MARYAM

KHAN
CK-21-110-
112
CARDIOVASC
ULAR
DISESAE
Diseases Related to heart, and
blood vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of interrelated
diseases that include
• Coronary heart disease (CHD),
• Atherosclerosis,
• Hypertension,
• Ischemic heart disease,
• Peripheral vascular disease,
• Heart failure (HF).
 CORONARY
HEART DISEASE
• CHD is a condition (CHD)
where the blood vessels supplying the
heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup
of plaque (made up of cholesterol, fat, and other substances).
• This restricts blood flow to the heart, leading to various
symptoms such as chest pain (angina), shortness of breath,
and in severe cases, heart attacks.
 ATHEROSCLEROSI
S:
• Atherosclerosis is a condition where the arteries become
narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of plaque on the
arterial walls. Plaque is composed of cholesterol, fatty
substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin.
• This buildup can restrict blood flow to organs and tissues, leading
to various cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery
disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.
 HYPERTENSION

• Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a

chronic medical condition where the blood pressure in the
arteries is elevated.
• This can lead to increased strain on the heart and blood
vessels, increasing the risk of various complications such as
heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and other cardiovascular
problems.
 ISCHEMIC HEART
DISEASE:
• Ischemic heart disease refers to a group of heart-related
conditions caused by narrowed or blocked blood vessels that
restrict blood flow to the heart muscle.
• This can lead to symptoms such as chest pain (angina), shortness
of breath, and in severe cases, heart attacks (myocardial
infarction). Ischemic heart disease is often synonymous with
coronary artery disease.
 PERIPHERAL
VASCULARDISEA
SE:
• Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) refers to diseases of the blood
vessels outside the heart and brain, typically involving the
arteries in the legs.
• It is commonly caused by atherosclerosis, leading to reduced
blood flow to the extremities.
• Symptoms may include leg pain, numbness, or weakness,
especially during physical activity.
 HEART FAILURE
(HF):
• Heart failure is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to
pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
• It can result from various underlying conditions, such as
coronary artery disease, hypertension, or damaged heart muscle
(cardiomyopathy).
• Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in
the legs and abdomen, and difficulty exercising.
 HYPERTENSI
ON is persistently high arterial
• Hypertension
blood pressure, the force exerted per unit
area on the walls of arteries.
• Diastole is when the heart muscle relaxes.
When the heart relaxes, the chambers of
the heart fill with blood, and a person’s
blood pressure decreases.
• Systole is when the heart muscle contracts.
• When the heart contracts, it pushes the
blood out of the heart and into the large
blood vessels of the circulatory system.
REGULAT
ION OF
BLOOD
PRESSUR
E
 PRIMARY
PREVENTION
 SODIUM
• REDUCING SODIUM INTAKE CAN SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THE RISK
OF HEART ATTACK, STROKE, AND OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR
EVENTS BY 25-30%.

• THE DASH DIET RECOMMENDS CONSUMING 1,500 MG OF SODIUM

PER DAY FOR OPTIMAL BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS.

• GUIDELINES SUGGEST LIMITING SODIUM INTAKE TO 1,500 MG FOR

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND UNDER 2,300 MG
FOR THOSE WITH NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE.

• SENSITIVITY TO CHANGES IN SODIUM INTAKE CAN VARY BASED

ON FACTORS LIKE RACE, OBESITY, AGE, DIABETES, CHRONIC
KIDNEY DISEASE, AND HYPERTENSION.
 CALCIUM
• CONSUMING DAIRY PRODUCTS RATHER THAN CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS IS
ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER RISK OF HYPERTENSION.

• CALCIUM HAS BEEN SHOWN TO SLIGHTLY DECREASE BLOOD PRESSURE IN THOSE

WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE.

• A LACK OF CALCIUM CAN RESULT IN HEIGHTENED INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM

LEVELS, LEADING TO INCREASED VASCULAR RESISTANCE.

• MILK PROTEIN PEPTIDES, COMMONLY FOUND IN FERMENTED DAIRY PRODUCTS,

CAN ACT AS ACE INHIBITORS, THEREBY REDUCING BLOOD PRESSURE.

• THE DASH STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT A DIET ABUNDANT IN FRUITS,

VEGETABLES, AND LOW-FAT DAIRY CAN SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER BOTH SYSTOLIC
AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE.

• THE AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION SUGGESTS A DIET RICH IN THESE FOODS

OVER CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS FOR HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT.
 MAGNESIUM
• MAGNESIUM IS A POTENT INHIBITOR OF VASCULAR SMOOTH-MUSCLE
CONTRACTION AND MAY PLAY A ROLE IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION AS A
VASODILATOR.

• HIGH DIETARY MAGNESIUM IS OFTEN CORRELATED WITH LOWER BLOOD

PRESSURE.

• LESS CONSISTENT FINDINGS HAVE BEEN REPORTED FROM TRIALS OF

MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION .

• THE DASH DIETARY PATTERN EMPHASIZES FOODS RICH IN MAGNESIUM,

INCLUDING GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES, NUTS, AND WHOLE-GRAIN BREADS
AND CEREALS. OVERALL FOOD SOURCES OF MAGNESIUM.

• RATHER THAN SUPPLEMENTAL DOSES OF THE NUTRIENT ARE ENCOURAGED

TO PREVENT OR CONTROL HYPERTENSION.
 POTASSIUM
• HIGHER POTASSIUM INTAKE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE,
WITH DOSES RANGING FROM 1900 TO 4700 MG PER DAY RESULTING IN A
DECREASE OF 2 TO 6 MM HG FOR DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND 2 TO 4 MM
HG FOR SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE.

• INCREASING POTASSIUM INTAKE ALSO REDUCES THE RISK OF STROKE.

• THE DASH DIET, WHICH IS HIGH IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, MAKES IT EASY
TO ACHIEVE THE RECOMMENDED DAILY POTASSIUM INTAKE OF 4.7 G.

• HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS WITH CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT POTASSIUM

EXCRETION MAY NEED TO LIMIT THEIR INTAKE TO AVOID HYPERKALEMIA.

• LIFESTYLE FACTORS LIKE DIET, EXERCISE, AND SUPPLEMENTS CAN ALSO PLAY
A ROLE IN MANAGING BLOOD PRESSURE, POTENTIALLY MORE SO THAN
POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTS.
MEDICAL
NUTRITIO
N
THERAPY
ENERGY INTAKE
• Weight loss of one kilogram is associated with a reduction of
approximately 1 mm Hg in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
• Hypertensive patients over 115% of ideal body weight should follow a
personalized weight reduction plan focusing on diet and exercise.
• Caloric reduction leads to lower blood pressure and LDL cholesterol
levels.
• Low-sodium DASH diets have been shown to have a greater impact on
blood pressure compared to low-fat diets.
• Weight loss can enhance the effectiveness of drug therapy, potentially
reducing the need for medication to control blood pressure.
 DASH DIET
• The DASH diet is a diet recommended for preventing and controlling high
blood pressure.
• It involves eating twice the average servings of fruits, vegetables, and
dairy products, while reducing intake of meats and fats.
• Reducing snacks and sweets, incorporating lactase enzyme for lactose-
intolerant individuals, and gradually increasing fibrous foods to prevent
gastrointestinal issues.
• It is recommended to consume 8 to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables
daily, with two to three servings at each meal.
• Slowly making changes to increase fiber intake can help avoid digestive
discomfort.
 LOW
SODIUM
DIET
• Lower sodium diets have been shown to have greater blood pressure benefits.
• Sticking to diets with less than 2 g of sodium per day can be difficult, but dietary
counseling can help by providing guidance on choosing minimally processed foods,
reading labels for sodium content, avoiding added salt in cooking, and using alternative
seasonings for flavor.
• The DASH eating plan, high in fruits and vegetables, can help reduce sodium intake.
• Changes in food processing and preparation, as well as efforts by the food industry to
reduce sodium in processed foods, are being made to promote healthier eating habits in
America.
 POTASSIUM-CALCIUM-MAGNESIUM
• Consuming a diet rich in potassium can help lower blood pressure and
counteract the effects of salt on blood pressure.
• The recommended daily intake of potassium for adults is 4.
• 7g and can be found in fruits and vegetables like leafy greens, bananas, and
sweet potatoes.
• While meat, milk, and cereal products also contain potassium, it is not as well-
absorbed as when obtained from fruits and vegetables.
• Increasing calcium and magnesium intake may also benefit blood pressure, but
specific recommendations are still being researched.
• The DASH diet includes foods like low-fat dairy, leafy greens, beans, and
nuts, which are good sources of both nutrients.