The Cell Cycle

Marian Joy B. Ponciano BSE-Science 3

Learning Objectives:
1. Identify the process of cell cycle;
2. Explain the different process of the cell cycle;
and
3. Illustrate the process of cell cycle.
What is cell?
● It is the smallest unit that can live on
its own and that makes up all living
organisms and the tissues of the
body.
Cell Cycle
 A cell cycle is a series of events that
takes place in a cell as it grows and
divides. A cell spends most of its time in
what is called interphase, and during this
time it grows, replicates its
chromosomes, and prepares for cell
division. The cell then leaves interphase,
undergoes mitosis, and completes its
division.
The Cell Cycle
The Stages of Interphase
Interphase
● During interphase, the cell undergoes normal growth
processes while also preparing for cell division.
● It is the longest phase of the cell cycle, cell spends
approximately 90% of its time in this phase.
● In order for a cell to move from interphase into the
mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions
must be met.
The Three Stages of Interphase
 Mitosis
• It is also known as M phase
• It is a multistep process during which the duplicated
chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into
two new, identical daughter cells.
• The first portion of the mitotic phase is
called karyokinesis, or nuclear division.
• The second portion of the mitotic phase, called
cytokinesis, is the physical separation of the
cytoplasmic components into the two daughter cells.
 Two Portion of M Phase

Karyokinesis Cytokinesis

It is also known as mitosis and It is the physical process

divided into a series of phases— of cell division, which
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and divides the cytoplasm of
telophase—that result in the division parental cell into two
of the cell. daughter cells.
The Series of Phases
 Prophase
● The first phase of Mitosis.
● During prophase, the nuclear envelope starts to
dissociate into small vesicles, and the membranous
organelles fragment and disperse toward the
periphery of the cell.
● The nucleolus disappears .
● The centrosomes begin to move to opposite poles of
the cell.
● Microtubules that will form the mitotic spindle
extend between the centrosomes, pushing them
farther apart as the microtubule fibers lengthen.
● The sister chromatids begin to coil more tightly and
become visible under a light microscope.
 Prometaphase
• The second phase of Mitosis.
• During prometaphase, the
nuclear envelope is fully
broken down and
chromosomes are attached to
microtubules from both poles of
the mitotic spindle, which begin
to move them toward the
middle of the cell.
Metaphase
● The third phase of Mitosis.
● During metaphase, all the
chromosomes are aligned in a plane
called the metaphase plate, or the
equatorial plane, midway between
the two poles of the cell.
● The chromosomes are maximally
condensed.
 Anaphase
• The fourth phase of mitosis
• During anaphase, the sister
chromatids separate at the
centromere.
• Each chromatid, now called a
chromosome, is pulled rapidly toward
the centrosome to which its
microtubule is attached.
• The cell becomes visibly elongated
(oval shaped) as the polar
microtubules slide against each other
at the metaphase plate where they
overlap.
 Telophase
• The fifth phase of Mitosis.
• During telophase, the
chromosomes reach the opposite
poles and begin to decondense
(unravel), relaxing into a
chromatin configuration.
• Nuclear envelopes form around
the chromosomes, and
nucleosomes appear within the
nuclear area.
Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis is the second main stage of
the mitotic phase during which cell
division is completed via the physical
separation of the cytoplasmic
components into two daughter cells.
• Division is not complete until the cell
components have been apportioned and
completely separated into the two
daughter cells.
• The process of cytokinesis is quite
different for eukaryotes that have cell
walls, such as plant cells.
Two Eukaryotic Cells
• In animal cells that lack cell walls, cytokinesis follows
the onset of anaphase.
• A contractile ring composed of actin filaments forms
just inside the plasma membrane at the former
metaphase plate.
• The actin filaments pull the equator of the cell inward,
forming a fissure. This fissure, or “crack,” is called
the cleavage furrow. The furrow deepens as the actin
ring contracts, and eventually the membrane is
cleaved in two.
• In plant cells, a new cell wall must form between the daughter cells.
• During interphase, the Golgi apparatus accumulates enzymes,
structural proteins, and glucose molecules prior to breaking into
vesicles and dispersing throughout the dividing cell.
• During telophase, these Golgi vesicles are transported on
microtubules to form a phragmoplast (a vesicular structure) at the
metaphase plate.
• As more vesicles fuse, the cell plate enlarges until it merges with
the cell walls at the periphery of the cell.
• The Golgi membranes become parts of the plasma membrane on
either side of the new cell wall
 The Two Nuclear Division
Mitosis
• It is the process in which a
eukaryotic cell nucleus
splits in two, followed by
division of the parent cell
into two daughter cells. The
word "mitosis" means
"threads," and it refers to the
threadlike appearance of
chromosomes as the cell
prepares to divide.
Meiosis
• It is a process where a
single cell divides twice
to produce four cells
containing half the
original amount of
genetic information.
These cells are our sex
cells – sperm in males,
eggs in females.
 Main Function of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
• Growth: Mitosis helps in • It is the production of
the growth and haploid sex cells such as
development of a child eggs and sperm cells.
into an adult. • It reduces the number of
chromosomes in the
• Reproduction: Single-
parent cell by half and
celled eukaryotic produces four gamete
organisms such as cells. This process is required to
amoeba reproduce by produce egg and sperm cells for sexual
reproduction.
mitosis.
2 Binary Fission in Prokaryotes
What is Binary
Fission?
● It is the asexual
reproduction by a
separation of the body
into two new bodies.
Process of Binary
Fission
• Binary fission is the way that prokaryotic cells
and certain protozoans reproduce.
• Similar to other modes of asexual
reproduction, such as budding and formation
of baeocytes(the small reproductive cell), the
result is an offspring that has the same
genome as the parent.
Prokaryotic Binary Fission
• The prokaryotic cell contains DNA that is tightly
coiled prior to cellular splitting. The process
starts by creating a replicate of the genetic
material.
• The chromosomes segregate to separate poles
of the cell — a process called karyokinesis.
• The cytoplasm is subsequently cleaved into two
by a new cell membrane forming cytokinesis.
• The cell division process of prokaryotes, called
binary fission, is a less complicated and much
quicker process than cell division in
eukaryotes.
How is binary fission in
prokaryotes similar to mitosis?

• Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes

(which include bacteria) undergo
a type of cell division known as
binary fission.
• In some respects, this process is
similar to mitosis; it requires
replication of the cell's
chromosomes, segregation of
the copied DNA, and splitting
of the parent cell's cytoplasm.
• https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/introduction-how-does-dna-move
-from-cell-6580041
/
• https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book%3A_Biology_for_N
on-Majors_I_(Lumen)/
07%3A_Cell_Division/7.03%3A_The_Cell_Cycle
• https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/6-4-prokaryotic-cell-division/