INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY
CHANNAS, AGONAY
1. Who applied the modern methods of physical sciences to the
social sciences that paved way for the birth of sociology?
a. Jeremy Bentham c. Auguste Comte
b. Cesare Beccaria d. Samuel Romilli

2. Which type of criminal possesses atavistic tendency?

a. Neurotic c. Psychotic
b. Born d. Hedonistic

3. He formulated the formula, criminal behavior equals criminal

tendencies plus crime inducing situation divided by person
emotional resistance to temptation.
a. David Abrahamsen c. Cesare Lombroso
b. Sigmund Freud d. Edwin Sutherland

4. A person who commits crime due to less physical stamina or

self-control.
a. Pseudo criminals c. Criminal by passion
b. Insane criminals d. Criminaloids
5. Moral aspect of personality also known as the conscience
a. ID c. SUPER EGO
b. EGO d. Sub-conscious

6. Any crime committed by individual from lower social class

society
a. White collar crime c. Political crime
b. Blue collar crime d. None of these

7. What is the particular field of study in criminology when one is

studying the causes of crime in a given geographical location?
a. Sociology of Crime c. Criminal Ecology
b. Criminal Demography d. Criminal Etiology

8. Any act committed or omitted in violation of a public law

forbidding or commanding it
a. Felony c. Crime
b. Offense d. Mala In Se
9. Which is known as RA 11131?
a. The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2019
b. The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018
c. The Criminology Profession Act of 2018
d. The Criminology Profession Act of 2019

10. Criminology changes as social conditions changes. This

means the progress of criminology is concordant with the
advancement of other sciences that has been applied to it.
This means that criminology is
a. Dynamic c. Applied Science
b. Progressive d. Nationalistic

11. The people seek pleasure and avoid pain refers to

a. Classical theory c. Utilitarianism
b. Hedonism d. None of these
12. What is this theory which holds that crime is a function of the
conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use
to legally obtain them.
a. Social disorganization theory
b. Cultural deviance theory
c. Social learning theory
d. Strain theory

13. He was considered as the Father of Classical School of

Criminology.
a. Cesare Bonesa Marchese De Beccaria
b. Cesare Marchese De Bonesa Beccaria
c. Cesare Bonesana Marchese De Beccaria
d. Cesare Montano Beccaria

14. Rafaelle Garofalo traced the roots of criminal behaviour not to

physical features but to their psychological equivalents which he
called
a. Physical anomalies c. Mental anomalies
b. Immoral anomalies d. Moral anomalies
15. It is a sexual disorder characterized by the inability to
achieve or maintain erection for a successful sexual
intercourse.
a. Erectile Insufficiency c. Pre-matured ejaculation
b. Vaginismus d. Aspermia
16. The Differential Association Theory provides a good
illustration of a social learning approach perspective in
Criminology, criminal behaviour according to this theory is
a. result of an emotional disturbance
b. an innate quality of goodness and badness
c. an excess of wisdom
d. learned and not inherited
17. Which approach is applied when the government
strategy on crime prevention is punishment retribution of
crime rather than the rehabilitation of offender?
a. Eclectic c. Positivism
b. Classical d. Sociological
18. What academic discipline uses scientific method to study
the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behaviour?
a. Police Administration c. Criminology
b. Criminal Justice System d. Sociology
19. The study of criminology involves several disciplines. Which
is the objective of criminology?
a. The determination of the origin of law, measure the forces that can
change law and society
b. The study of the agencies of social control that prosecute convict
and treat criminal offenders
c. The development of general and verified principles regarding the
process of law, crime and treatment or prevention
d. The study of systematic set of interrelated statements or principles
that explain aspect of social life
20. Which refers to behaviour of a lawbreaker that leads to the
commission of an illicit act?
a. Immature behaviour c. Deviant behavior
b. Psychopathic d. Criminal behavior
21. Cesar is child in conflict with the law, which should be applied?
a. Restorative justice c. Criminal Justice
b. Juvenile justice d. Retributive justice
22. A state of normlessness as proposed by Durkheim that describes
France during its trying times
a. Strain theory c. Labelling theory
b. Anomie d. Differential Association theory
23. A sub-discipline of criminology which focuses on victims of
crime.
a. Penology c. Criminal profiling
b. Criminal Psychology d. Victimology

24. A theory that is based on the utilitarian concept of free will and
the greatest good of the greatest number
a. Classical School c. Labelling theory
b. Free will theory d. Neo-classical theory
25. When was RA 11131 approved?
a. July 1, 1972 c. November 15, 2018
b. November 8, 2018 d. November 30, 2018

26. As defined by RA 11131, which of the following is a

criminologist?
a. a natural person who holds a valid Certificate of Registration and
an updated Professional Identification Card as criminologist issued
by the Board and the Commission.
b. the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, it also deals
with the prevention and solution of crimes
c. any person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology who
has passed the examination for criminologists and is registered as
such by the Board
d. a person who graduated a B.S. in Criminology and passed the
Criminologist Licensure Examination
27. A body of knowledge regarding crime as a social
phenomenon.
a. criminal psychology c. criminal law
b. criminal d. criminology
28. Absence of a complaining victim in the typology of crime
is classified as public order crime or?
a. Crimes against person c. Physical crime
b. Victimless crime d. Public scandal
29. A crime is committed in the shortest possible time such
as libel.
a. Acquisitive crime c. Seasonal crime
b. Extinctive crime d. Instant crime
30. Are those who commit crime due to less physical stamina
and less self-control
a. Criminaloid c. Criminal by passion
b. Pseudo criminals d. Born criminals
31. A type of crime in which the end result is destructive.
a. acquisitive crime c. extinctive crime
b. seasonal crime d. static crime
32. A voice of reason bidding oneself to avoid evil and do
good.
a. virtue c. dignity
b. value d. conscience
33. It is a branch of sociology that studies the
characteristics of human populations.
a. demography c. sociology
b. criminology d. anthropology
34. It is the study of the formation of the skull in relation to
the behavior of the criminal.
a. phrenology c. criminology
b. entomology d. criminology
35. Science concerned with improving the quality of human
offspring
a. genetics c. criminology
b. eugenics d. heredity
36. Study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution in a
community.
a. Criminal epidemiology c. Criminal psychology
b. Criminal demography d. Criminal determination
37. Study of human mind in relation to criminality.
a. Criminal demography c. Criminal psychiatry
b. Criminal physical d. Criminal psychology

38. The following are characteristics of criminology, except

a. Nationalistic c. Dynamic
b. Flexible d. Applied science
39. The basis of criminal liability is human free will and the
purpose of the penalty is retribution.
a. Classical theory c. Multiple factor theory
b. Eclectics theory d. Positivist theory
40. The following are the classifications of criminals by
Cesare Lombroso except one
a. Born criminals c. Pseudo criminals
b. Criminal by passion d. Deficient criminals
41. The primary advocate of the Positivist School in
Criminology
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Edwin Sutherland
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Leonard Keeper
42. The principle that events including criminal behaviour
that has sufficient causes.
a. positivism c. atavism
b. determinism d. narcissism
43. The principle which states that man, by nature, always
tries to maximize pleasure and avoid pain
a. Utopia c. Socialism
b. Hedonism d. Atavism
44. The purpose of penalty in Positivist School of
Criminology
a. Retribution c. Rejection
b. Reformation d. Restitution
45. This theory believes that punishment should fit the
criminal and not the crime committed
a. Positivist theory c. Classical theory
b. Neo-classical theory d. Differential Association
theory
46. This theory postulates that the ordinary routines of life
present opportunities for crime
a. Functionalist theory c. Rational choice theory
b. Routine activities theory d. Control theory
47. This theory puts the focus on the process of naming
behaviors and the people that perform them
a. Functionalist theory c. Rational choice theory
b. Anomie theory d. Labeling theory
48. This type of physique has relatively predominant
muscles, bones and motor organs of the body.
a. Viscerotonic c. Endomorphic
b. Mesomorphic d. Ectomorphic
49. What law created the board of criminology in the
Philippines?
a. RA 5606 c. RA 6506
c. RA 6560 d. RA 8551
50. What theory considers crime as a natural social
phenomenon?
a. Somatotyping theory c. Positivist theory
b. Differential Association theory d. Psychoanalytic
theory
51. Which is an attempt at scientific analysis of the study of
causes or reasons for crime?
a. Penology c. Criminal psychology
b. Sociology of law d. Criminal etiology

52. Who is a person who kills three or more persons in three or

more separate events?
a. Serial killer c. Mass murderer
b. Spree killer d. Homicidal

53. This school of criminology was established based on

philosophy of utilitarianism. It was particularly founded by Cesare
Beccaria. This was known as the classical school. What is that
treatise on the legal reform that became the pillar of the school?
a. Classical School c. Essay on Crimes
b. Positivist theory d. Essay on Crimes and Punishment
54. This book contains all of the Stigma of a
potential criminal written by Lombroso on his
medical studies in the inmate of the different
prison.
a. The Criminal Mind c. Atavism
b. Atavistic d. The Criminal Man

55. Crime is caused by the rational effort of man

to augment his pleasure and to minimize his
pains is a notion coming from:
a. Positivist school c. Chicago school
b. Classical school d. Neo-classical school
56. All of the following are the description of a criminal man
according to Lombroso, except one
a. Symmetry of the face c. Abnormal dentition
b. Excessive length of arms d. Defects of the thorax

57. Which of the following is not true about the principles of

Positivism?
a. Stated that criminality is inherited
b. Criminal behavior is caused by internal by internal factors
c. Imposition of deterrence
d. Understanding criminality through the study of human behavior

58. The scientific analysis of the causes of crime

a. Criminal Behavior or Criminal Etiology
b. Sociology of law
c. Penology or Correction
d. None of these
59. Cesare Lombroso was considered as the father of Modern
Criminology and the father of the Italian School of Criminology.
Which of the following is not part of his works?
a. Identifying the three types of criminal
b. He took a scientific approach in the study of crime
c. He was the one who wrote “The Criminal Mind”
d. None of these

60. Attempting to provide a scientific analysis of the causes of

crime is a function of criminal etiology as one of the principal
divisions of criminology. What division is treating youthful
offenders?
a. Criminal etiology c. Sociology of law
b. Criminal sociology d. Penology
61. Which of the following is not included in the coverage of
criminology in terms of the theoretical field of study?
a. Sociology of crime c. meaning of crime in law to crime
b. causes of crime d. community reaction to crime

62. Which is not true about criminology?

a. considered as an applied science
b. it is stable and it varies from one time and place to another
c. study of crime as a social phenomenon
d. none of these

63. In the Criminal Justice System, government must keep

within the framework of laws that protect individual rights.
Who among these people is being process in the said
system?
a. the offended party c. law
b. justice d. accused
64. The following are those something that are left by
the perpetrator in the scene of crime which was
commonly termed as physical evidence, except
a. witness c. cadaver
b. kerosene d. prints
65. It is contaminant with the advancement of other
sciences that has been applied to it. The statement
best describes:
a. dynamic c. social condition
b. criminology d. criminalistics
66. All but one is the task of the criminal justice
system.
a. none of these c. rehabilitating offenders
b. enforce the law d. removing dangerous in the
community
67. Ex post facto law is one of the constitutional rights of
every Filipino people which means that, a person should
not be put into jeopardy where there is no effective law
forbidding the particular act, except:
a. the suspect was not yet arrested
b. the law is on favour to the offender
c. retroactive effect
d. all of these
68. The earliest broad laws existing, these edicts are based
on a retributive system of “an eye for an eye”, “a tooth for
a tooth”.
a. Lex taliones c. Code of Kalatiao
b. Code of Hammurabi d. Revised Penal Code
69. Commonly known as victimless crime
a. occasional crime c. public order crime
b. political crime d. conventional crime
70. The machinery of a state or government which enforces the
rule of conduct necessary to protect life, liberty and property and
maintain peace and order.
a. Criminal Justice System c. Criminal Justice
b. Criminal Justice Education d. Criminal Justice Research
71. All of the following except one are the concepts drawn by Lombroso
in his Positivist theory
a. Psychiatry c. Physiognomy
b. Society Darwinism d. Eugenics
72. The science of classifying human physical characteristics
a. Free will c. Positivism
b. Somatology d. Atavism
73. It may also refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the
attempt of analysing scientifically their causes and control and the
treatment of criminals
a. crime c. sociology
b. criminology d. offense
74. It is primarily based on the examination of the
relationship of demographic and group variables to crime.
a. sociological criminology c. psychiatric criminology
b. psychological criminology d. environmental
criminology
75. The study of crime focused on the group of people and
society as a whole.
a. sociological criminology c. psychiatric criminology
b. psychological criminology d. environmental
criminology
76. The science of behavior and mental processes of the
criminal. It is focused in the individual criminal behavior-how
it is acquired, evoked, maintained, modified.
a. sociological criminology c. psychiatric criminology
b. psychological criminology d. environmental
criminology
77. The science that deal with the study of crime through
forensic psychiatry, the study of criminal behavior in
terms of motives and drives that strongly relies on the
individual. (Psychoanalytic theory-Sigmund Freud-
traditional view)
a. sociological criminology c. psychiatric
criminology
b. psychological criminology d. environmental
criminology
78. It also explains that criminals are acting out of
uncontrollable animalistic, unconscious, or biological
urges (modern view).
a. sociological criminology c. psychiatric
criminology
b. psychological criminology d. environmental
criminology
79. The study of crime must always be in relation with the
existing criminal law in the territory
a. an applied science c. dynamic
b. a social science d. nationalistic
80. In as much as crime is societal creation and that it
exists in a society, its study must be considered a part
of social science.
a. an applied science c. dynamic
b. a social science d. nationalistic

81. Anthropology, psychology, sociology and other

natural sciences may be applied in the study of the
causes of crime, while chemistry, medicine, physics,
mathematics may be utilized in crime detection.
a. an applied science c. dynamic
b. a social science d. nationalistic
82. An anti-social act, an act that is punishable by special
laws (a special law is a statute enacted by Congress, penal
in character which is not an amendment of the Revised
Penal Code) such as Republic acts, Presidential decrees,
Executive orders, Memorandum circulars, Ordinances and
Rules and regulations.
a. crime c. offense
b. felony d. misdemeanor

83. Is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised

Penal Code.
a. crime c. offense
b. felony d. misdemeanor

84. Acts that are in violation of simple rules and regulations

usually referring to acts committed by minor offenders
a. crime c. offense
b. felony d. misdemeanor
85. The crime is ________ when the result of criminal acts is
destruction.
a. acquisitive c. seasonal
b. extinctive d. situational
86. Are those that are committed only at certain period of the
year
a. acquisitive c. seasonal
b. extinctive d. situational
87. Crime is one which when omitted, the offender requires
something as consequences of his criminal act.
a. acquisitive c. seasonal
b. extinctive d. situational
88. Are those that are committed only when given a situation
conducive to its commission
a. acquisitive c. seasonal
b. extinctive d. situational
89. Are those committed with intent, offender is in full
possession of his mental faculties/capabilities.
a. rational c. crimes by passion
b. irrational d. crimes by imitation
90. Are crimes committed because of the fit of great
emotions?
a. rational c. crimes by passion
b. irrational d. crimes by imitation
91. Are crimes committed by merely duplication of what was
done by others.
a. rational c. crimes by passion
b. irrational d. crimes by imitation
92. Crimes are committed without intent, offender does not
know the nature of his act.
a. rational c. crimes by passion
b. irrational d. crimes by imitation
93. Refers to crime committed through rendition of a service to satisfy desire
of another.
a. rational c. crimes by passion
b. service crime d. crimes by imitation
94. Are those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by reward or
promise.
a. active criminals c. socialized delinquent
b. passive inadequate criminals d. habitual criminals

95. Are those who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of

intelligence and lack of self-control.
a. active criminals c. socialized delinquent
b. passive inadequate criminals d. habitual criminals

96. Are criminals who commit crimes due to aggressiveness

a. active criminals
b. passive inadequate criminals
c. socialized delinquent
d. habitual criminals
97. Are criminals who are normal in behavior but defective in
their socialization process or development.
a. active criminals c. socialized delinquent
b. passive inadequate criminals d. habitual criminals

98. Is one who commits crime acted in consonance of

deliberated thinking? He plans the crime ahead of time. They
are targeted offenders.
a. active criminals c. chronic criminals
b. passive inadequate criminals d. habitual criminals

99. Is a person who, with in a period of 10 years from the date

of his release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less
serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification, is
found guilty of any of the said crimes or a third time offender.
a. active criminals c. chronic criminals
b. passive inadequate criminals d. habitual criminals
100. Is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall
have been previously convicted by final judgment of another
crime embraced in the same title of the Revised Penal Code
a. recidivist c. occasional criminal
b. criminaloid d. pseudo criminals

101. He advocated the “Human Ecology Theory”, the study of

the interrelationship of people in their Environment.
a. David Emile Durkheim c. Ernest Kretschmer
b. Sigmund Freud d. Robert Ezra Park

102. The idea of somatotyping was originated from the work

of a German psychiatrist, _______ who distinguished three
principal types of physique.
a. David Emile Durkheim c. Ernest Kretschmer
b. Sigmund Freud d. Robert Ezra Park
103. A type of body physique with relatively predominance of soft,
roundness throughout the regions of the body. They have low specific
gravity. Persons with typically relaxed and comfortable disposition.
a. endomorphy c. ectomorphy
b. mesomorphy d. none of these

104. Athletic type, predominance of muscle, bone and connective

tissue, normally heavy, hard and firm, sting and tough. They are the
people who are routinely active and aggressive, and they are the most
likely to commit crimes.
a. endomorphy c. ectomorphy
b. mesomorphy d. none of these

105. Thin physique, flat chest, delicacy through the body, slender,
poorly muscled. They tend to look more fatigue and withdrawn.
a. endomorphy c. ectomorphy
b. mesomorphy d. none of these
106. It is the killing of four or more victims at one location with one
event.
a. serial murder c. spree murder
b. mass murder d. murder
107. The killing of in two or more locations with almost no time break
between murders.
a. serial murder c. spree murder
b. mass murder d. murder
108. Is the unlawful killing of human being with malice and with the
“act of violence”
a. serial murder c. spree murder
b. mass murder d. murder
109. Those who live in cultures which violence is an acceptable
problem mechanism.
a. culturally violent offenders
b. criminally violent offenders
c. pathological violent offenders
b. criminally violent offenders
d. situational violent offenders
110. Those who use violence as a means to accomplish
criminal acts.
a. culturally violent offenders c. pathological violent
offenders
b. criminally violent offenders d. situational violent
offenders
111. Those who commit acts of violence on rare occasions,
often under provocations. They are the criminals by
passion.
a. culturally violent offenders c. pathological violent
offenders
b. criminally violent offenders d. situational violent
offenders
112. Those who commit violent crimes due to mental
disturbances.
a. culturally violent offenders c. pathological violent
offenders
b. criminally violent offenders d. situational violent
offenders
113. An attack or assault of an adult against the defenceless
or people who cannot defend themselves, usually by a parent
to a child.
a. child abuse c. child trafficking
b. child neglectd. child prostitution

114. Crimes that is committed when members of a group are

prevented from achieving their fullest potential because of
status basis.
a. hate crimes c. violent crimes
b. crimes of repression d. discriminative crimes

115. A branch of criminology that examines change in

behavior in criminal career over the life course.
a. strain theory c. developmental theory
b. differential association theory d. biosocial theory
116. Refers to morbid propensity to make love.
a. erotomania c. logomacy
b. megalomania d. dipsomania
117. He developed a system of classifying
criminals according to bodily measurements, his
method of identification centered on the fact that
no two individuals are alike in all dimensions.
a. Dr. Charles Goring c. RH Goddard
b. Alphonse Bertillon d. John Howard
118. The study of victimology, which deals on the
role of the victim in the commission of a crime is
also referred to as:
a. crime target c. criminal ecology
b. criminal anthropology d. criminal psychology
119. The study of the relationship between facial features and
human conduct of a person in relation to his crimes.
a. craniology c. physiognomy
b. phrenologyd. all of these
120. The following are the so called the holy three of
criminology except
a. Lombroso c. Ferri
b. Cesare d. Garofalo

121. In general, crime exists when these three elements are

present at the same time and place for a crime to happen.
I. Environment IV. Instumentalities
II. Opportunities V. Motives
III. Heredity VI. Behavior

a. I, II, III c. II,IV, V

b. IV, V, VI d. I, III, VI
122. Who coined the word Criminology?
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Rafaelle Garofalo
b. Paul Topinard d. Cesare Lombroso
123. Who is the father of the criminal statistic?
a. Quetelet c. Comte
b. Lombroso d. Bonger
124. This theory holds that people learn criminal attitudes
and behavior while in their adolescence from close and
trusted friends and/or relatives.
a. neutralization theory c. theory of anomie
b. culture conflict theory d. differential association
theory
125. The application of physical and natural sciences both
in criminal investigation and crime detection.
a. criminal justice system c. criminology
b. criminalistics d. criminal
126. In 1940’s criminology has been attacked and
questioned for its fitness as a science. Among the list, who
questioned the adequacy of criminology as a science?
a. George L. Wilmer c. George L. Wilber
b. George L. Wilker d. George L. Wilder

127. Criminology is also related to the study of ________

behavior or those actions that depart from social norms,
values, beliefs, and customs.
a. deviant c. delinquency
b. abnormal d. violent

128. The act known as the Code of Conduct and Ethical

Standards for Public Officials and Employees
a. RA 6975 c. RA 6713
b. RA 8551 d. RA 7160
129. What is another term for labeling theory?
a. Social reaction theory c. Social learning theory
b. Social control theory d. Social process theory
130. Insanity is abnormal mental or behavioural pattern
which is an exempting circumstance in a criminal case,
aside from the insane who can invoke exempting
circumstances?
a.neurotic c. imbecile
b. schizophrenic d. epileptic
131. Known as the mother of criminals
a. Margaret Juke c. Ada Juke
b. Ada Kallikak d. Ada Edwards
132. This personality system controls the gateway to
action
a. alter ego c. ego
b. Id d. superego
133. Sheldon noted that this type of physique have relatively
predominant muscles, bone, and motor organs of the body.
a. Endomorphic c. Ectomorph
b. Mesomorphic d. Viscerotonic
134. What theory focuses on the genetic factors of causes of
crime?
a. classical c. psychological
b. biological d. sociological
135. The study of criminology that involves the use of
knowledge and concept of other sciences and field of study
which makes the study of criminology
a. dynamic c. social science
b. nationalistic d. an applied science
136. Crimes are committed either by dolo or deceit or by
a. culpa c. fault
b. intent d. both a and c
137. Group of urban sociologists who studied the
relationship between environmental conditions and crime
a. classical school c. neo-classical school
b. Chicago school d. positive school
138. He is recognized as the first codifier of laws
a. Drakon c. Solon
b. the Hittites d. Hammurabi
139. Who stated that crime is normal in a society?
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Emile Durkheim
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Enrico Ferri
140. A sexual relationship between persons closely
related by blood.
a. incest c. masochism
b. sadism d. rape
141. The law that provides Board Examination for
Criminologists in the Philippines
a. RA 6975 c. RA 6506
b. RA 8551 d. RA 8353
142. This school of thought in criminology states that
although individuals have self-rule, there are other factors
that affect the exercise of their autonomy which cause
them commit crime
a. neo-classical c. classical
b. utilitarianism d. positivist
143. It is the breakdown of social order
a. synomie c. anomie
b. anarchy d. chaos
144. This is a theory by Robert Merton which assumes that
people are law abiding but under great pressure, they will
resort to crime
a. strain theory c. cultural deviance
b. social learning d. anomie
145. His great contributions to criminology is the principles
of utilitarianism and felicific calculus
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Cesare Lombroso
b. Jeremy Bentham d. Emile Durkheim
146. He profounded the theory of evolution that inspired
the now known father of criminology to develop the theory
of atavism.
a. Cesare Lombroso c. Cesare Beccaria
b. Charles Goring d. Charles Darwin
147. Cesare Lombroso classified this type of criminal with 5
or more atavistic stigma
a. born criminal type c. criminaloid
b. insane d. pseudo-criminal
148. These are crimes which are wrong from their very
nature.
a. heinous crime c. serious crime
b. mala in se d. mala prohibita
149. These are crimes which are wrong only
because there are laws that prohibit them in order
to regulate an orderly society.
a. heinous crime c. serious crime
b. mala in se d. mala prohibita

150. He is the Father of Modern and Empirical

Criminology
a. Cesare Lombroso c. Cesare Beccaria
b. Charles Goring d. Charles Darwin