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Encoding stage
The environmental information is translated &stored as meaningful entity ,you transferred sound waves of her name into kind of waves or representations that memory accepts and you transformed pattern of light of her face as representation & you connect the 2 representations in the memory.
Storage stage
The stored information corresponding to to her name &face retained during the time between the 2 meetings.
Retrieval stage
The attempt to pull from memory stored information as representations, so that you will able to recognize her face& name when you meet her in the afternoon.
Sensory memory
Environmental stimuli---sense organs---sensory memory. there are sensory memories corresponding to all sensory modalities. Iconic memory for vision Echoic memory for audition Sperlings experiment ;the span of apprehension is the number of immediately recallable item. People presented with 12 digits arranged in 3 rows of 4 columns per row they typically could report 4 or 5 digits.
Working memory
It is called working memory because the space in STM is used when old memories are temporarily brought out of LTM to be used or updated resulting in further reduction in STM space. Doonesbury-cartoon stated that the information that is attended to transferred from sensory memory to the next store which is named as short-term memory by Atkinson &Shiffrin. Herman Ebbinghans in 1885 founded that STM was limited to 7 digits. George Miller in 1956 named it as magic number 7 but now a day it called digit span task that is 7+_2 .Rarely we are able to hold more than 9 bits of information in STM ,regardless of the nature of that information.
meaningful units& storing those units in working memory by using LTM.e.g can you repeat all the 14 digits SRUOYYLERECNIS?it is so difficult but it will be much easier if arranged as SINCERELY YOURS because items were reduced from 14 to 2. Sternberg in 1966 founded that the more items there are in working memory the slower the retrieval becomes. Functions of STM include 1-Store material needed for short period. 2-Awork space for mental computation. 3-Away station to long term memory. Rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information in working memory through which it maintains information in STM & transfer it to LTM
Long-term memory
Encoding for verbal material based on the meaning neither acoustic nor visual representations. people may misremember many of the specifics like what, who, whom &when but yet can accurately describe the basic situation. Organization is to group information into categories such as animals, vegetable, names and stored there as such. Recall is better when we impose more organization on the information that is stored in LTM. LTM can improved by creating real or artificial links between items e.g EGBDF will be easier to remember if each item refer to meaningful ward like Every Good Boy Does Fine.
Bradshaw&Anderson in1982 stated that some facts are elaborated according to either their causes or their consequences &named that elaboration .e.g our prophet Muhammad attack Khaiber Jews for their cooperation with Mecca disbelievers. Poor memory often reflect a retrieval failure rather than a storage failure i.e forgetting from LTM result from loss of access to information rather than from loss of information its self. The better the retrieval cues available the better our memory. Forgetting can be due to loss of information from storage like retrograde amnesia following treatment with ECT due to damage to hippocampus in which new information need few days to consolidate.
Forgetting
There are 4 major theories of forgetting: 1-Decay theory: memories that are not used fade gradually over time as a result of disuse. 2-Interference theory: forgetting in LTM occur because other memories interfere with retrieval of what you are trying to recall, if other memories are similar to one you are trying to remember .e.g 2 mobile numbers 3-Schema theory: LTM memories often distorted over time to become more consistent with our schemas of beliefs, knowledge& expectations. 4-Theory of motivated forgetting: Freud suggested that the conscious mind often dealt with unpleasant or threatening information by pushing it into unconsciousness by repression.
Improving memory
We can improve our memory by using any of the following methods. 1-Chunking&memory span: the capacity of WM can not be increased beyond 9 items but we can enlarge the size of chunk ,store items in STM & relating items to information in LTM. 149-2177-620-02 change to 1492-1776-2002 2-Imagery&encoding Method of Loci mental image:by using of ordered sequence of arbitrary items. : 10 . Key word encoding method for learning words in foreign language. horse .
3-Elaboration:the more we elaborate items about causes & cosequences of an event this will setup a meaningful connection for retrieval. , schizophrenia 4-Context: if your psychology lectures in this room, your recall of lecture material is better here than in any other places because the room serve as a cue for retrieving of lecture material. 5-Organization:organization of unrelated items by grouping information into categories during encoding improve subsequent retrieval. if you use organization 90% of words can be recalled compared with only 10% if not. 6-Practicing retrieval: after reading material ask your self questions about it, select points which are difficult to retrieve ,make them well connected to each other & to the main subject.