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INTRODUCTION
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Mitosis is the division of somatic cells in which the appropriate number of chromosomes is maintained A somatic cell is a body cell of an organism or a cell that is not involved in reproduction of a new organism. Somatic cells divide to recreate themselves
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usually begun during telophase Difference between animals and plants: plants are divided by the formation of a cell plate (=pelat), where animal cells are divided through the formation of a cell cleavage (=belahan). Cell plate materials originate in the golgi complex.
INTRODUCTION
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When the somatic cell has its complete complement of chromosomes it is said to be in the diploid condition At the end of mitosis daughter cells are diploid
Terminology Genome : cells genetic information Somatic : body cells Gametes : reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) Chromosomes : DNA molecules Diploid (2n) : 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid (1n) : 1 set of chromosomes
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The process
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The Knit of Identity - Mitosis Precisely and Evenly Divides Duplicated Chromosomes
INTERPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
Precisely dividing the duplicated chromosomes has the consequence of providing each new cell with an identical and complete set of genetic instructions.
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Cytokinesis is the process of cell division and it is distinct and separable from mitosis.
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Cancer
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CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION
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SEPERATION
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duplicated chromosome
DNA in the cell is virtually always associated with proteins.
chromatin
The packaging is impressive 2 meters of human DNA fit into a sphere about 0.000005 meters in diameter.
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DNA is Condensed into Visible Chromosomes Only For Brief Periods in the Life of a Cell
Easily visible chromosomes are apparent perhaps 5% of the time in an actively growing cell and less in a non-growing cell.
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Boy or girl?
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From Birth to Rebirth, a Cell Progresses Through Characteristic Stages That Constitute the Cell Cycle
In multicellular organisms like us, progress through the cell cycle is carefully regulated.
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G1 phase~ growth S phase~ synthesis of DNA G2 phase~ preparation for cell division
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Stages of Mitosis
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Mitosis
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Mitosis in Action
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Stages of mitosis
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Stages of mitosis
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1. Prophase:
Chromosomes condense and become visible, each Chromosome contains several cm of DNA condensed into 5 10 micrometers. During the S Phase each chromosome has been duplicated into a sister chromatid. (A chromotid is one of the two halves of duplicated chromosomes)
Prometaphase
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2. Metaphase:
1. Chromosomes line up along the cell equator. 2. The cell itself condenses and the chromosomes are more clearly visible than during any other phase of mitosis
Centrosomes at opposite poles Centromeres are aligned (=disejajarkan) Kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to microtubules (spindle)
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3. Anaphase
1. is defined as the sister chromatids begin to separate 2. By now each chromatid is an independent and functional chromosome 3. The chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles. Anaphase is complete when a complete set of chromosomes reaches each pole. Paired centromeres separate; sister chromatids liberated Chromosomes move to opposite poles Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes
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4. Telophase:
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The final stage of mitosis, chromosomes uncoil (= mengurai) into chomatin threads A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, nucleoli appear
Daughter nuclei form Nuclear envelopes arise Chromatin becomes less coiled (= menggulung) Two new nuclei complete mitosis
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Example: the humans have 23 different chromosomes (n=23). Diploid cells have 2n chromosome #. Human diploid cells, have 46 chromosomes (2n=46).
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CONTROLS ON DIVISION
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Frequency of mitosis varies between species or even with location within an organismskin cell versus nerve cells for example, but under similar conditions the length of the cell cycle is constant for a particular type of cell. The rate and frequency of mitosis in a multicelluar organism must be controlled The cell requires a protein called maturation promoting factor (MPF). Scientists are still learning how MPF works and controls the cell mitosis.
Read about the effects of Colchicine and the condition of polypoidy When mitosis occurs each daughter cell receives exactly the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent When a haploid cell undergoes mitosis, two haploid cells are produced.
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