ALLOYS

Reporters: Da-anoy, Obas

 Content
● What is an alloy?
● Types of Alloying
● Aim in Making Alloys
● Mechanical Properties
● Thermal Properties
● Classification of Alloys and their Properties
● Production of Alloys
TRIVIA!
What is the first alloy
made?
 TRIVIA!
What is the hardest alloy?

Hint: Composed of 3 elements

Use in the construction of Aircraft and
Spacecraft
 What is an alloy?

Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed

position in which the dominant component are metals.

Examples:
● Bronze
● Brass
● Steel
● Stainless steel
● Duralumin
Types of Alloying

Interstitial
Where the alloy elements are located in spaces
between atoms in the unit cell. For instance, when carbon (with
atomic radius 0.129 nm, is added to iron (0.075 nm), the carbon
fits into the gap between the Fe atoms (interstitial site). The
solubility depends on the size of these gaps and the crystal
structure.
Types of Alloying

Substitutional
Where the alloying elements are located in vacancies
in the unit cell. An atom of one element substitutes for another
in the crystal structure.
 Aims in Making the Alloys

● To increase the hardness and strength of metals.

● To prevent corrosion
● To improve the appearance of the metal surface.
 Mechanical
Properties
Mechanical properties of an alloy are how the metal performs
when different forces are applied to them.
 Conductivity
Thermal conductivity is a measure of the quantity
of heat that flows through a material.Materials with low
thermal conductivity may be used as insulators, those
with high thermal conductivity may be a heat sink.
Metals that exhibit high thermal conductivity would be
candidates for use in applications like heat exchangers
or refrigeration.
Corrosion Resistant
Corrosion resistance describes a material’s ability
to prevent natural chemical or electro-chemical attack
by atmosphere, moisture or other agents. Corrosion
takes many forms including pitting, galvanic reaction,
stress corrosion, parting, inter-granular, and others.
 Density
The density of an alloy will be different than that of
a pure metal, depending on the alloying element used.
However, alloys with both a higher and lower density
can have lower malleability. Alloys are denser than
pure metals because they are a solid composite material
that contains at least two different chemical elements. It
is also because the different types of alloy atoms are
arranged somewhat similarly to atoms in a liquid
solution.
Ductility/Malleability
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform
plastically (that is, stretch) without fracturing and retain
the new shape when the load is removed.
Malleability, a physical property, describes a
metal’s ability to be formed without breaking. Pressure,
or compressive stress, is used to press or roll the
material into thinner sheets. A material with high
malleability will be able to withstand higher pressure
without breaking.
 Hardness
Hardness is defined as a material’s ability to resist
permanent indentation (that is plastic deformation).
Typically, the harder the material, the better it resists
wear or deformation. The term hardness, thus, also
refers to local surface stiffness of a material or its
resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting.
Toughness
Represents a material’s ability to absorb impact
without fracturing at a given temperature. Since impact
resistance is often lower at low temperatures, materials
may become more brittle. Charpy values are
commonly prescribed in ferrous alloys where the
possibilities of low temperatures exist in the
application or where instantaneous loading is a
consideration.
 Thermal
Properties
Melting Range
The different sizes of atoms in an alloy make their
arrangement less regular than a pure metal. This makes
the bonds between the atoms weaker, and lowers the
melting point. Alloys have higher resistivity than their
constituent metals because of the following reasons:
Alloys have high melting and boiling points. Alloys do
not get oxidized easily. In alloys, higher resistivity is
caused by the additional scattering of electrons known
as alloy scattering.
Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of all alloys increases
with increasing temperature up to 300 °C. Alloys,
which are a combination of different metallic elements,
tend to offer a lower level of thermal conductivity than
pure metals.
Thermal Diffusivity
High diffusivity means heat transfers rapidly. It
was found that the thermal diffusivity decreased with
an increasing temperature.
 Classification of Alloys and their properties
Two Main Groups
1. Ferrous
- alloys that contains Iron
- magnetic in nature
-extremely versatile

2. Non-ferrous
- alloy s that do not contain iron
-high density
- electrical conductivity
 Examples of Alloys
Alloys Components

Bronze Zinc+Copper

Brass Copper+Tin

Steel Iron+Manganese

Stainless Steel Chromium+Carbon

Duralumin Aluminum+Magnesium+Manganese+Copper

Cast Iron Iron+Silicon

Pewter Mostly Tin

Solder Tin + Lead

Monel Nickel+Copper
 Alloy Components

Carbon Steel Carbon+Manganese

Cupronickel Bronze+Copper+Nickel

Magnalium Magnesium+Nickel+Tin

Nichrome Nickel+Chromium+Iron

Alnico Iron+Aluminum+Nickel+Cobalt

Nickel Silver Nickel+Copper+Zinc

Aluminium Copper+Zinc+Magnesium+Silicon+
Manganese+Lithium
 Alloys Applications

Steel: Low carbon content Bolts, nuts, pressure vessels

Steel:Medium carbon content gears, axel, levers

Steel turbines, furnaces

Copper cartridges, auto-radiator, coins

Titanium Aerospace, Industrial, Marine, and

Applications of
Commercial Applications
Different Alloys
Noble Metals:Silver, Gold, Platinum, Jewelry, Catalyst, Dental Materials
Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium
and Osmium
 Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
Common Alloy is Steel. Below are the phases of Iron-Carbon System of
Steel:
1. Ferrite ɑ phase: BCC crystalline phase
2. Austenite ϒ : FCC crystalline phase
3. δ phase: high temperature BCC crystalline phase
4. Cementite or Carbide Fe3C: mixture
5. Pearlite: Layered two phase mixture generated by transforming to ferrite and
carbide by the eutectoid reaction
ϒ→ɑ +Fe3C
6. Martensite: a non-equilibrium phase in steels formed by rapid cooling of
austenite. Structure trapped between BCC and FCC, which results in body
centered tetragonal applications.
7. Bainite: Mixture of ferrite and cementite formed by isothermal
transformation of austenite under selected conditions.
 Production
of Alloys
CASTING, ROLLING, EXTRUSION AND FORGING
 CASTING
A fabrication process in which a
completely molten material is poured into
a mold having the desired shape. Upon
solidification, the metal assumes the shape
of the mold but experiences some
shrinkage. Moreover, casting gives good
production of shapes, but produces weaker
products with internal defects.
EXTRUSION
Forming of a material through plastic
deformation, a bar of metal is force
through a die orifice by a compressive
force that is applied to a ram. The
extruded piece that emerges results to its
desired shape with a reduced cross-
sectional area.
 FORGING
Controlled deformation of metals into
specific shapes using compressive forces.
Forces are applied through tools and dies
that is mainly driven by hammers which
deform the workpiece by high velocity
impacts, or by presses which deform the
workpiece by controlled high pressures.
HOT AND COLD ROLLING
consist of passing a piece of metal
between two roll. Results in a reduction in
thickness due to compressive stresses
exerted by the rolls. Mostly used in
production of sheets, strips, and foils with
high-quality surface finish.
DRAWING
Cold working process typically used to
make wire, in which a metal rod (such as
copper) is pulled through a carbide nib.
References:
● https://www.metaltek.com/blog/how-to-evaluate-materials-p
roperties-to-consider/?fbclid=IwAR23KCs8P4SrdAi8Mdl-i1
1cpH-LYoznkj9OJhly8YBEypTh9HVTU58d4qI