STRUCTURAL

COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
CONTROL
 STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS
BODY FLUIDS AND CHEMICAL
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
NERVOUS CONTROL
CONTROL
 BODY FLUIDS AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
A body fluid refers to
any fluid produced by a
STRUCTURAL living organism. In
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
humans, the body fluid
AND CHEMICAL can be classified into
NERVOUS
CONTROL two major types
according to the location
in the body.
They play a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of
the body, including regulating body temperature, transporting
nutrients and oxygen, and removing waste products.
 BODY FLUIDS AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
 Overview of Chemical and Nervous Control
- Chemical and nervous control mechanisms regulate the
STRUCTURAL composition, volume, and distribution of body fluids to
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID maintain homeostasis.
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
- Hormonal control involves the release of signaling
CONTROL molecules, such as hormones, from glands like the pituitary
and adrenal glands, which influence fluid balance, electrolyte
levels, and blood pressure.
- Nervous control, primarily mediated by the autonomic
nervous system, regulates fluid balance through mechanisms
such as thirst sensation, renal function, and vasomotor
responses.
 BODY FLUIDS AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
 Purpose of Regulation
- The regulation of body fluids is essential for maintaining
STRUCTURAL the internal environment of the body within narrow
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID physiological limits, despite changes in external conditions.
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS - Proper fluid regulation ensures cellular hydration,
CONTROL
electrolyte balance, acid-base equilibrium, and efficient
waste removal.
- Failure to regulate body fluids adequately can lead to
conditions such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances,
edema, and impaired organ function, which can have
serious health consequences.
 BODY FLUIDS AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
There are several types of body fluids, including
blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, sweat, and
digestive juices. Each of these fluids has a unique
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS composition and function within the body.
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
Maintaining proper hydration is crucial for
NERVOUS maintaining the health and function of body fluids.
CONTROL
Dehydration can occur when the body loses more
fluids than it takes in, leading to a variety of
symptoms including thirst, dry mouth, and fatigue.
On the other hand, overhydration can also be
harmful to the body, leading to an imbalance of
electrolytes and other important nutrients.
 TYPES OF BODY FLUID
Types of body fluids include
intracellular fluid, which is found
STRUCTURAL
inside cells, and extracellular fluid,
COMPONENTS which is found outside cells.
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL Extracellular fluid can be further
NERVOUS
CONTROL divided into interstitial fluid, which
surrounds cells, and blood plasma,
which is the liquid component of
blood. Transcellular fluid is another
type of extracellular fluid that is found in epithelial-lined spa
ces, such as the cerebrospinal fluid, ocular fluid, joint fluid,
and the pleural cavity.
 FUNCTIONS OF BODY FLUIDS

Transport
Oxygen and nutrients are delivered
through the body, and waste is Temperature
eliminated from the body. regulation
Sweat is excreted and
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS constant body
OF BODY FLUID temperature is
AND CHEMICAL maintained
NERVOUS
CONTROL

Maintenance of interval environment

A stable internal environment is maintained
to enable efficient metabolism.
 THE FLOW OF BODY FLUIDS

Intestine
Water is absorbed in
Rehydration the intestines and
STRUCTURAL distributed
COMPONENTS throughout the body
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
CONTROL Kidney

Re-
absorption

Bladder
Elimination
Filtering Where water
is eliminated
as urine
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS
Chemical signals are released by
signaling cells in the form of small
molecules called ligands, which can
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS be hormones or neurotransmitters.
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
CONTROL

 Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate different
functions in your body. Several glands, organs and tissues make
and release hormones, many of which make up your endocrine
system.
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS
 Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are endoge-
STRUCTURAL nous chemicals that allow
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID neurons to communicate with
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
each other throughout the body.
CONTROL They enable the brain to provide a
variety of functions, through the
process of chemical synaptic
transmission. These endogenous
chemicals are integral in shaping
everyday life and functions.
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS
 Feedback Mechanism
• Negative Feedback
Negative feedback mechanisms are essential
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS regulatory processes in the body that work to
OF BODY FLUID reverse or counteract changes from the body's
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS ideal state. An example of negative feedback
CONTROL is the regulation of blood sugar levels through
insulin production. After a meal, when blood
sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases
insulin to facilitate the uptake of sugar into
cells, thereby reducing blood sugar levels.
This process demonstrates how negative
feedback helps maintain stability and balance
within the body.
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS

STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
CONTROL
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS

STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
CONTROL
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS
 Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and
organs that release hormones directly into the circulatory
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS system to regulate various bodily functions. It comprises
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands
NERVOUS
CONTROL
that target and regulate distant organs. In vertebrates,
the hypothalamus serves as
the neural control center for
all endocrine systems,
playing a crucial role in
linking various glands and
organs involved in hormone
regulation.
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS
 Overview
- The endocrine system is a network of glands and
STRUTURAL
COMPONENTS
organs that produce and secrete hormones to regulate
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
various bodily functions and maintain homeostasis.
NERVOUS
CONTROL
- Hormones produced by the endocrine system
influence metabolism, growth and development,
reproduction, stress response, and many other
physiological processes.
 CHEMICAL SIGNALS
 Major Endocrine Glands
- The major endocrine glands
STRUCTURAL include the pituitary gland,
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
thyroid gland, adrenal glands,
AND CHEMICAL pancreas, and gonads (testes in
NERVOUS
CONTROL males, ovaries in females).
- Each gland secretes
specific hormones that regulate
distinct aspects of bodily
function, and dysfunction of
these glands can lead to various
endocrine disorders.
 NERVOUS CONTROL
 Nervous System
The nervous system is a complex
network of neurons responsible for
STRUCTURAL generating, modulating, and
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID transmitting information throughout the
AND CHEMICAL human body. It consists of two main
NERVOUS
CONTROL
divisions: the central nervous system
(CNS), which includes the brain and
spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS), which connects the CNS
to the rest of the body. The CNS serves
as the integration and command center
of the body, while the PNS acts as the
conduit between the CNS and the body.
 NERVOUS CONTROL
 Neuron Types
Neurons, also known as nerve
cells, are the fundamental units of
STRUCTURAL the nervous system responsible for
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID sending and receiving signals. They
AND CHEMICAL can be classified into various types
NERVOUS
CONTROL based on their structure and
function:

1. Unipolar Neurons: These neurons

have a single process extending
from the cell body and are mainly
found in invertebrates.
 NERVOUS CONTROL
2. Bipolar Neurons: Characterized by
an oval-shaped cell body with two
processes one axon and one
STRUCTURAL functioning as a distant dendrite.
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID They are commonly found in
AND CHEMICAL sensory organs like the retina.
NERVOUS
CONTROL 3. Multipolar Neurons: These neurons
have a single axon and multiple
dendrites, making them the most
common type in the central nervous
system.
4. Pyramidal Neurons: These neurons
have a single axon and several
dendrites, forming a pyramid-like
shape.
 NERVOUS CONTROL
6. Purkinje Neurons: Known for their
multiple dendrites fanning out from
the cell body, these inhibitory
STRUCTURAL neurons release neurotransmitters
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
that prevent other neurons from
AND CHEMICAL firing. They are found in the
NERVOUS
CONTROL
cerebellum.
 NERVOUS CONTROL
 Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli that help protect the
STRUCTURAL
body and maintain homeostasis. They involve a simple reflex arc, which
COMPONENTS consists of the following components:
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL 1. Sensory Receptor: Detects a stimulus and sends sensory
NERVOUS information to the central nervous system.
CONTROL
2. Sensory Neuron: Transmits the sensory information to the
spinal cord or brain.
3. Integration Center: Processes the sensory information and
determines the appropriate response.
4. Motor Neuron: Carries the response signal from the
integration center to the effector organ (muscle or gland)
5. Effector: Carries out the response, such as muscle
contraction or gland secretion.
 NERVOUS CONTROL
 Reflex Response
The reflex response is the action taken by the effector organ
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS
in response to the stimulus. It is a rapid and automatic
OF BODY FLUID process that does not involve conscious thought. Reflexes
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS help protect the body from harm by allowing quick responses
CONTROL
to potentially dangerous situations, such as withdrawing a
hand from a hot surface or blinking in response to a bright
light.
 REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
 OSMOREGULATION
Osmoregulation is the process by which organisms regulate the
balance of water and dissolved materials within their bodies to
STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS maintain homeostasis. It involves maintaining salt and water
OF BODY FLUID
AND CHEMICAL
balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body.
NERVOUS The fluids inside and
CONTROL
surrounding cells are
composed of water,
electrolytes, and
nonelectrolytes.
 REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
 OSMOSIS
Osmosis is the
STRUCTURAL spontaneous net movement
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID or diffusion of solvent
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
molecules through a
CONTROL selectivelypermeable
membrane from a region of
high potential to a region of
low water potential, with the
goal of equalizing the solute
concentrations on both
sides of the membrane.
 REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
 Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance is critical for
STRUCTURAL maintaining homeostasis in the body. The kidneys play a crucial
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
role in regulating the volume and composition of bodily fluids by
AND CHEMICAL matching renal excretion to intake of water and electrolytes.
NERVOUS
CONTROL
 REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
 Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is the
STRUCTURAL biological mechanism
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID responsible for maintaining
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
a steady internal body
CONTROL temperature within certain
boundaries, even when the
surrounding temperature
varies significantly.
 REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
 Heat Production
Heat production is a process that generates heat in the body,
STRUCTURAL which is necessary to maintain body temperature and
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID
homeostasis. Heat production is a by-product of metabolic
AND CHEMICAL processes, especially in the skeletal muscles and certain
NERVOUS
CONTROL internal organs
 Heat Loss
Heat loss is a vital aspect of maintaining body temperature
within a normal range, especially during times of increased
heat production or environmental heat exposure. The body
regulates heat loss through various mechanisms, including
radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
 REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
 The Control of Acid-Base Balance in the Body
It’s critical for normal physiology and cell metabolism and
STRUCTURAL function. The kidneys play a predominant role in regulating
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID the systemic bicarbonate concentration and hence, the
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
metabolic component of acid-base balance.
CONTROL
 Buffer
A buffer is a solution that can resist changes in pH upon the
addition of an acid or base. It is composed of a weak acid
and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate
acid, in a specific ratio.
 REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
AND CHEMICAL CONTROL
 Respiratory and Renal Mechanism
Heat production is a process
STRUCTURAL that generates heat in the body,
COMPONENTS
OF BODY FLUID which is necessary to maintain
AND CHEMICAL
NERVOUS
body temperature and
CONTROL homeostasis. Heat production is
a by-product of metabolic
processes, especially in the
skeletal muscles and certain
internal organs
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