Review of Soil

Strength
Enhancement by - Bejil Shrestha [Student No.:8536235 ]
- Md Rezaul Hoque [Student No.:8699677 ]
Lime Treatment - Sankalp Ghimire [Student No.: 8748640]
(GROUP 01) - Seyed Hamed Mousavi Khaneghah
No.: 8534433]
[Student
 INTRODUCTION

Soil stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of the soil and thus making
it more stable. Soil stabilization by using lime treatment is a very popular method and has gained
significant attention because of its effectiveness and cost efficiency. Lime is very useful particularly
for stabilization of clayey soils. Lime, or CaO is a byproduct of lime stone (CaCO3). When lime
reacts with soil, there is exchange of cations in the adsorbed water layer and a decrease in plasticity
of the soil occurs. As a result, the material is more friable than the original clay, therefore more
suitable as subgrade. It is assumed that the amount of lime required for soil stabilization generally
varies 2 to 10% of the soil.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

• For some soil types, like highly plastic clays, lime stabilization has shown to be quite
efficient; however, it is unclear how well it will work for soils with different
mineralogical compositions, different amounts of organic matter, or other special
qualities.
• Long-term behavior and potential strength deterioration due to factors including
wetting-drying cycles, freezing-thawing cycles, and continuous exposure to harsh
environments remain issues of concern, despite the fact that the initial strength
enhancement following lime treatment is well documented.
• It is uncertain exactly which mechanisms control how lime-treated soils gain strength.
Although the creation of cementitious compounds and changes to the soil's structure are
known to enhance strength, a thorough comprehension of the intricate chemical and
physical mechanisms underlying these changes is still missing.
 • To investigate the influence of lime dosage on the strength
development of different soil types
• To evaluate the effect of curing conditions, such as
AIMS & temperature, moisture content, and curing duration, on the
strength gain and long-term performance of lime-treated
OBJECTIVES soils.
OF THE • To assess the long-term durability of lime-treated soils.
• To evaluate the environmental implications of lime
RESEACH treatment.
• To provide practical guidelines and recommendations for
the effective and efficient application of lime stabilization
in various civil engineering projects, considering factors
such as soil conditions, project requirements, and
environmental considerations.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study demonstrated as below:

• The diversity of soil(clayey, silt, sand) will enable a comprehensive understanding of the
effectiveness of lime treatment across different soil types.
• The study will evaluate the impact of varying lime dosages on the strength development of
treated soils
• The influence of curing conditions, including temperature, moisture content, and curing
duration, on the strength development of lime-treated soils will be investigated.
• The effect of different compaction efforts on the strength of lime-treated soils will be studied.
• The long-term durability of lime-treated soils will be evaluated.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
TITTLE
Lime Stabilization of Soils:
Reappraisal
Long Term Strength and
Durability of Clayey Soil
Stabilized With Lime
Strength development in fine-
grained paddy field soil by lime
addition
AUTHOR FINDING
• Sujit Kumar Dash Lime generally improves the performance of soil. However An optimum
• Monowar Hussain lime content beyond which the strength improvement decreased was found.
This phenomenon is more prominently observed with silica-rich soils that
form silica gel.
• Moafaq A. Al-Atalla* The study highlights that while lime treatment initially enhances the
• Ibrahaim M. Al-Kiki*, strength of clayey soil, its long-term durability can be adversely affected by
• Abdulrahman H. Al- environmental factors such as wetting-drying cycles, freezing-thawing
Zubaydi* cycles, and prolonged soaking. The impact of these factors on strength
reduction and volume changes varies, with freezing-thawing cycles being
the most detrimental. However, higher lime percentages (4% and 6%)
showed improved durability against wetting and drying cycles.
• Shriful Islama,*, The study revealed 7% added lime as the optimum content, which increases
• N.M. Robiul Hoquea, the strength of fine-grained soil. Additionally the research also
• M. Aminul Haqueb, demonstrated that the addition of lime in the soil reduce the hydraulic
• Partha N. Mishrac, conductivity, which will prevent the vertical movement of pore water.
• M.M.H. Mamuna,
• Susmita Deya
LITERATURE REVIEW (Contd.)
TITTLE
Lime consumption of
different clayey soils
Key Parameters Influencing
Lime/Cement-Treated Soil
Strength ong Term Strength
and Durability of Clayey Soil
Stabilized With Lime
AUTHOR FINDING
• Al-Mukhtar, M. Clayey soils exhibit different rates of lime consumption depending on their
• Lasledj, A. mineral composition. Short-term reactions are least pronounced in soils rich in
• Alcover, J. F. kaolinite but are more significant in those containing sodium-smectite. Across
all soil types, a pozzolanic reaction occurs, which is accelerated at higher curing
temperatures (20°C to 50°C). As a result of lime treatment, the formation of
calcium hydrates induces structural and mineralogical transformations in these
soils.
• Consoli, N. C. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil-lime mixtures shows a
• Lopes, S. linear increase with higher lime content. In contrast, the relationship between
• D. Foppa UCS and cement content in soil-cement mixtures is better described by a power
• Heineck, K. S. function. For soil-lime mixtures, UCS increases linearly with reduced porosity,
whereas in soil-cement mixtures, UCS increases exponentially with reduced
porosity. The porosity or volumetric content of cementitious material plays a
critical role in determining the UCS for both types of mixtures, highlighting its
importance in evaluating strength characteristics.
Factors affecting the strength of the soil

Clay content Lime content Curing Time

pH of Mixing
Curing water
Temperature
 Lime as
Sufficient unbounded fine
contact point particles , less
friction and less
Effect of for Hydration
reaction. cohesion

Lime
content
and
curing
time

Islam et al.,2019
 • The increase in temperature
Chart Title
3500 increases the pozzolanic
reaction as a consequences it
3000
increases the unconfined
strength
f(x) = 1.06933959489319
R² = 0.988554308660947
x² −of soil
13.0987671011009 x + 988.635136163127

Effect of 2500

Shear Strength, kPa

f(x) = 1.15203497999038 x² − 25.8939010526214 x + 802.339507080261

Curing
R² = 0.966742280978366

2000

Temperature 1500

Tees Clay,Aw=2%,t=7days
1000
Polynomial (Tees
Clay,Aw=2%,t=7days)
Boulder Clay,Aw=2%,t=7days
500
Polynomial (Boulder
Clay,Aw=2%,t=7days)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature(℃)

Bell(1996)
 Lime content=7%
Curing time=7 days
Curing temperature=22 ℃
325
f(x) = − 0.249604105522515 x³ + 5.44184127995091 x² − 32.7058414825735 x + 355.099059496261
320 R² = 0.99308148047025

315

310

Effect of pH
305

qu(kPa)
300

295

290

285

280
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Mixing water pH
Islam et al.,(2019)

Alkaline Environment increases the strength

of soil.
 • Clay minerals help to increase the pozzolanic reaction with lime.

• The silica and alumina create long term strength.

Influence of
• Clay helps to create cementitious product with lime.

• The unconfined compressive strength of clay minerals decreases

clay content with increasing percentage of minerals
kaolinite>illite>montmorillonite.

• The clay-lime reaction depends on mineralogical composition , the

lime content, curing time and temperature.
Conclusion

• Lime Treatment increases the unconfined compressive strength, shear strength of the soil.
• The optimal lime content was found to be around 7 % , which in the soil-lime mixture provides
335kPa and 356kPa UCS after 28 days and 90 days curing period, respectively
• Soil type and the compaction process affects the strength of lime –treated soil.
• Curing conditions significantly impact the shear strength.

• The results have important implications for foundation design, pavement construction and soil
stabilization.

• It is economic in respect to the replacement of the soil with other better soil or material.
REFERENCES

(1). Sujit Kumar Dash, Monowar Hussain “Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal”.
(2). Moafaq A. Al-Atalla, Ibrahaim M. Al-Kiki, Abdulrahman H. Al-Zubaydi “Long Term
Strength and Durability of Clayey Soil Stabilized With Lime”.
(3). Shriful Islama, N.M. Robiul Hoquea, M. Aminul Haqueb, Partha N. Mishrac, M.M.H.
Mamuna, Susmita Deya “Strength development in fine-grained paddy field soil by lime
addition”.
(4). Al-Mukhtar, M., Lasledj, A., & Alcover, J. F. (2014). Lime consumption of different
clayey soils. Applied Clay Science, 95, 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.03.024
(5). Consoli, N. C., Lopes, S., D. Foppa, & Heineck, K. S. (2009). Key parameters dictating
strength of lime/cement-treated soils. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Geotechnical Engineering, 162(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2009.162.2.111