DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : P.M. Kalyani
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : ECE
Institute : GPT, Ananthapur
Year/Semester : 1 st-year
Subject : Electronic components and devices

Subject Code : EC-105

Topic : Semiconductor Diode
Duration : 50 mts
Sub Topic : Formation of n-type semiconductor
Teaching Aids :EC105.117
ppt,animations
to 118 1
OBJECTIVES
On completion of this period, you would be
able to understand

• What is doping?

• What is a hole?

• About Extrinsic semiconductor.

• Formation of n- type semiconductor.

EC105.117 to 118 2
Recap

We have already discussed in previous class

Trivalent impurities as

• Boron.

• Gallium.

• Indium.

EC105.117 to 118 3
DOPING

● Doping is the process of adding impurities to the pure

semiconductor.

● Doped semiconductors are called as extrinsic

semiconductor.

● Impurities are either

Pentavalent atoms.
or
Trivalent atoms.

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EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR

• We add an impurities to pure semiconductor to

increase charge carriers.

• This form is called as extrinsic semiconductor.

• In extrinsic semiconductor charge carriers increases

with out breaking covalent band.

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● Pentavalent atoms have FIVE valance electrons.

● These impurities donate electrons to conduction

band of semiconductor atoms.

● So they are called as DONORS.

● Examples:-

Phosphorous.
Arsenic.
Antimony.

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● Atomic number of phosphorus is 15. Therefore no. of
electrons in phosphorus is 15.

Outer most orbit &

its electrons

Fig 1

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• Trivalent atoms have THREE valance electron.

• These atoms accept electrons from semiconductors.

• So they are called as ACCEPTORS.

• Examples:-

Aluminum.

Boron.

Gallium.

Indium.
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● Atomic number of aluminum is 13.

Fig 2

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HOLE:-

● Absence of an electron in covalent band.

● Positively charged particles is called as a hole.

● Hole can be produced by

Thermal energy,
Or by Doping.

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• Pure semiconductors are divided into two types
depending on type of impurities added.

N-type

P-type

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N-type Semiconductor

• When we add a pentavalent impurity to pure

semiconductor we get n-type semiconductor.

Pure
N-type
As Si
si

Fig 3

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 N – Type Semiconductor

Si Si • Arsenic has 5 valance electrons.

Si
• It makes covalent bonds with
FREE ELECTRON
adjacent four electrons of silicon
Atom.
Si Si Si • Fifth electron becomes free and
enters into conduction band.
FREE ELECTRON
• Pentavalent impurity donates one
HOLE Electron and become positive
Si Si Si Donor ion.

Fig 4
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 N – Type Semiconductor

Si Si Si • Some of the covalent

FREE ELECTRON
bonds break due to
temperature and electron
hole pairs generates.
Si Si Si

• Electrons are majority and

HOLE
FREE ELECTRON
holes are minority.
Si Si Si

Fig 5 EC105.117 to 118 14

N-type semiconductor energy band diagram

Fermi level
Energy in ev

Valence Band

Fig 6 Fermi level lies near conduction band

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SUMMARY

We have discussed :

• Doping.

• Hole.

• Extrinsic semiconductor.

• N-type semiconductor.

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QUIZ

1. Which of the following material is trivalent type?

a) Phosphorous.

b) Arsenic.

c) Boron.

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QUIZ

2. Which of following material is pentavalent ?

a) Boron.

b) Arsenic.

c) Gallium.

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QUIZ

3. Majority carriers in n-type are

d) Holes.

b) Electron.

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is meant by Doping?

3. What is a hole?

5. Describe the formation of n-type.

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