RIZAL’S ESSAYS, SPEECHES

AND LETTERS
 Memoria de un Estudyante de Manila
•Written in 1879 to 1881 (aged 17- 20)
this is the memoirs of reminiscences
of Jose Rizal as a student using P.
Jacinto as Pen name.
 Memoria de un Estudyante de Manila
1. Childhood Days
2. Biñan Days
3. His mother’s imprisonment
4&5 As a student in Manila
6. Segunda Katigbak
7. Fable of the young and old moth
 El Amor Patrio
• The Love of Country by Laong Laan, 1882 August 20,
Diariong Tagalog
• Aim to establish Patriotism and Nationalism among
the natives. It was also intended for Rizal’s compatriot
in Spain, as nationalism should be exercised anywhere
a person is.
 Revista De Madrid
• (Review of Madrid), 1882 November 29
(Unpublished)
 Pensamiento De un Filipino
•(Reflection of a Filipino), 1883-1885,
Madrid, Spain
•it talks about the ongoing conflict
between Spanish friars and Filipino
Liberals.
 Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo
•Speech given at Restaurante Ingles, Madrid, on June
25, 1884, in honour of Juan Luna, winner of a gold
medal for his painting El Expoliarium and Felix
Resureccion Hidalgo, winner of a silver medal for his
painting.
• the speech made by Rizal to commemorate the two
and that the achievement of the Filipinos was a sign for
equality and freedom to the country.
Historia De La Familia Rizal De Calamba
•History of The Rizal Family of
Calamba, London
 Ang Liham ni Dr. Jose Rizal sa mga Kadalagahan sa
Malolos, Bulacan
• (To the Young Women of Malolos, Bulacan) 1889 February,London
• Written in Tagalog, this essay directly addressed to the women of
Malolos, Bulacan was written as a response to Marcelo H. Del
Pilar’s request. Rizal was greatly impressed by the bravery of the 20
young women of Malolos who were planning to establish a school
where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe
Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos.
 Los Agricultores Filipinos
• (The Filipino Farmers), 1889 March 25, La Solidaridad
• A depiction of the deplorable conditions of the Filipino
farmers in the Philippines.
• the letter is a bold expression of the desirefor rich
fairness and justice to those who were in the
marginalized sector of society, the farmers.
 A La Defensa
•(To La Defensa), 1889 April 30, La
Solidaridad
• this essay is Rizal's response to
accusations against him and his fellow
propagandists.
 Los Viajes
•(The Travels) by Laong Laan, 1889 May 15, La
Solidaridad
• The benefits for people who are well-traveled.
• Laong Laan, a pseudonym often used by José Rizal,
may have explored how travel broadens one's
perspectives, enhances cultural understanding, and
fosters personal growth.
 La Verdad Para Todos
•(The Truth for All), 1889 May 31, La Solidaridad
• An argument against the Spanish charges that the
natives were ignorant and depraved.
•In "The Truth for All," the authors likely highlighted
the rich cultural heritage, intellectual achievements,
and moral virtues of the Filipino people.
 Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo
• (Vicente Barrantes’ Tagalog Theater) 1889 June 15, La Solidaridad
• An exposition of Barrantes’ lack of knowledge on the Tagalog
theatrical art. In 1888, Vicente Barrantes, twice a colonial official in
Spanish Philippines, published an essay on the Tagalog theater. A
year later, it provoked a strongly worded rebuttal from Jose Rizal.
• In the exposition, Rizal and possibly other Filipino intellectuals
likely pointed out the inaccuracies, biases, and
misunderstandings present in Barrantes' essay.
Estado de religiosidad de los pueblos en Filipinas
• (The Religiosity of the Filipino People).
• In this essay, Rizal likely dissected the various aspects of
Spanish Catholicism that influenced Filipino society,
including the role of the friars in the administration of the
Church.
• He made clear in his essay that he doesn’t opposed the church
but rather the friars running it. He also emphasized on how
important education is during his time.
 Verdades Nuevas
• (New Facts/ New Truths), 1889 July 31, La Solidaridad
• A reply to the letter of Vicente Belloc Sanchez which was published
on July 4, 1889 in ‘La Patria’, a Madrid newspaper. Rizal argued
against Sanchez’s allegation that provision of reforms to the
Philippines would destroy the diplomatic rule of the friars.
• Rizal may have argued that the provision of reforms to the
Philippines was essential for the advancement and well-being of
the Filipino people.
 Ona Profanacion
• (A Desecration/ A Profanation), 1889 July 31, La Solidaridad
• An attack to the friars for refusing to give Mariano Herbosa,
Rizal's brother in law, who died of cholera in May 23, 1889 a
Christian burial.
• In this scathing critique, Rizal or other Filipino intellectuals
likely denounced the friars' refusal to provide Mariano
Herbosa with a proper Christian burial as a heinous act of
discrimination and religious intolerance.
 Crueldad
•Cruelty), 1889 August 15, La Solidaridad
• A defense of Blumentritt from the libelous attacks of
his enemies.
•In this article, the authors likely refuted the false
accusations and malicious rumors spread by
Blumentritt's enemies, who sought to undermine his
reputation and credibility.
 Diferencias
• (Differences), 1889 September 15, La Solidaridad
• An argument against the article “Old Truths,” which was printed
in La Patria on August 14, 1889. “Old Truths” scorned those
Filipinos who asked for reforms.
• In "Differences," the authors likely contested the perspective
presented in "Old Truths," arguing that the call for reforms was
not a sign of disloyalty but rather a manifestation of genuine
concern for the welfare and progress of the Filipino people.
 Inconsequencias
• (Inconsequences), 1889 November 30, La Solidaridad
• A defense for Antonio Luna against the attacks of the
Spanish Pablo Mir Deas in the Barcelona newspaper “El
Pueblo Soberano”.
• In "Inconsequences," the authors likely refuted the
accusations and criticisms leveled against Luna by Pablo
Mir Deas, highlighting Luna's patriotism, courage, and
dedication to the cause of Philippine liberation.
 Llanto Y Risas
• (Tears and Laughter), 1889 November 30, La Solidaridad
• A condemnation of the racial prejudice of the Spanish against the
brown race. Rizal recalled that he earned first prize in a literary
contest in 1880 but such honor was taken away from him because
he had a brown skin complexion.
• "Tears and Laughter" likely served as a poignant critique of racial
prejudice and discrimination, drawing attention to the injustices
faced by the brown race in colonial Philippines and advocating for
social change and equality.
 Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos
•The Philippines a Century Hence
• This essay, published in La Solidaridad starts by
analyzing the various causes of the mesiries
suffered by the Filipino people.
•Dr. Rizal wrote this to forecast the future of the
country within a hundred years.
 Ingratitudes”
• (Ingratitude), 1890 January 15, La Solidaridad
• In the article, the authors likely refuted Governor General
Weyler's characterization of the Calamba tenants as
ungrateful, arguing that it was the duty of the colonial
administration to address the grievances and injustices
faced by the Filipino people, rather than resorting to
accusations and blame-shifting.
 Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala”
• (On The New Orthography of the Tagalog Language), 1890
April 15, La Solidaridad
• An advocacy of a new spelling in Tagalog. It lays down the
rules of the new Tagalog orthography and gives credit to Dr.
Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of Sanskrit in the
Tagalog Language which was published in Paris in 1884.
 Cosas de Filipina
•(Things about the Philippines) 1890 April 30,
La Solidaridad
•authors may have discussed topics such as
colonial governance, resistance movements,
economic development, social inequalities,
cultural traditions, and intellectual pursuits.
 Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipino
• (On The Indolence of the Filipinos) 1890 July 15, La
Solidaridad
• longest essay
• to defend the Filipinos against the accusation of Mr.
Sanciano that the Filipinos are indolent. this is due to the
observation of Sanciano to a Filipino farmer who was
having a siesta at nine o’clock in the morning because he
was already done on his work.
 Come Se Gobiernan las Filipinas
• (How the Philippines is Governed) 1890 December 15, La
Solidaridad
• the authors may have discussed the hierarchical nature of
colonial rule, highlighting the various institutions and
officials involved in the administration of the Philippines.
This could have included an analysis of the roles and
responsibilities of the Governor-General, the colonial
bureaucracy, local government officials, and the military.
 1890-91 & Tao
•1890-91 & Tao" is a Tagalog translation of "The
Rights of Man," which originated from the French
Revolution in 1789.
• It played a significant role in shaping modern
concepts of human rights and democratic
governance.
 A La Nacion Espanola
•(To the Spanish Nation), 1891, Hong Kong
•An appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs
which the Spanish government and clergy
had done to the Calamba tenants.
 Sa Mga Kababayan
•To My Countrymen), 1891 December,
Hong Kong
•The Calamba agrarian situation.
 Una Visita a La Victoria Gaol
•(A Visit to Victoria Gaol), 1892 March 2, Hong
Kong Remarks: An account of Rizal's visit to
the colonial prison of Hong Kong. Rizal
compares the harsh Spanish prison system
with the humane and modern British prison
system.
 Colonizacién Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles
De Iles Philippines”
• (Colonization of British North Borneo by
Families from The Philippine Islands)
•1892, HongKong
•Rizal ideas on the North Borneo
colonization project.
 Estatuto de la L. FE. (Liga Filipina)
• (The Constitution of La Liga Filipina), 1892 .
• La Liga Filipina was a civic organization founded by the
Philippine National Hero, Jose Rizal in July 3, 1892 in Tondo,
Manila. As the founder and consultant of the said
organization, Rizal also prepared the Constitution of La Liga
Filipina (La Constitucién de La Liga Filipina). (“La Liga
Filipina Constitution Wikipilipinas: The Hip ‘n Free Philippine
Encyclopedia,” 2017)
 Manifesto a Algunos Filipinos”
• (Manifesto to Certain Filipinos) 1896
December 15, Fort Santiago
•Rizal Issues a Manifesto to Proclaim his
Innocence on December 15, 1896 during his
incarceration in Fort Santiago.