF NUTRITIONAL

REQUIREMENTS INCREASES
ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING
FACTORS.
1. AGE
AT THE BEGINNING OF
PUBERTY, WITH THE
INCREASE OF HEIGHT AND AT
THE LAST STAGE OF
ADOLESCENCE.
2. GENDER
ADOLESCENT GIRLS
REQUIRE 10% MORE
NUTRIENTS, IRON, IODINE IN
PARTICULAR THAN BOYS.
3. PREGNANCY
DURING THE SECOND HALF IN
PARTICULAR, AS WELL AS DURING
THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF
BREASTFEEDING, IT IS ADVISED THAT
THE FIRST PREGNANCY AFTER
MERRIAGE POSTPONED AT LEAST
UNTILL THE GIRLS IS OVER 18 YEARS
OLD.
4. ACTIVITIES AND SPORTS
HEAVY PHYSICAL SPORTS IN
PARTICULAR SUCH AS
SWIMMING RUNNING AND
BALL GAMES.
IMPROVING THE
NUTRITION OF
ADOLESCENCE
1. RECOGNATION OF THE
INCREASED NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS OF
ADOLESCENCE
2. NUTRITIONAL
EDUCATION FOR THE
PROMOTION OF HEALTHY
DIETARY HABITS.
3. ADEQUATE DIET AT
SPECIFIC TIME.
4. CONTROL OF
EXCESSIVE INDULGENCE
IN FOOD, ESPECIALLY
THOSE FOODS HIGH IN
SUGAR AND FATS
5. MINIMIZING THE
INTAKE OF SWEETS AND
SNACKS BETWEEN MAIN
MEALS, ESPECIALLY JUNK
FOOD SNACKS.
6. REGULAR PHYSICAL
EXERCISE TO BURN
EXCESS CALORIES AND TO
STRENGTHEN MUSCLE
7. REGULAR INTAKE OF
BREAKFAST
8. USE OF SUGAR
REPLACEMENT IF PRONE
TO OBESITY
9. ENSURING THAT
POULTRY AND POULTRY
PRODUCTS, INCLUDING
MEAT ARE WELL-
COOKED AND CLEAN.
MAJOR HEALTH CONCERN
OF ADOLESCENTS
1. OBESITY IS A GRAVE NUTRITIONAL
PROBLEM FOR ADOLESCENTS. IT
SIMPLY THAT THE ENERGY INTAKE
EXCEEDS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
CONSUMED, AND THE RESIDUAL
DIFFERENCE ACCOMULATES IN THE
BODY TO CAUSE FAT.
 2. ANEMIA
IS THE MOST PREVALENT
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY IN THE
WORLD, AFFECTING NO LESS THAN
TWO BILLION OF PEOPLE.
PRIMARILY CAUSED BY IRON
DEFICIENCY, ITS ACUTE SYNPTOMS
MANIFEST AMONG ADOLESCENT
GIRLS.
3. IODINE DEFICIENCY
IS A BASIC LIFE ELEMENT FOR HUMANS.
IODINE DEFICIENCY LEADS TO GOITER,
ABORTION AND MENTAL RETARDATION.
DEFICIENCY MEANS A SEVERE LACK OF
NUTRITION NEEDED THAT MIGHT HAVE
A PATHOLOGICAL EFFECT. THE NEED OF
IODINE INCREASES DURING
ADOLESCENCE.
 4. DEPRESSION
THE TERM “ DEPRESSION” OFTEN USED IN
DAILY CONVERSATION TO REFER TO BOUTS
OF SADNESS, MODINESS OR
DISAPPOINTMENT THAT LAST FOR A FEW
DAYS. HOWEVER THIS IS NOT DEPRESSION,
WHICH IS A SPECIFIC CLINICALLY
RECOGNIZED CONDITION DIAGNOSED BY
PSYCHOLOGIST OR PSYCHIATRIST.
5. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES (STDs)
THE LIFESTYLES ADOPTED BY
ADOLESCENTS AND YOUTH WILL
LARGELY DECIDE THEIR RISK OF
HAVING SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DESEAS AND HIV INFECTION. IT MUST
BE UNDERSTOOD THAT THESE AGE
GROUP ARE VULNERABLE TO SUCH
INFECTIONS.
Examples for STDs:
1. Syphilis (spitochete)
Is a sexually transmitted infection
that can cause serious problems
without treatment.
AN INFECTION CAUSED BY
BACTERIA. MOST OFTEN, IT
SPREADS THROUGH SEXUAL
CONTACT. THE DISEASE STARTS
AS A SORE THAT'S OFTEN
PAINLESS AND TYPICALLY
APPEARS ON THE GENITALS,
RECTUM OR MOUTH. SYPHILIS
SPREADS FROM PERSON TO
PERSON THROUGH DIRECT
CONTACT WITH THESE SORES.
2.Hepatitis B (virus)
Is a vaccine-preventable liver infection
caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Is spread when blood, semen, or other body

fluids from a person infected with the virus
enters the body of someone who is not
infected.
3. Herpes
Usually appear as one or more blister
on around the genitals, rectum or
mouth. This is known as having an
“outbreak”. The blisters break and
leave painful sores that may take a
week or more to heal.
4. HIV (virus)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Is a virus that
attacks the body’s immune system.

Is a sexually Transmitted infection (STI) it can also

be spread by contact with infected blood and from
illicit injection drug use or sharing needles. It can also
be spread from mother to child during pregnancy,
childbirth or breastfeeding.
5. AIDS (Disease)
Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome, transmissible disease of
the immune system caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus.
6. Trichomoniasis Vaginalis
is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by
a parasite. In women, trichomoniasis can cause a
foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and
painful urination.

Men who have trichomoniasis typically have no

symptoms. Pregnant women who have trichomoniasis
might be at higher risk of delivering their babies
prematurely.
 7. GENETAL WARTS
are a type of sexually transmitted infection
(STI) that causes warts (small bumps or
growths) to form in and around your genitals
and rectum. Certain strains of human
papillomavirus (HPV) cause genital warts.
While there’s no cure for HPV itself, you can
receive treatment for genital warts. You can give
genital warts to other people through vaginal,
anal or oral sex.
 8. CHLAMYDIA INFECTION
is a common STD that can cause infection among
both men and women. It can cause permanent
damage to a woman's reproductive system. This
can make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant
later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal
ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside
the womb).