Urban Land Use Models

Patterns of Urban Land Use

Learning objectives:
·To learn the six different land use areas a city can be split into.
·To identify reasons for these areas' location in the city.

Starter:

How many different words can you make from the letters in the
word...

... 'settlement hierarchy'

 Urban Vs Rural Settlement
Which one? Which one?
Rural Settlement?
 Urban Land Use Models
Definitions:
• Urban-an area of land which is covered in
many buildings eg. Town or city.
• Land use- this refers to what the land is used
for e.g. industry, residential, transport etc.
• Model- A simplification of a very complex
issue.
• Morphology-used to describe the layout of an
urban area and the way in which the land uses
are arranged.
 Land use models
in Towns and Cities
1.Burgess
(concentric model)

2. Hoyt (sector model)

 Burgess Model

Claimed that:-
• all towns and cities had a Central
Business District in the centre.
• He used Chicago as an example.
• Towns grew outwards in a
concentric pattern.
 Hoyt Model

• Based his model on the

development of public
transport.
• Urban areas grew in sectors or
wedges alongside main
transport routes.
 Factors influencing land use
• Land values and space- competition is
greatest in the CBD so land values are
highest.
• Age- older buildings are nearer the CBD
and the newest ones are on the
outskirts.
• Accessibility- The CBD is the most
accessible part of the city.
• Wealth of people-poorer people tend to
live in cheaper housing nearer the CBD.
 Characteristics of land use zones
• CBD- Central Business District
• Wholesale light manufacturing
• Low class residential
• Middle class residential
• High class residential
Activity: Get photos for each zone and stick in
your notebook
Which city?
What are the main characteristics of a CBD?

How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in the

next four slides?
 What typical
characteristics
of a CBD are
shown here?
The Tallest Buildings
Why? Public Buildings eg.
Parliament/Town Hall

Busy – lots of pedestrians

Markets
 Purpose built shopping
centres providing
undercover shopping
experience

Big Department Stores and

National Chain Stores –
why?

What typical
characteristics
of a CBD are
shown here?
 What typical
characteristics
of a CBD are
shown here?

Some of the oldest

buildings

Very accessible – public

transport & traffic
Historic/ old street pattern – management required
often some narrow streets due to congestion.
 Entertainment – e.g.
restaurants

Entertainment e.g. pubs

What typical
characteristics
of a CBD are
shown here?
Entertainment e.g. cinemas
(although increasingly these are
moving further out of town)
 Learning objectives

• To describe the
characteristics of inner
city zones
THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2)
Also known as the Twilight or Transition
Zone
 Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model – THE INNER CITY

Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area

Typical style of housing in the Inner City

When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up?
• Developed during the 19th century –
due to rapid expansion of industry
(led to the demand for workers)
• As more moved to the cities – there
was a demand for low cost houses
for the workers
• This resulted in high-density cheap
housing (fitting as many houses as
possible in a small area
• People had to live close to work
due to lack of transport
 Characteristics of Inner City areas

19th Century Terraced Housing Industry – large factories built during the
industrial revolution (now some knocked
down / converted)

Canals and Railways Main Roads (often now ring roads

taking traffic out of CBDs)
Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas
• High Density Housing

• Mainly terraced (some back to back)

• Built in Long Straight Rows

• Front doors opening onto the street

• Few Amenities (little or no sanitation

(often built with toilet in Back Yard

• Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older

people and unemployed (lower income
groups)

• Mainly private / rented

INNER AND OUTER SUBURBS
Reasons for Growth of the Suburbs

1. Better public transport and

increased car ownership meant
people could separate work from
where they live.
2. Building societies provided
mortgages making it easier to buy
homes
3. People were better off and looking for
a better living environment.
 Inner suburbs
Inner Suburbs - residential area surrounding
the inner city, characterized by semi-
detached houses and tree-lined streets
• Although some inter-war housing was built
as estates, ribbon development, along main
roads into the city was common
• Compared to the inner city there is much
greater owner-occupancy as people bought
their own homes.
 Outer suburbs
• Outer Suburbs - residential area towards the edge
of a city, characterized by larger often detached
houses and modern housing estates.
• Residential development on this outer fringe forms
the outer suburbs
• There are also many private residential estates
• There is more open space available and a much
higher quality living environment.
• The houses are large and usually either semi-
detached or detached.
 The Rural-Urban Fringe
• Use the glossary pages in your textbook to
define the rural-urban fringe.
• What are the benefits of the rural-urban fringe
for economic development?
 RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

This has led to conflict due to different land-uses wanting

to locate here (see diagram for examples)
 Conflict at the Rural Urban Fringe
What conflicts will arise with the following
groups of people about how to use the rural-
urban fringe?
1. Environmentalist
2. Investor
3. Resident in the suburbs
4. Shopper
5. Government
 Changes in Urban Land Use
• All the land use zones have
undergone change.
• The change has been brought about
by a number of factors:
 Reasons for change in the CBD
• To reduce traffic • To improve the look of
congestion. the CBD.
• To segregate shoppers
and traffic
• To create a safer and
more pleasant
environment.
• To increase the leisure
facilities especially for
evenings.
 What has been done?
• Sitting areas have been provided, planting of
flower beds.
• Cafes with outside tables, small restaurants
and theme parks.
• Employing more staff to ensure that the place
is clean.
Changes in the Inner City
 Problems in Inner City Areas
1. Industrial Decline 6. Overcrowding

2. High unemployment 7. Lack of Open Space

3. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore 8. Lack of Parking Spaces

and led to vandalism
9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories /
4. High Crime Rates traffic)

5. Poor Quality Housing 10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)

CASE STUDY

LONDON DOCKLANDS
LOCATION: East End of London – 12 mile stretch downstream, includes Tower Hamlets,
Greenwich, Newham and Southwark

A Case Study of Urban Redevelopment / Renewal

THE LONDON DOCKLANDS

THE LONDON DOCKLANDS Pre 1950s
During the 19th Century – and up to the 1950s,
London’s port was the busiest in the world, however
even before the 1950s, the area was starting to lose
trade.
 THE DOCKS BEFORE
REDEVELOPMENT
Source: http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/
AFTER…… Mudchute City Farm

Canary Wharf – Docklands Light Railway

The Dome

Canary Wharf

CANARY WHARF – Construction and final! HSBC Building

 PROBLEMS IN THE LONDON DOCKLANDS IN THE 1980s
Shopping – many Transport – narrow
small stores / corner congested roads –
shops – no modern many heavy lorries
shopping centres – parking a
problem
Employment – decline of
industries resulting in loss of
jobs & high unemployment
Open Space – virtually
none – almost all land
developed – few leisure
Industry – over half of amenities
Docklands was derelict –
many empty factories /
warehouses – the docks
themselves were unused
Housing – mainly high density
– terraced houses – up to 100
yrs old – Houses were small –
lacked modern amenities. But
there was a strong “East
Enders” community spirit
CAUSES OF DECLINE IN THE LONDON DOCKLANDS
1. The increasing size of ships meant they found it difficult
to come as far down the River Thames as the Isle of
Dogs (The position of the docks moved further
downstream e.g. Tilbury)
2. Manufacturing declined and many portside industries
closed.
3. Tower blocks / low quality housing built in the 1950s and
1960s to replace the housing damaged during the
Second World War.
4. Containerization meant fewer dockers were needed as
cranes were used to lift containers from the ships
WHO HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN HELPING WITH THE REGENERATION
PROCESS?
• Local Housing Association – obtained home improvement grants
• LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation) – responsible
for planning and redevelopment of the Docklands area.
• National Government – created Isle of Dogs enterprise zone – offering
financial help and reduced rates
• Property Developers – built large office blocks – e.g. Canary Wharf
• Conservation Groups – created schemes to improve the environment
• Newham Council – built low-cost housing / upgraded properties.
LONDON DOCKLANDS – REDEVELOPMENT – Solving the Problems
Have a go at sorting these into Social, Economic and Environmental Solutions
Improved transport Huge new office Over 20,000 new houses
links – e.g. new roads blocks like canary & flats were built
(including link to M1 wharf were built (including luxury flats) –
and the building of and many old terraces
the Docklands Light City airport was built have been cleared /
Railway in the Royal Docks renovated
Financial and High £100 million was New shopping centres
tech industries were spent on education, were developed, a
attracted to the area health and training national indoor sports
as the LDDC Conservation areas arena and a marina for
promised low rates – were created and watersports as well as a
e.g. Stock Exchange waterside walks and hotel / conference centre
& newspapers and cycle paths were (EXCEL)
TV studios. built. Mudchute city Employment doubled
The National farm was opened. 1981-1996
government created Derelict land was (unemployment fell) – by
enterprise zones – reclaimed, 200 000 1999, 16,000 new jobs
promising low rates trees were planted and had been created.
to businesses parkland was created
HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE LONDON DOCKLAND REDEVELOPMENT?
Read through the following and try and identify the winners and losers

Diagram Source: Westoby, G – New Wider World Foundation Edition – Teacher Resources
URBANISATION IN MEDCs
CAUSES
CONSEQUENCES
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
 Consequences of Urbanisation in
MEDC’s
• Traffic Congestion
• Shortage of housing
• Pollution- air, water, land (especially problems
with waste disposal).
• Any other?
A CASE STUDY OF URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

CAMBRIDGE - UK
 CAUSES OF TRAFFIC PROBLEMS IN
CAMBRIDGE
• CBD – oldest part of city – road network originally built for horse-
drawn traffic – not able to cope with high traffic flows (many narrow
roads)

• Increased car ownership over the last 50 years with increasing

wealth

• Last 40 years – decrease in rail services & more people on the road

• Commuter traffic increasingly a problem (people travelling into the

city to work)

• More people travelling in for shopping / entertainment

 What are the Traffic Problems in Cambridge?
• Heavy Traffic Congestion – particularly in rush hours – make
deliveries / people late

• Movement of traffic slow in narrow streets

• High volume of through traffic

• High pollution levels from exhaust (particularly in hot summer

conditions)
• Lost work hours (workers increasingly late due to congestion) –
costs employers

• Shortage of Parking

• Problems for emergency services trying to get

through congested streets
What are the solutions to traffic problems in Cambridge?

MULTI-STOREY CAR
PARKS
e.g. Lion Yard (Cambridge)
Grafton Centre Parking etc.
Gonville Place etc.

Why needed?
CYCLE LANES
And
BUS LANES
Why?
ONE WAY STREETS
e.g. Downing Street
Why?
RISING BOLLARDS
Why?
e.g. outside Kings College Chapel
TRAFFIC CALMING IN
RESIDENTIAL AREAS
e.g. forced Give Way
Speed reducing bollards etc.

Why needed?
PARK AND RIDE
e.g. Trumpington
Cowley Road
Madingley Road

Why?
PEDESTRIANISED
AREAS
e.g. Sidney Street
Trinity Street etc.

Why needed?
Other Traffic Management Measures:
• M11 / A14 forming N-S and E-W City Bypasses – taking
through traffic around the town (allows more continuous /
faster flowing traffic in town)
• Increase Car Parking Fees (discourage traffic in centre –
encourage use of public transport)

Possible solutions in the future:

• Road Pricing – e.g. like the congestion charge in London
• Encouraging car-sharing etc.

.
APPLYING THE LAND-USE
MODEL TO ST IVES
THE CBD
THE CBD
THE CBD
THE INNER CITY
THE INNER CITY
THE INNER CITY
THE INNER SUBURBS
THE INNER SUBURBS
THE INNER SUBURBS
THE OUTER SUBURBS
THE OUTER SUBURBS
RETAIL ON RURAL-URBAN
FRINGE
INDUSTRY ON RURAL-URBAN
FRINGE
 URBAN LAND-USE TRANSECT IN ST IVES

CBD Inner City Inner Suburbs Outer Suburbs Industry

Tallest High Density Semi- Low density Rural-urban

Buildings detached housing fringe
Terraced
Shops housing Industry
Housing Large
Entertainment Some detached
Some old Retail Units
greenery houses
High Land factories Car parking
Values Gardens Garages space
Gardens

Examples:
Market Hill East Street Green Leys Burleigh Hill Rainbow