UEBE2333 Topic 2 HVAC Part 2

TOPIC 2:
HEATING, VENTILATION
AND AIR-CONDITIONING
(HVAC) PART 2
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives
Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

INTRODUCTION
• HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) refers

to technology of indoor or automotive environmental
comfort. HVAC system design is a major subdiscipline of
mechanical engineering, based on the principles of
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation
as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped as in
HACR (such as the designation of HACR-rated circuit
breakers).

INTRODUCTION (Cont'd)
• HVAC is important in the design of medium to large

industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and
in marine environments such as aquariums, where safe
and healthy building conditions are regulated with
temperature and humidity, as well as "fresh air" from
outdoors.

BACKGROUND
In modern buildings the design, installation, and control
systems of these functions are integrated into one or more
HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors
normally "size" and select HVAC systems and equipment.
For larger buildings, building services designers and
engineers, such as mechanical, architectural, or building
services engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC
systems, and specialty mechanical contractors build and
commission them.

BACKGROUND (Cont'd)
Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the
installations are normally required for all sizes of buildings. The
HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with career
opportunities including operation and maintenance, system design
and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in
education and research. The HVAC industry had been historically
regulated by the manufacturers of HVAC equipment.

HEAT TRANSFER
Heat will flow in a solid object, in liquid or gas, or between the three of
them until the temperature of each is equal. Transfer of heat can be by
one of the 3 means:
• conduction
• convection
• radiation

STUDY OF HEAT FLOW
We shall study the heat flow through the followings:

1) Heat flow through solids
2) Heat flow through air

Heat Flow Through Solids
Insulators
• Architectural materials interact with heat flow either as insulators to
retard the flow of heat (or as conductors to encourage heat flow).
• Materials used for insulation fall into 3 categories:
(1) inorganic fibrous or cellular (such as rock wool, slag wool, perlite or
vermiculite)
(2) organic fibrous or cellular (such as cotton, foamed rubber, synthetic
fibres, cork, polystyrene)
(3) metallic or metalized organic reflective membranes (which must face
an air space to be effective). These membranes when used without
attachment to an insulating blanket is called a radiant barrier.

Heat Flow Through Air
• At the exposed surfaces of solids, heat transfer takes place both by
convection and radiation.
• Convection is highly dependent on air motion. The higher the air motion,
the higher the heat transfer. Also, by itself, warm air rises and cold air
falls.
• Radiant heat is transferred through the air from the warmer surface to a
cooler surface.

Heat Flow Through Air (Cont'd)
Conductance
• The surface layers of air are often evaluated by their conductance
(reciprocal of resistance).
• For thermal comfort, it is desirable to encourage heat transfer between
solids and air. Eg. passive heating and cooling systems are dependent on
large interior surfaces as heat exchangers (such as heating/cooling coils).
Resistance
• When air motion along surfaces is minimal, an insulating layer of air is
formed. The resistance of this layer of still air along a vertical surface is
numerically equal to that of a plywood of ½-in thickness.
• When this layer is disturbed, its resistance drops rapidly

Emittance
• Emittance is the ratio of the radiation emitted by a given material to that
emitted by a black body at the same temperature.
• Shiny material is much less able to radiate heat compared to common rough
building materials. For most materials, emittance is related to absorptance: a
highly absorptive material will usually have a high emittance as well.

Insulation
• The combination of dead (still) air spaces and reflective
surfaces produces some of the most effective insulating
materials.
• Glass fiber, expanded styrenes (foamed plastics), and
mineral fibers (rock wool) are examples of materials that
enclose vast numbers of dead air spaces per unit volume.
When bonded to heat reflective films and properly
installed (shiny film facing the dead air space), high
resistance to heat flow through air is achieved

NATURAL VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION
• Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with
outside air without the use of a fan or other mechanical
system. It can be achieved with openable windows or
trickle vents when the spaces to ventilate are small and
the architecture permits. In more complex systems
warm air in the building can be allowed to rise and flow
out upper openings to the outside (stack effect) thus
forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the building
naturally through openings in the lower areas.


Stack-effect heating and ventilation
• Stack-effect heating and ventilation is another well-established means of air
movement in tall narrow buildings, typical of mills and other historic industrial
buildings.
• Figure 4.6 shows the principle, with warm air rising between purpose-made voids in
the different floor levels. By contemporary standards it would be unacceptable on
grounds of fire spread potential and energy wastage, but it has been effective in
modern shopping malls and atrium enclosed areas.
• The surplus warmth generated at low levels from people, lighting and shops follows
the same stack-effect extraction principles in many modern commercial
developments.
• Efficiency depends on at least a 10 ⁰C higher temperature differential between inside
and out, hence the limitations of stack-effect ventilation in the summer months, when
ironically it is most needed.


Former Victorian hospital building
Edwardian school buildings

NATURAL VENTILATION (Cont'd)
• These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the
occupants' comfort. In warm or humid months, in many climates,
maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation may not be
possible so conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups.
Air-side economizers perform the same function as natural ventilation,
but use mechanical systems' fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to
introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.



HEATING
SYSTEM

HEAT EMITTERS - RADIATORS
• These are the most common, with some variations – Cast iron column, cast
iron panel and steel panel
• modern format is pressed steel corrugated paneling with finned backing to
• increase the convective effect. Figure 1.0 shows the pattern of heat transfer,
from which it can be observed that most of the energy is convected. This
figure increases significantly with the arrangement of finning attached to
the back of the emitter.
• Also, a well-insulated wall and a sheet of reflective paper behind the
radiator will reduce unwanted losses in conduction and radiation,
respectively.

Figure 1.0


HEAT EMITTERS - CONVECTORS
• Convectors consist of a metal casing and finned pipe heating element as
shown in Figure 1.1. The narrow casing and low-level element combine to
generate
• a 'stack effect', where the warm air loses density and gains in velocity in
then arrow confines of the casing, to discharge 90 per cent of the heat
energy by convection at a modest velocity. These units are comparatively
large, being about 1 m high and wide, projecting about 200 mm from the
wall
• they are most appropriate in offices, entrance halls, classrooms and similar
• size rooms. To deliver warm air over larger areas, fan-assisted convectors
may be selected, or possibly the full perimeter skirting variation.

FIGURE 1.1 CONVECTOR


HEAT EMITTERS – RADIANT PANELS/
EMBEDDED PANELS
• These consist of a flat panel with looped or coiled pipework

attached to the back. They can be arranged flush with the wall, floor
or ceiling to retain continuity of finish, but they are most frequently
suspended
• from workshop or warehouse roof frames to allow clear space
around the walls.
• The back of the panel must be very well insulated to concentrate
about 65 per cent radiated heat output from the face.

• These provide invisible or fabric heating, as the emitter is unseen,
contained within the fabric of construction.
• While offering greater flexibility in room layout and planning, the
disadvantage is that the copper, steel or polypropylene pipes conveying
hot water, take some time to dissipate their heat through the fabric.
• Thus, thermostatic response will be slow. Pipework is equally well
contained within a wall or ceiling. In the interests of comfort and heat
output, the following surface temperatures are recommended:



HEAT EMITTERS – OVERHEAD UNIT
HEATERS
• These units consist of a bank of finned hot water pipes in a casing,

with a fan to provide air direction and velocity. They are suspended
from the ceiling or roof frame and provide a useful heat source for
• Suitable for workshops, warehouses, retail centres and sports halls.
• Adjustable louvres direct the warm air and in the summer months
with the heating off, the fan can be used solely to generate air
movement.


VENTILATION
SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
• Ventilation is simply defined as the process of changing air in an enclosed
space. A proportion of air within the enclosed space should be continuously
withdrawn and replaced by fresh air.
• This must be drawn in from a clean external source, generally at as high an
elevation as practical, particularly where more polluted air occurs at the
relatively low levels found in congested towns and cities.

WHY
•
WE NEED GOOD VENTILATION??
Ventilation is needed to;
• To maintain air purity
• Preservation of oxygen content - this should be maintained at
• Approximately 21 per cent of air volume
• Removal of carbon dioxide
• Control of humidity - between 30 and 70 per cent relative humidity (rh) is
• Acceptable for human comfort
• Prevention of heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people
• Prevention of condensation
• Dispersal of concentrations of bacteria
• Dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust, gases and body odours
• Provision of freshness - an optimum air velocity lies between 0.15 and 0.5 m/s.

VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
• Control of ventilation rates is influenced by various

authorities, codes of practice and statutory requirements.
• In Malaysia, ventilation requirements is laid out in the
part 3 of the UBBL 1984 (Uniform Building By-Laws)
under the By Law 39 & 41.
• Under the 3rd schedule of the By Law, the requirements
and the condition of mechanical ventilation are clearly
spelt out.

VENTILATION REQUIREMENT


10.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
COMPONENTS
1. Fan
2. Filters
3. Ductwork
4. Fire dampers

FANS
1. Propeller fans
2. Centrifugal fans
3. Axial flow fans
4. Mixed flow
Fan laws with constant air temperature:

• Volume of air delivered fan speed.
• Pressure developed  square of fan speed
• Power absorbed  cube of fan speed.

Propeller fan
•2 or more blades fixed at an
angle to the hub.
•Low pressure, will not force air
through long lengths of ductwork.
•For free air openings in walls or
windows.
•Large volumes of air and low
installation cost.

Propeller fan (Cont'd)
•Used in situations where there is
minimal resistance to air flow.
•Typical outputs are; up to 4 m3/s and

up to 250 Pa pressure.
•Fan efficiency is low at about 40%.
•Suitable for wall, window and roof fans

where the intake and discharge are free
from obstacles.
•Can move large volumes of air.
•Low installation cost.


Centrifugal fan
•Consist of an impeller which
revolves inside a casing
shaped like a scroll.
•Develop high pressure, used
for forcing air through long
lengths of ductwork
(ventilation or A/C).
•Quiet in operation
•The efficiency = 45 ~ 85%
•Inlet of the fan is at 90 to the
outlet, difficult to install.

Centrifugal fan
•High pressure air flow is possible with
this type of fan.
•Used in air handling units and other

situations to overcome high resistance to
air flow.
•The impeller is made of thin blades

which are either forward or backward
curved.
•The air changes direction by 90 degrees

in a centrifugal fan so more space is
required.

Axial flow fan
•Consist of an impeller with blades
of aerofoil section, rotating inside a
cylindrical casing.
•The air slows through the fans in
the direction parallel to the
propeller shaft and can be installed
without a fan base.
•The efficiencies = 60 ~ 75%
•Develop high pressures, large
volumes of air.
•Easy to install, used in preference
to the centrifugal fan.

Axial flow fan
•High volume flow rate is possible with this
type of fan
•Typical outputs are; up to 20 m3/s and up

to 700 Pa pressure.
•The fan is cased in a simple enclosure

with the motor housed internally or
externally.
•Aerofoil blades can be used to increase
efficiency.
•Adjustable pitch blades can be used for

greater flexibility.
•Ductwork can be simply connected to the

flange at either end of the fan.

Mixed flow
•The gas flow patterns these fans
produce resemble a combination of
axial and centrifugal patterns,
although the fan wheels appear
similar to axial wheels. There are
various types of mixed-flow fans,
including gas-tight high-pressure
fans and blowers.
•Mixed Flow fans can be used for

return air, supply, or general
ventilation applications where low
sound is critical. As compared to
similarly sized axial fans, a mixed
flow fan can be 5-20 dB quieter.

Filtration System
• Installed at point of entry into the ventilation
• To remove suspended particles, contaminants and odors
• Classified into four categories:
• Dry
• Viscous (Oil / grease filters)
• Electrostatic
• Activated carbon

DUCTWORK
• Ductwork is shaped using galvanized mild steel sheets, stainless steel,

aluminum, etc into circular, square or rectangular.


FIRE DAMPERS
•Building regulation (UBBL 1984) require ductwork penetrating into

walls to have fire dampers installed.

MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
SYSTEM

• Mechanical systems of ventilation are conveniently
categorized:
1. Mechanical extract/natural supply
2. Mechanical supply I natural extract
3. Combined mechanical extract and supply.

Mechanical extract/natural supply
• The simplest application is provision of a
propeller fan over a void in an natural supply
external wall of a kitchen, bathroom or
similarly unpleasant or contaminated air
situation. More advanced systems have ductwork
attached to the extract fan, with hoods or outlet
grilles strategically located.

• Figure showing
typical of that
required for a
commercial kitchen,
with replacement
• air from purpose-
made vents or
louvred grilles in the
external wall.

• Figure shows an application to assembly halls and lecture theatres.
• Ductwork is accommodated within a suspended ceiling, with fresh air inlets in
peripheral locations.
• This arrangement encourages through flow of clean air to displace the dusty,
smoky stale atmosphere

• Figure indicates the principle, with the offset shunt preventing the cross-flow of
noise, odors and smoke between adjacent compartments.

Mechanical supply - natural extract
• In essence this is the previous system with the fan reversed to deliver
fresh air.
• Careful design and strategically located, restricted outlets will create
slight internal pressurization and direction for the stale air to permeate
through the building.
• During winter the air will need preheating.
• established plenum system with heat exchanger battery and filter
positioned at the intake.


Combined mechanical extract and supply.
• By combining (1) and (2) above, the best possible means of

ventilation is achieved.
• The extract fan should be smaller than the inlet, to encourage slight
air pressurization.
• Sealed windows and self-closing doors are needed to complement the
efficiency of the system and to reduce draughts, dust and noise
penetration.

• Figure shows the concept, with the economies of recirculated
air and lighting extract grilles.
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A)

Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives
THANK
YOU

UEBE2333 Topic 2 HVAC Part 2

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TOPIC 2:

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

• HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) refers

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

• HVAC is important in the design of medium to large

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

We shall study the heat flow through the followings:

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Edwardian school buildings

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

• These consist of a flat panel with looped or coiled pipework

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

Wholly owned by UTAR Education Foundation Co. No. 578227-M

• These units consist of a bank of finned hot water pipes in a casing,

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN DU012(A) Broadening Horizons Transforming Lives