Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LI TA
Gio trnh "o c v chnh l s liu thu vn" trang b cho
sinh vin chuyn ngnh thu vn lc a nhng kin thc c bn nht v
vic thu thp v chnh l s liu thu vn gm hai phn:
Phn 1 - o c thy vn do
n cc bc tin hnh
O C V CHNH L
S LIU THU VN
MC LC
PHN 1. O C THY VN
M U ........................................................................................................................ 8
CHNG 1. TRM O C THU VN V H THNG PHC V O C 12
1.1. Phn loi trm thu vn.................................................................................. 12
1.2 Phn cp trm thu vn ................................................................................... 13
1.3. Kho st chn v tr t trm.......................................................................... 13
1.3.1 Chn on sng v ch t trm ................................................................. 13
1.3.2 Cc cng vic cn tin hnh ........................................................................ 14
1.3.3. Cc bc kho st ...................................................................................... 15
1.4. Kho st v tr t trm................................................................................... 16
1.4.1. Kho st k thut ....................................................................................... 16
1.4.2 Chn tuyn o .............................................................................................. 16
1.5. Chuyn trm..................................................................................................... 18
1.6 Quy hoch quan trc chui o c thu vn.................................................. 18
CHNG 2. O MC NC ................................................................................... 20
2.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v ch mc nc .............................................. 20
2.2. Cc nguyn tc xy dng cng trnh o mc nc ...................................... 21
2.3. Cc cng trnh o mc nc........................................................................... 23
2.3.1. Cc o ......................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2. Thu ch....................................................................................................... 24
2.3.3. Thu ch cc i trong ng st tuyn cc ................................................ 25
2.3.4. Thu ch kim loi c c xon y ............................................................ 26
2.3.5 Thu ch rng ca Pronlov .......................................................................... 26
2.3.6 My t ghi mc nc ................................................................................... 26
2.4. Ch o mc nc ........................................................................................ 29
2.5. Cch o mc nc ........................................................................................... 29
2.6. Tnh ton c trng ca mc nc................................................................ 30
2.6.1 Tnh mc nc bnh qun ngy ................................................................... 30
2.6.2 Tnh mc nc bnh qun thng .................................................................. 31
2.6.3 Tnh ton mc nc bnh qun nm. ........................................................... 31
2.6.4 Tnh Hmax , Hmin thi on............................................................................ 31
2.6.5 Tnh chnh lch mc nc ........................................................................... 31
2.7 . Hiu chnh mc nc...................................................................................... 32
2.7.1 Hiu chnh mc nc................................................................................... 32
2.7.2 Hiu chnh thi im.................................................................................... 33
2.7.3 Cc loi bng thng k ................................................................................ 33
CHNG 3. O SU........................................................................................... 35
3.1. Cc dng c o su .......................................................................................... 36
3.1.1 Thc o su................................................................................................ 36
3.1.2 So o........................................................................................................... 36
3.1.3 Ti cp v ti trng...................................................................................... 36
3.1.4 My hi m .................................................................................................. 38
3.2. Ch o su ................................................................................................... 40
3.3 Cc phng php o su.................................................................................. 41
3.3.1. o su theo mt ct ngang ......................................................................... 41
3.3.2. o su theo hng dc sng. ..................................................................... 46
3.4 .Chnh l v tnh ton ti liu o su............................................................... 46
3.4.1 Chnh l s b .............................................................................................. 46
3.4.2 Tnh ton c trng mt ct ........................................................................ 47
CHNG 4. O LU TC ........................................................................................ 49
4.1. Khi nim v lu tc dng nc..................................................................... 49
4.1.1. Mc ch nghin cu................................................................................... 49
4.2. S thay i lu tc theo thi gian v khng gian ........................................ 49
4.2.1 Phn b ca lu tc theo khng gian .......................................................... 50
4.2.2. S thay i lu tc theo thi gian............................................................... 52
4.3. Cc phng php o lu tc.......................................................................... 52
4.3.1 o lu tc bng my o lu tc. ................................................................. 52
4.3.2 Xc nh s im o trn mt thu trc....................................................... 53
4.3.3. Phng php o lu tc.............................................................................. 56
4.4. Cc dng c o vn tc.................................................................................... 57
4.4.1. Lu tc k.................................................................................................... 57
4.4.2 Phao ............................................................................................................. 61
4.4.3. ng o thu vn .......................................................................................... 63
4.4.4 Xc nh vn tc bng xc nh lc tc ng ca dng chy ln vt tri... 64
CHNG 5. LU LNG NC............................................................................ 66
5.1. Khi nim.......................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Phng php "lu tc - din tch". M hnh lu lng ................................ 66
5.3 o lu lng bng lu tc k.......................................................................... 69
5.3.1. Chn on sng .......................................................................................... 69
5.3.2 Xc nh hng tuyn o ............................................................................. 69
5.4 Trang b ca tuyn o thu vn v phng php o .................................... 70
5.4.1. Phng php chi tit................................................................................... 71
5.4.2 Phng php c bn.................................................................................... 71
5.4.3 Phng php rt gn ................................................................................... 71
5.4.4 o nhanh...................................................................................................... 71
5.5. o lu lng nc ........................................................................................... 71
5.6 Phng php tch phn o vn tc dng chy v lu lng nc............... 72
5.7 Tnh ton lu lng nc ................................................................................ 73
6.7.1 Phng php phn tch................................................................................ 73
5.7.2. Phng php phn tch chnh xc .............................................................. 75
5.7.3 Phng php gii ................................................................................... 76
5.7.4 Phng php tnh lu lng theo cc ng ng lu............................... 77
5.8 nh gi sai s o lu lng bng lu tc k ................................................ 78
Phn 1
O C THU VN
M U
o c thu vn l mt b phn ca thu vn hc. Gio trnh o c thu vn
gii thiu nhng nguyn l c bn ca cc php o c thu vn trn thc t c
tin hnh trm quan trc cng nh lc i kho st thc a. Bit o c, chnh l cc
s liu thu vn l mt yu cu khng th thiu c i vi mt k s thu vn.
Mn hc gip chng ta trnh c nhng b ng khi tip xc vi cng vic
thc t, bit t chc ly s liu phc v nghin cu khoa hc v phc v cc yu cu
khc nhau ca nn kinh t quc dn.
Cc kt qu o c thu vn c s dng rng ri khi qut ho cc qui lut
ca cc hin tng v cc qu trnh thu vn. Chng gip cho vic a ra cc kt lun
khoa hc mi v khng nh cc l thuyt trong c s thu vn hc v phng php
phn tch tnh ton thu vn.
o c thu vn trc tip phc v giao thng vn ti, xy dng cc cng trnh
thu nh: thu li, thu in, khai thc ng nghip, nng nghip, chng hn hn v l
lt cng nh phc v cc cng trnh du lch, th thao, ngh dng, quc phng v.v..
Nhng nhim v c bn nht ca mn hc o c thu vn bao gm:
1. X l cc phng php v dng c o xc nh v tnh ton nh lng
cc yu t ca ch nc.
2. o c mt cch c h thng cc yu t ch thu vn ca i tng
nghin cu nhm x l c cc c trng nhiu nm ca dng chy nh: mc nc,
lu lng nc v ph sa, thnh phn ho hc, nhit , mn ca nc v.v..
Nghin cu ch nc rt cn thit cho vic quy hoch v tnh ton khi thit
k, thi cng v vn hnh cc cng trnh thu cng nh a ra cc kt lun khoa hc v
ti nguyn nc.
Ni dung cng tc o c thu vn bao gm:
1. o c thu vn nc kh quyn.
3. Tnh ton thit k i vi cc x nghip, cc cng trnh thu li, giao thng
thu v cng nghip cng nh cc cng trnh khc c lin quan ti s dng nc.
4. D bo thay i cc iu kin thu vn, lu lng nc v cht lng nc.
5. Son tho cc bin php tng cng hiu qu cng tc ca h thng thu li.
6. iu khin tc nghip ca h thng thu li.
7. Tiu chun ho nhu cu v i hi v nc v cc ch tiu cht lng nc.
8. Son tho cc bin php phng v chng cc tc hi ca nc.
9. Thc hin kim tra quc gia vic tin hnh cc bin php s dng iu ho
nc v gi nc.
10. iu tit nc gia cc ni s dng nc.
nc ta cng tc o c thu vn v vn dng kin thc thu vn c t
rt lu i. T thu L Chn khai khn t hoang n thi Ng Quyn, Trn Hng
o vi cc chin thng trn sng Bch ng chng t vic p dng cc kin thc
v nc vo nng nghip v quc phng ca cha ng ta ngy trc. Song cho ti nm
1945, vic sng lp Nha kh tng mi a ngnh thu vn ln mt bc pht trin
rng ri, quan trc thu vn c coi l mt cng tc khng th thiu c trong c
cu nn kinh t quc dn.
Vic thnh lp Tng cc Kh tng - Thu vn (TCKTTV) li cng thc y
s pht trin ca khoa hc thy vn mt cch ton din v h thng hn. Ngy nay
trong tt c cc ngnh khoa hc iu tra c bn u cp ti ti nguyn nc, li
cng to cho n v tr quan trng.
Cng ngy cng c nhiu my mc, dng c tin tin ra i trn c s nhng
tin b khoa hc k thut v cng ngh c a vo s dng. T cc dng c th s
ban u bng thc g, dy nay c cc dng c o tin tin nh cc my t ghi,
t hin v my o hi m. T chnh l s liu bng tay hoc ton nay c cc
my tnh in t chnh s liu.
10
11
12
Cp trm thu vn ph thuc vo khi lng cng vic v quan trc c thc
hin trm. Ngi ta c th chia trm thu vn ra lm 3 cp.
1. Trm thu vn cp I c quy nh o nhiu yu t thu vn c bn nh
mc nc, lu lng nc v bn ct, ch quy nh c th tu thuc vo s thay
i ca cc yu t thu vn theo thi gian.
2. Trm thu vn cp II ch yu l o mc nc, cn cc yu t khc nh lu
lng, bn ct ch quan mt s thi on trong nm.
3. Trm thu vn cp III ch yu l o mc nc ngoi ra cn o cc yu t
khc nh: nhit nc, nhit khng kh, lng ma.v.v...
Ngoi cc trm kiu ny t trn cc sng, cn mt s trm c th nghin
cu dng chy trn cc khu vc nh, trn vng t nng nghip, vng ca sng, ao h,
m ly.v.v...
1.3. KHO ST CHN V TR T TRM
13
14
Ld = a
h0 + z
I
(1.1)
vi Ld - Chiu di on nc dng
ho - Chiu su bnh qun ca dng chy khi cha c nc dng
z - Chiu cao nc dng ln nht
I - dc b mt nc khi cha c nc dng
a - H s ph thuc vo t s Z/ho - theo bng sau:
z/h0
5,0
2,0
1,0
0,5
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,05
0,96
0,91
0,81
0,76
0,67
0,58
0,41
0,24
1.3.3. Cc bc kho st
+ Kho st s b: Chn on sng trn bn c t l ln.
+ Kho st thc a on sng t 5 - 10 km v thu thp cc ti liu sau: tnh
hnh a hnh, a cht b v lng sng, cc iu kin dng chy nh thc ghnh,
phn lu v nhp lu, cc cng trnh thu; cc s liu kh tng thu vn khu vc; cc
iu kin kinh t dn sinh.
15
J=
H 1 H 2 H 1 2
=
LL j
Lj
(1.2)
16
H2 -
I1
P1
P2
I2
Lp
Lj
Hnh 1.1 S tuyn o phao v tuyn o dc
17
d. Trm o mc nc cp III:
Trm o loi ny phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Sng thng L=(3-5)B
- Khng c nc t
- Khng c ghnh, thc v cng trnh nh hng n mc nc.
Tuyn o t vung gc vi hng chy bnh qun.
e. Trm o mn thng kt hp trn cc on sng c nh triu cng vi cc
tuyn o khc ca cc yu t kh tng v thu vn .
1.5. CHUYN TRM
H thng quan trc o c thu vn bao gm cc trm c bn, trm dng ring
cp I, II, III ...
Nguyn tc qui hoch h thng quan trc o c thu vn nh sau:
m bo tnh khng ch ca tng trm o v khng ch c h thng.
18
19
CHNG 2. O MC NC
2.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN V CH MC NC
20
Quan trc mc nc trn cc trm cn c t chc sao cho ti liu quan trc
m bo c:
1. Theo mt trm c so snh cho ton b thi k hot ng ca trm.
2. Cho php so snh kt qu quan trc thu c ti cc trm phn b trn mt
i tng nghin cu. Cc yu cu trn ch c th tho mn khi trn tt c mi trm
duy tr mt h thng quan trc thng nht.
Mi trm o mc nc bao gm:
21
Mt nc
Mt nc
thp nht
Mt chun
qui chiu
22
2.3.1. Cc o
cc thng dng cc trm trn b cc sng c lng sng thoai thoi( ng
bng), nhiu thuyn b qua li hoc dng c cc sng min ni c nhiu vt tri trn
dng sng vo ma l.
Vt liu dng lm cc c th l b tng, st c thit din ngang l hnh ch nht
cnh t 10-15 cm hoc hnh trn c ng knh l 10-15 cm Chiu di ca cc ngp
23
2.3.2. Thu ch
Thu ch c dng nhng ni lng sng dc, t thuyn b qua li. Mi trm
o thng dng t 2-3 thu ch. Trm o mc nc bng thu ch tng i thun li
v r tin. Thu ch t tt nht l cc knh c dao ng mc nc nm t 2 - 3 cm.
Thu ch c th lm bng bng g, st trng men hoc st sn.
Thu ch g thng khng bn vng, sn vch trn g d b nc lm bong ra
dng khng c tin li lm. Thng thng thu ch bng g c kch thuc nh sau:
di 1,5- 4 m, rng 8-15 cm, dy 2-5 cm. Trn b mt c khc di cch nhau 1-2cm
hoc 5cm ( ging nh mia trc c).
Trn cc cc on trm dng lu nn dng thu ch bng st sn, hoc st
trng men l tt nht. Trong cc chuyn i thc a c th dng cc loi thu ch dy
kim loi c vch chia tng cm.
24
25
2.3.6 My t ghi mc nc
a. My t ghi mc nc theo nguyn tc " nc ni, thuyn ni"
My t ghi mc nc c nhiu loi khc nhau. Cn c theo phng trc trng
qun giy c th phn thnh hai loi chnh:
+ Loi trc ngang: c trc trng qun giy nm ngang khi my hot ng
+ Loi trc ng: c trng qun giy t theo chiu thng ng khi my hot
ng.
26
27
5
6
4
2
1
28
) v yu
29
(2.1)
H = H'0 + a.
nng cao tin cy, cn c 2 ln v ly mc nc bnh qun.
Cn chn cc sao cho 5 cm < a < 60 - 70 cm
S liu o c c cn phi ghi vo s quan trc bng bt ch. S ghi mc
nc c cc mc nh sau:
nc
Quan trc ph
Mc
qun
bnh
ngy
Mc nc trn
mt qui chiu
S c
Cao
S hiu cc
o,thu ch
Gi
Ngy
Thng
+ chnh xc mc nc c ti cm.
+ chnh xc o nhit ti 0,1 0C, nhit k ngm trong nc 5 pht.
+ Khng c gi ghi 0, thi ngc dng , xui dng , thi mnh t tri sang
phi ; nh phi sang tri .
+ Gi lng ghi s 0; cp 1 - gi yu; cp 2 - gi va, gi mnh; cp 3- sng
+ Ma ly s o quan trc ti im o ma
2.6 TNH TON C TRNG CA MC NC
30
ngy
H
i =1
(2.2)
Hi - mc nc thc o ln i,
n - S ln o trong ngy
Phng php hnh hc: S dng khi o mc nc khng cch u v thi gian
H th =
H
i =1
ngay
(2.3)
H nam =
H th
i =1
12
H
i =1
ng
(2.4)
31
triu. Nu tnh chnh lch gia nh triu v chn triu k tip sau gi l chnh lch
triu xung. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn tnh thi gian triu ln v thi gian triu xung.
Bao gm:
- Kim tra s c, cch ghi chp
- Kim tra s hiu cc, thu ch v cao ca chng
- V quan h H = f(t)
- Kim tra tnh cc s liu c trng
- Kim tra ghi chp cc yu t ph
- Hiu chnh s liu my t ghi sai
H 0 = H + H t = (H 2 H' 2 )
t t1
t 2 t1
(2.5)
32
t t1
t 2 t1
(2.6)
thng nm
1
...
24
Tng s
Mc nc
qun (cm)
bnh
31
33
thng
Mc nc, thng
Ngy
II
nm
...
XII
1
31
Tng cng
Bnh qun
Thp nht
Cao nht
Ngy
3. Bng thng k mc nc trong vng sng c nh hng triu
Trm
Tn sng
Triu
Ngy
nh triu
Chn triu
Chnh lch
Thi gian
Cao
Cao
Cao
Cao
Gi
Thp
H
Gi
Gi
Thp
H
Gi
Gi
Thp
H
Gi
Gi
Thp
H
Gi
Ngy
cui
thng trc
1
2
31
Ngy
u
thng sau
Tng cng
Bnh qun
Cao nht
Gi, ngy
Thp nht
Gi, ngy
34
CHNG 3. O SU
Mc ch ca cng tc o su l xc nh su v tnh cht ca a hnh y
sng, h , h cha. Sau cng tc o su c th ln c s lng sng hoc y cc
thu vc nghin cu. Ngoi ra ti liu o su cn phc v cho vic tnh ton nhiu c
trng thu lc v thu vn khc.
Nhim v ca cng tc o su bao gm:
- Nghin cu cc i tng nc theo mc ch a mo.
- o su phc v cho o c thu vn (o vn tc, tnh lu lng nc v
ph sa v.v..)
- o su phc v giao thng thu.
- o su v a hnh y phc v cho thit k cc cng trnh thu.
- o su v a hnh y phc v cho vic nghin cu din bin lng sng
v s bi lng cc thu vc.
Vic o su thng c tin hnh vo ma nc cn gim chi ph.
nh ngha: su k hiu l h o bng n v cm, m l khong cch t mt
thong nc ti y sng theo chiu thng ng.
su thng c o ti cc thu trc o su. Thu trc l mt ng thng
tng tng vung gc vi mt thong ca nc v y sng m trn ngi ta tin
hnh o su hoc o vn tc. Tn ti thu trc o su v thu trc o vn tc.
Vic o su dng v mt ct ngang, mt ct dc on sng hay dng
kho st bnh y sng. o su l mt cng vic khng th thiu c khi o vn
tc v tnh lu lng. S lng thu trc o su ph thuc vo mc ch o su, t l
bnh cng nh rng ca sng.
35
3.1. CC DNG C O SU
3.1.1 Thc o su
Thc o su c th lm bng kim loi hoc g c bt st hai u di t 1,5-2
m trn c khc chia cc mc o cch nhau tng cm. Thc o su ch dng trong
trng hp su im o khng vt qu 2 m. o bng thc thng rt chnh xc,
d s dng song b hn ch bi su ca im o. Thng thc o ch dng o cc
thu trc gn b.
3.1.2 So o
So o su hnh tr ng knh t 6-8 cm lm bng g c di t 3-4 m. Trn
so o c khc chia mc khong cch cch nhau 5 cm . So o su dng kh tin li
nht l khi o c trong cc ao h (nhng ni c su khng bin i t ngt) vi
su khng ch l 4 m. o su bng so n gin song ngoi hn ch v su
cn c hn ch l ch o c nhng ni c vn tc dng chy b v 5 cm/s ,
ngoi phm vi s cho ta sai s khi o su v tc ng ca lc dng chy ln so lm
cho so khng gi c phng thng ng.
3.1.3 Ti cp v ti trng
y l dng c o su ph bin nht hin nay. Tnh u vit ca dng c ny l
o c vi bt k su no v vn tc dng chy no.
Ti: Hin nay c nhiu loi ti, c loi
gn thng vo thuyn o su chuyn dng, c
loi ri c th di chuyn thun tin. Nguyn
tc cu to chung ca cc loi ti l c cc b
phn sau: 1.Dy cp: Lm bng st hoc dy
Hnh 3.1 Di o su
nha tng hp c di tu theo su ca
im o c cun vo mt trc cun cp, 2. Rng rc: iu khin ti khi th v
ko ti trng v c nh phng thng ng ca thu trc o, 3.Hp s: quan st
di ca dy ti ra khi trc cun cp, 4. Gi : gi cn bng ca dng c
khi tin hnh o c.
36
1
1 =
1 a
cos
( 3.2)
-o gc lch
37
3.1.4 My hi m
My hi m l dng
c c th o su tng im
hoc lin tc ti tuyn o. N
m bo chnh xc cao, o
c nhanh v thun tin.
Nguyn l my hi m:
Da vo nguyn l truyn m
trong nc k t lc my pht sng n
lc sng m gp y sng phn hi li
m tnh c su qua qung ng
truyn m. V sng m truyn trong
nc kh nhanh nn vic xc nh thi
gian thng gp kh khn khi thu, pht
sng, khc phc ngi ta s dng
cc loi ng h chy c nhiu vng
trong mt giy xc nh thi gian.
Hnh 3.5 My hi m IREL
Mun cho m thanh c cng mnh
phi khuych i m, v gim hin tng khuych tn sng cn phi thu ngn bc
sng bng cch tng tn s pht sng.
Vn tc truyn m trong nc ph thuc vo nhit v mn (vi t0
=+140C trong nc ngt m truyn vi vn tc 1462m/s).
38
c
2
L
2
+ d
(3.3)
Trong :
- h - su ti im do.
- t - Thi gian o sng m trong nc (140C = 1462 m/s)
- L - Khong cch gia b phn thu v pht sng
- d - Khong cch t mt nc ti b phn thu - pht sng m.
Nh vy, b phn t ghi s ghi li hnh dng ca y sng trn tuyn chuyn
ng ca my hi m.
Dng my hi m o su t ti chnh xc cao ( sai s ni chung khng
qu 2% ) nhng s dng phc tp, nht l phng tin di chuyn my ( tu, thuyn,
39
(3.4)
40
41
Khi rng B < 100 m, khong cch gia hai mt ct ngang chn trong
khong (1/2 - 1/3)B ; Khi B>100 m th khong cch bng (1/3 - 1/4 ) B ; vi
B(chiu rng sng).
3.3.1.2 Xc nh im o trn mt ct: S im o su trn mi mt ct ngang
ph thuc vo chiu rng B ca sng v a hnh y ( gh gh, bng phng ) m b tr
cho hp l Trong iu kin bnh thng c th tham kho bng qui nh sau:
B(m)
<100
100-200
200-500
500-1000
5-10
10-20
20-50
M
A
R1
R2
1. Phng php cng dy: Khi dng sng c chiu rng khng ln lm ( B <
300 m ), t thuyn b qua li, lu tc nh th c th dng dy cp c nh du
khong cch ( cch nhau 1, 2, 5 hoc 10 m cng ngang theo tuyn chn
xc nh v tr im o.
42
R4
R3
A
R1
R2
a
b
B
Hnh 3.8 S xc
nh v tr thu trc
o su bng
secxtant
V tr im o M c xc nh bi :
AM = AC . tg
( 3.5)
43
ACM
Hnh 3.9.
(a,b,c) Xc
nh v tr
thu trc
bng cc tiu
c. Dng h thng cc tiu song song
2 cm
5 cm
44
h > 5m
10 cm
H tt =
(H d H c )
2
(3.6 )
H tt =
( H1b1 + H 2 b2 + ...+ H n bn )
B
(3.7)
( 3.8 )
45
<50
50-100
100-300
300-1000
1000-3000
S thu trc o su
20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
3.4.1 Chnh l s b
Thu thp kim tra cc s liu nh sau: mc nc, su, lch dy cp, to
o v sng, gi, tnh hnh thi tit.
- Kim tra tnh hp l ca vic b tr tuyn o v im o. Trong trng hp
cn thit phi chun b o b sung.
- Kim tra vic ghi chp su v cc ti liu xc nh khong cch im o.
- Tnh su hon chnh
- So snh su vi cc ti liu trc pht hin cc sai s trong o c
- Da vo kt qu o c tnh ton mt ct dc, mt ct ngang dng sng lp
bnh v tnh ton c trng mt ct.
46
b1
h1
b2
h2
bn
hn
W = W0 + W1 + ... + W n
W = 1/2 [ h1b0 + (h1 + h2)b1+ ... +( hn-1 + hn)bn-1 + hnbn]
(3.10 )
Trong
Wi - l din tch gia cc thu trc o su th i
hi - su ti thu trc i
bi - Khong cch gia hai thu trc k nhau i-1, i
3.4.2.2 rng mt nc: L khong cch t mp b nc ny ti mp b
nc kia theo mt ct ngang c k hiu B(m)
3.4.2.3. su bnh qun: L t s gia mt ct t v rng mt nc h =
W/B . K hiu l hbq
47
(3.11)
( 3.12 )
48
CHNG 4. O LU TC
4.1. KHI NIM V LU TC DNG NC
4.1.1. Mc ch nghin cu
Trong o c thu vn lu tc c xc nh nh lu tc tc thi, lu tc bnh
qun theo thi gian, lu tc bnh qun theo khng gian, lu tc bnh qun theo c
khng gian v thi gian.
Khi nim:
+ Lu tc tc thi dng chy l lu tc mt thi im no .
+ Lu tc bnh qun theo thi gian l gi tr trung bnh ca lu tc dng chy
ti mt im no trong mt thi gian no .
+ Lu tc bnh qun theo khng gian l gi tr bnh qun thu trc v lu tc
trn mt ct ngang.
Mc ch nghin cu:
Lu tc l mt c trng thu lc quan trng rt cn thit cho vic tnh ton
thu vn, thu lc. nghin cu kt cu ni b dng chy cn phi bit ln v
hng ca lu tc ti mt im no trong dng chy v s thay i ca n theo thi
gian. Mun xc nh lng nc hoc lng bn ct chuyn qua mt mt ct hay mt
on sng no trong mt thi on no cn phi bit gi tr ca lu tc. Ti liu
v lu tc p ng cho vic tnh bi, xi l trn mt on sng, vic thit k cc thu
cng trnh v v..
4.2. S THAY I LU TC THEO THI GIAN V KHNG GIAN
Lu tc trong thin nhin thay i rt phc tp theo thi gian, khng gian bi
c qu nhiu nhn t nh hng lu tc nh thu lc, a hnh (tc y sng,
hnh dng mt ct...) iu kin kh tng, cc yu t ny li khng ngng thay i theo
49
thi gian v khng gian. C cc yu t bin i c tnh cht chu k nh thu triu,... c
cc yu t bin i ngu nhin nh lng ma, din bin dng sng v v... Do vy tnh
cht thay i ca lu tc cng mang c hai c tnh chu k v ngu nhin.
u=
1
udt
T T
(4.1)
50
y
1 P
h
(4.2)
3,3
C
(4.3)
v vi 60 C 90 th
P = 0,022C - 0,000197C2
(4.4)
51
chung lu tc gim dn theo chiu dng chy. Cng v h lu dng sng cng rng,
vn tc cng gim xung.
(4.5)
52
53
54
v tt =
vdh
(4.6)
F
h
v tt =
1
(vm + 2v0,2 + 2v 0,4 + 2v0,6 + 2v 0,8 + v d )
10
vtt =
1
(vm + 3v0,2 + 3v0,6 + 2v0,8 + vd )
10
(4.7)
+ Phng php o 3 im
v tt =
1
( v 0 , 2 + 2 v 0 , 6 + v 0 ,8 )
4
(4.8)
+ Phng php o 2 im
55
v tt =
1
( v 0 , 2 + v 0 ,8 )
2
(4.9)
+ V o ti 1 im
vtt = v0,6
(4.10)
56
4.4. CC DNG C O VN TC
4.4.1. Lu tc k
4.4.1.1 Vi nt v lch s lu tc k: T tng sng ch dng c l o vn
tc da vo mi lin h ca vng quay cnh qut trn nguyn tc bin chuyn ng
quay thnh chuyn ng thng ln u tin c Lna d Vanhxi s dng trong cc
cng trnh ca mnh song ng ng dng nguyn tc ny o vn tc gi.
Phn ln cc ti liu u cho rng Vontman - nh k thut thu (ngi Ham
bua) l ngi sng ch ra lu tc k, a vo cng trnh ca ng xut bn vo nm
1970 " l thuyt v s dng lu tc k".
Song trc Vontmam ngi ta cng s dng cc dng c o vn tc dng
chy cng da trn nguyn tc nh l lu tc k. N.D Chapkin cho rng ngi sng
ch u tin ra lu tc cha bit r, cn Vontman l ngi chuyn cc lu tc k c
thnh dng tng t nh ngy nay.
T trc ti nay lu tc k bc vo ng dng thc tin mt cch chc
chn, v l mt trong cc dng c tt nht v ph bin nht o c vn tc dng
chy.
4.4.1.2. Phn loi lu tc k.
Thc t c rt nhiu dng v cu trc lu tc k khc nhau. Ngy nay lu tc
k c phn bit theo nhiu du hiu: hng quay, trang b b phn tn hiu, phng
php th lu tc k xung nc vv...
Theo phng trc quay ngi ta phn bit 2 loi: loi trc quay nm ngang v
trc quay thng ng. Loi th nht l c th l cc my GP - 21, loi th 2 nh lu
tc k Prais.
Theo cu trc ca cnh qut th lu tc k c phn ra lm 2 loi: nhm cnh
qut li xng v nhm cnh qut li phu. i a s cc kiu lu tc k hin nay c
nh qut li xng to ra c my quay, c ng sinh dng parabol nh lu tc k GP
- 21,v.v.. Loi cc quay ch yu c s dng M ( lu tc k Prais ). Ni chung
lu tc k cnh qut kiu li xng thun tin v o c chnh xc hn.
57
(4.11)
58
vi v- vn tc dng chy.
kg - h s c gi l bc nhy hnh hc bng ng i cnh qut sau mt
vng quay.
n - s vng quay
1
s
(4.12)
a,b,c l cc tham s.
Phng trnh ( 4.12) phn nh kh chnh xc mi quan h gia vn tc dng
chy v s vng quay ca cnh qut trong iu kin thc t. Bng th n c dng
mt Hypecbol, vi n = 0, v = c = v 0 cn gi l vn tc ban u ca my.
Vn tc ban u ca my l vn tc m khi lc tc ng ca dng ln cnh
qut bng lc cn khi cnh qut bt u quay khng ng u. Tip theo khi vn
tc quay tr nn u khi phng trnh (4.12 ) c th vit di dng:
v = an + bn 2 + v 02
(4.13)
59
Vi: v0 l vn tc ban u ca my lu tc k.
Khi vn tc dng chy ln, c th coi v0 l khng ng k so vi v, khi :
phng trnh (4.13) c th vit nh sau:
v = (a + b )n = kn
(4.14)
(4.15)
b = ( k)2
(4.16)
(4.17)
60
4.4.2 Phao
4.4.2.1 C ch xc nh vn tc bng phao l cho rng vn tc chuyn ng ca
phao bng vn tc dng chy ca nc ti ch phao tri. Gi nh ny lm n gin
cho vic xc inh vn tc mc d v l thuyt cng nh thc nghim ngi ta
chng minh c rng phao lun tri nhanh hn nc chy quanh n. iu ny
c iuboa pht hin nm 1786. Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ny l bi s khng
cn bng trng lng ca vt tri trn trc chuyn ng. Ta xt cc lc tc ng ln
vt tri trong nc trng thi cn bng. Gi nh mt h to vung gc c gc
to ti tm vt tri, trc honh l chiu ng chy song song vi mt nc. Lc y
Acsimet vung gc vi b mt nc v hnh chiu ca n nn trc honh bng 0.
G -Lc trng trng hng
xung di.
Trng lng ca vt ny:
v
Gx
G =.V (4.18).
Hnh4.3 S lc tc ng ln vt th tri
Gx = G.sin
- nghing ca b mt vi mt nm ngang
sin = I - dc ca mt nc.
Nh vy lc Gx l lc lm cho vt tri c gia tc. Di tc ng ca n vt
cng tri nhanh ti khi cn bng vi lc cn R.
4.4.2.2. Cc loi phao
a) Phao ni b mt: dng o vn tc v hng dng chy mt, c lm
bng g nh hnh trn hoc hnh ch thp c cm c tin quan st. Thng c cm
mt vt nng trn phao tng s n nh.
61
v - Vn tc a phng thay
i theo su
v1 - Tc nng cao theo chiu thng ng bng hng s.
62
h- su im o
T (4.19 v 4.20) ta c
t
l = vdt
(4.21)
h = v1t
(4.22)
Bi dt =
h
l=
0
dh
ta nhn c:
v1
v
dh
v1
(4.23)
vdh = v
Thay
h,
(4.24)
l=
1
vB h
v1
T : v B =
(4.25)
v1
l
h
(4.26)
4.4.3. ng o thu vn
4.4.3.1. Nguyn tc
o vn tc dng chy bng ng o thu vn da trn vic thay vn tc bng
xc nh cao ca nc dng do vn tc dng chy gy ra. xc nh mi lin h
gia vn tc v cao ny ngi ta s dng phng trnh Becnuli cho dng nc A-B
63
z1 +
p1
u12
p
u2
= z2 + 2 + 2
2g
2g
(4.27)
u12
h=
2g
p1
p2
u1
u12
=
=h
2g
(4.28)
(4.29)
Cng thc (4.29) dng c trong trng hp cht lng l tng cn trong
trng hp dng chy ri th ( h) b hn . p dng ngi ta a vo mt h s iu
chnh () c xc nh bng cch kim nh. Khi (4.29) c dng:
u = 2 gh
(4.30)
Ngy nay d ch to c cc ng o c h s = 1
64
R = Cx
(4.31)
v=u=
(4.32)
ud
(4.33)
65
CHNG 5. LU LNG NC
5.1. KHI NIM
66
h
dx
y
dy
dQ = v cosd ,
(5.1)
Q = v cos d =
x =B y=h
v cos dxdy
(5.2)
x =0 y=0
Q = cos vdxdy
(5.3)
0 0
67
B h
Q = cos vdxdy = vd
0 0
(5.4)
Q = qdx
(5.5)
khi q - lu lng thnh phn bng tch ca vn tc trung bnh trn thu trc
vi su chnh thu trc . tc l q=vB.h vi B - rng ca sng.
Th hai , nu trong mt ct dng chy c cc ng lu v c th xc nh c
din tch nm gia cc ng ng lu v ng mc nc th th tch m hnh lu
lng nc s l:
Q=
vmax
v dv
(5.6)
68
69
BK = AH -
BM = ( tg - tg )
AG vung gc vi AK l tuyn o thu vn
5.4 TRANG B CA TUYN O THU VN V PHNG PHP O
70
5.4.4 o nhanh
Lu lng c p dng trong cc trng hp m cn tin hnh o cng nhanh
cng tt; l khi c s dao ng mc nc t ngt (10cm/gi ), b b xi l mnh (
thng xy ra khi l lt ) khi yu cu o ti mt im khong 30 giy hoc thi
gian gia hai tn hiu m thi. o nhanh i vi tng im nn c th dng c 3
phng php chi tit, c bn v rt gn.
5.5. O LU LNG NC
71
N
, v = f (n )
t
(5.7)
72
C 3 phng php:
- Phng php phn tch
- Phng php gii
- Phng php theo cc ng ng lu
Trong phng php phn tch l hay dng nht bi tnh gin n ca n v
m bo chnh xc tng i cao.
Q = kv1 0 +
v1 + v2
v +v
1 +L+ n1 n n1 + kvn n1
2
2
(5.8)
73
- mp nc c su = 0 ( k = 0,7 )
- b c lau, sy ( k = 0,5 )
Vn tc trong cng thc ( 5.8 ) c tnh nh sau
a. Lng sng h, khng c c v nc t.
o 5 im trn mt thu trc:
VB = 0,1. ( Vm + 3 V0,2 + 3V0,6 + 2V0,8 + Vd)
(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.11)
(5.12)
(5.14)
(5.15)
Vi h s k = 0,9.
Din tch thnh phn ca cc thit din t c xc nh qua su trn cc
thu trc o su v thu trc o vn tc. Din tch phn mt ct gia b v thy trc
74
vn tc th nht:
h + h2
1
h1b0 + 1
b1
2
2
0 =
(5.16)
1 =
h2 + h3
h +h
h +h
b2 + 3 4 b3 + 4 5 b4
2
2
2
1
h10
h2
(5.17)
hn
h3
hn-1
h4
h5
H 1 q 1b1 + H 2 q 2 b2 +L+ H n q n bn
,
q 1b1 + q 2 b2 +L+ q n bn
(5.18)
Q =
hvdx
(5.19)
x =0
h - su; v - vn tc trung bnh thu trc; b - khong cch gia cc thu trc;
x - to ang xt gia cc thu trc .
75
h2 h1
x . Biu din
b
1 16
h , vi nn
h s nhm, ta c:
v=
2
2
1
I h 3 = ah 3
n
(5.20)
Q = a
x=0
h2 h1
h1 +
dx
(5.21)
(5.22)
Q = i k i v im
(5.23)
i =1
76
q = vdh
(5.24)
0 +1
2
a+
1 +2
2
a +...+
n 1 + n
2
a + Qk ,
(5.25)
77
2
n (v max v n )
3
(5.26)
Q = a 0
+ 1 + 2 +L+ n 1 + Qk
(5.27)
(5.28)
78
Qd Qt
100
Qt
(5.29)
79
- nh hng ca t nn y khi o su
- Tng sai s c 2 -3 %
b. o vn tc
- sai s khi kim nh my
- s khc bit ca iu kin kim nh v iu kin o kho c dng ri.
- s thay i ma st khi lu tc k lc vn hnh
- nh hng ca nht du trn my o
- Khng tnh nh hng ca tnh xon c
- Sai s do tnh khng xc nh ngoi suy vn tc t im o thp nht ti y
- Ton b sai s lu lng c 1- 5 %
Ngoi ra cn c cc sai s o iu kin lm vic v cng thc tnh ton khi
tham kho cc bng tra cu.
5.9 O LU LNG BNG PHAO
80
(5.30)
V
vi V l th tch cha trong dng c o, t - thi gain o. Th tch dng
t
81
(5.31)
vi Q-lu lng sng; C0- nng t nhin cht ho tan trong nc sng; q-lu
lng cht ch th; C1-nng ho tan ca cht ch th; C2- nng cht ch th ti
tuyn o..
T (5.31) ta c:
Q=q
C1 C2
C2 C0
(5.32)
C1 C 2
C2
Tuyn th
Q,C0
(5.33)
Tuyn o
(Q+q),C2
q,C1
82
m = dQC2 dt
(5.34)
M=
dQC2 dt
(5.35)
C2 dt
khng
M = dQ C2 dt
(5.36)
83
Khi :
t
M = Q C2 dt
(5.37)
VC1
t
(5.38)
C2 dt
0
84
CHNG 6. O LU LNG BN CT
6.1 CC KHI NIM C BN
Trong nc lun lun cha mt lng cht rn v cht ho tan. Tng lng cc
sn phm m dng nc ti i trong mt thi gian xc nh gi l dng chy rn, cc
phn t rn m nc ti i c gi l ph sa. Ph sa c cc ht ln khc nhau,
thnh phn ca n cn c c cc cht hu c.
S xut hin ca dng chy rn d b chi phi bi cc qu trnh bo mn ho
hc v c hc. Bo mn c hc ch yu l do dng chy mt, do gi; bo mn ho
hc - dng chy ngm. Phn ph sa ch yu tng lng sng l t lu vc, mt phn
no l do xi l lng v b sng .
Ph sa trong sng gm c ph sa l lng, ph sa di y. S phn bit ny ch
c tnh cht quy c bi qu trnh chuyn ho ca ph sa t dng ny sang dng khc
l lin tc. Song s phn chia ny cn thit khi thit lp cc phng php nghin cu.
Lu lng ph sa l lng k hiu R, (kg/s), cht ho tan S (kg/s). o lu lng ph sa
l lng da trn vic xc c ca nc ( lng ph sa trong mt n v th tch
nc). c c bin din bng cng thc:
=
p H 10 6
V
(6.1)
100 p D
tl
(6.2)
PD- lng ph sa mu ( g );
85
p C 10 6
V
(6.3)
86
6.2.1. Chuyn ng ph sa y
Di tc ng ca lc dng chy
ph sa y c th ln, trt, hoc nhy
cc.
Trn cc con sng c y ct
thng to thnh cc a hnh c trng
l sng ct. Qui m sng ct ph thuc
Hnh 6.1 G ct y
vo lu lng v tc dng chy; ph
sa trt theo sng ct to nn qu trnh
bo mn v bi lng lin tc dn ti s di chuyn cc ct theo thi gian. Sng ct c
khi c qui m c chiu rng con sng.
87
88
6.3.2. Dng c ly mu ph sa y
89
sa th s lng o ph sa c th bt i.
Nu tuyn o nm trn on sng vi s bi xi mnh th s ln o ph sa trn
sng bt buc phi dy hn t 4-6 ln trong mt thng.
chnh xc trong vic o c v tnh ton lu lng ph sa vi cc phng
php hin nay thng nm vo khong 10 -15 %.
Vic ly mu ph sa c cc
phng php nh sau: phng
php im; phng php tng v
phng php tch.
a. Phng php im: cc
mu nc ly cc im ring
bit trn cc thu trc vn tc 3
dng: chi tit; hai im v mt
im (chi tit: ti mt; 0.2h;
Hnh 6.5 Dng c ly mu trn cc v trn ti
0.6h;0.8h; y; hai im:ti 0.2h
trng
v 0.8h v mt im: ti 0.6h).
Dng chi tit p dng khi i hi ti liu chnh xc. Phng php hai im p dng
cho cc sng ln v trung bnh c c khng ln lm t 50-100 g/m3. Phng php
mt im dng cho cc sng b c c tng t.
b. Phng php tng: mu ly ti 2 im ring bit mi thu trc (0.2h v
0.8h )sau chung vo mt l ri xc nh
c tng cng. Phng php ny dng vi
c b hn 50 g/cm3.
c. Phng php tch: a dng c ly
mu chuyn ng lin tc theo tng thu trc
t mt xung y v ngc li. Dng phng
php ny vi chuyn ng khng ngng khi
cc yu t thu trc thay i nhanh.
Th tch mu ly sao cho khi lc, phn
ng li khng t hn 0,1 g. Mu kim tra ly
Hnh 6.6 Gu ly mu bn ct
90
a .1000
(6.4)
a - Gi tr cn i hi (g)
- c g/m3:
= v
(6.5)
91
tb =
r
h
(6.6)
R1000
Q
(6.7)
tbTT
tbTT =
r
q
(6.8)
92
tb =
0,2 + 0,8
2
(6.9)
tb = 0,6
(6.10)
Nu tnh theo phng php ly mu chi tit th cng thc tnh lu lng ph sa
trung bnh trn thu trc s l:
(6.11)
R = 0,001 k 1 0 + 1
1 +L+ n1
n1 + k n n (6.12)
2
2
Hoc:
+ 2
|+ n
R = 0,001 1 Q0 + 1
Q1 +L+ n1
Qn 1 + n Qn
2
2
(6.13)
(6.14 )
93
tb = kdv
94
(6.15)
95
6.4.1. Cc dng c ly mu ph sa y
Mun o bn ct ti mt im no trn y sng ta a my xung im .
Khi my chm y sng th cc ca m, sau mt thi gian di th ko my ln ghi
ly thi gian o . Thi gian o ph thuc vo lng bn ct ti im o nhiu hay t
quy nh. Thng thng im mi im ly mu t 50 - 750 g l c.
100 p d
tl
(6.16)
96
G = 0,001 1 b0 + 1
b1 +L+ n1
bn 1 + n bn
2
2
2
2
(6.17)
97
7.1.1 mui
mui l tng cc loi mui c trong 1000 gam nc bin nhit 4800C
(gm cc mui cc-bon-nt b xi ho , I-, Br-, ClThng ngi ta xc nh mui qua lng ion Cl- trong mu nc .
C(%o) =
(7.1)
7.1.2. mn
L tng s gam mui NaCl trong mt gam nc bin, g/1000g. k hiu l S.
xc nh mn thng da vo mi quan h gia Clo v mn nh sau:
S = 1.65 Cl
(7.2)
Cl = 0.607 S
(7.3)
98
7.2.3 Dng c ly mu
- Chai c nt hoc dng c ly bn ct kiu ngang .
Ch : Khi ly mu cn c mc nc, nhit , thi gian o, v tr o.
7.3 CH O MN
99
100
V (10 V1 )
V1
(7.4)
V (10 V1 )
14 ,533
V1
(7.5)
101
mn (%o)
Nng
(N)
>1,000
0,0855
5 pha thm 15 ml nc ct
0,2501,000
0,0855
20
0,01712
20
0,01712
50100
<0,250
AgNO3 N x58,45 = P
Th tch nc mu V ml
Cl =
W N 35,5
1000
V
Trong :
(7.6)
102
W . P'
.1000
V
(7.7)
W N 58,45
1000
V
(7.8)
WP
1000
V
Khi
(7.9)
N = 0,0855 th P = 5,00
N = 0,01712 th P = 1,0
103
20
20
50
1 0 0
0,01712
1000W
607W
250W
151,8W
50W
30,35W
20W
12,14W
10W
6,07W
S tt =
S tt =
S mat + S 0 ,5 h + S day
(7.10)
S mat + S 0 , 2 h + S 0 , 4 h + S 0 ,6 h + S 0 ,8 h + S day
6
(7.11)
S mn =
S1Q0 +
+ Sn
S1 + S 2
S
Q1 + ...+ n 1
Qm 1 + Sn Qn
2
2
(7.12)
Q
S mn =
S1 + S 2 + ... S n 1 + S n
n
(7.13)
104
S1, S2, Sn
pH = log
Khi
1
[H + ]
(7.14)
pH = 7 - nc trung bnh
pH > 7 - kim
pH< 7 - axt
105
(7.15)
106
107
ngh nhiu dng c thit b o cht lng nc ra i. Cc dng c o trc tip bng
cc s o hin s trn my. Hin nay c nhiu catalo gii thiu cc loi my ny.
108
Phn 2
CHNH BIN TI LIU
THU VN
109
GII THIU
Trong o c thu vn s liu o c thng c sai s do cc iu kin o
khng ph hp gia cc tuyn o, hoc sai s xy ra gia cc ln o trn cng mt
tuyn. c s liu ng b v hn ch nhng sai s trn cn chnh bin s liu
khi o c xong.
Mc ch cng tc chnh bin ti liu thu vn l:
1. Chnh sa sai s ca cc ti liu gc nhm nng cao cht lng ca ti liu.
2. Phn tch, tnh ton khi qut qu trnh thay i ca hin tng thu vn.
3. Nghin cu quy lut thay i ca tng yu t thu vn c phng php
o hp l nht, gim nh chi ph v nhn lc v cho ti liu c chnh xc cao.
4. Ko di, b sung ti liu lu lng nh ti liu o mc nc
Ni dung khi qut ca cng tc chnh bin ti liu thu vn:
1. Phn tch s liu o c
2. Ni suy s liu: bng phng php ni suy ngi ta c th a ra qu trnh
thay i hin tng thu vn khng lin tc theo thi gan v khng gian.
3. Tng hp s liu nhm mc ch s dng bo qun, lu tr s liu thun tin.
Yu cu cng tc chnh l.
1. K thut:
- Phng php phn tch phi c c s khoa hc.
- S liu tnh ton phi m bo chnh xc cao (nm trong sai s cho php)
2. Kinh t:
110
111
nh ch o
hp l
xut cc yu cu
H
t
112
Hng , Hth , Hn .
Mc nc bnh qun theo khng gian: theo tng on sng, nhnh sng , hai
b v.v..
- Mc nc cao nht, thp nht thi on biu th s dao ng ca mc nc
trong mt thi on no .
- Chnh lch mc nc H trong mt trn l , trong thi gian triu ln hoc
triu xung.
8.3. PHNG PHP KIM TRA SAI S CA MC NC THC O
Phng php thng dng hin nay l phng php so snh, nhn xt ng
qu trnh H = f(t) ca nhiu trm trn cng mt h thng sng.
Cch lm:
113
dH
> 0,
dt
nc
ng
dH
= 0,
dt
dH
< 0.
dt
114
c) Tnh cht tng ng. Sng l, sng triu truyn theo dc sng to nn s
thay i ca mc nc ca cc mt ct trn cng mt h thng sng c th tng
ng nhng lch pha nhau mt thi gian truyn l, truyn triu no . Tnh cht ny
th hin r cc sng khng c hin tng giao thoa sng l, sng triu hoc khng
c lng gia nhp khu gia.
Nu H = f(t) trong cng mt thi gian ca nhiu mt ct trn mt on sng c
dng tng t nhau, chng t mc nc cc mt ct c thi gian thay i tng
ng.
Quan h H = f(t)
cng thi gian ca nhiu
mt ct trn cng mt h
thng sng v cng mt h
trc to v cng t l th
cc ng ny khng ct
nhau vi cng mt iu
t(ngy)
kin mt ct chun. Bi v
Hnh 8.2 ng quan h H=f(t) trm Ph Li s.
nc chy c trong sng
Thi Bnh.
l do s chnh lch mc
nc theo chiu dc sng nn mc nc ca cc mt ct theo chiu nc chy s
thp dn.
115
H=f(t) dao
ng kt hp
c l v triu
Thi gian
Hnh 8.3 ng quan h H=f(t) khng tng ng trong on sng chuyn tip l v
triu
c.Tnh cht khng tng ng. Nhng on c nhiu sng nhnh, nhp lu,
thi gian cp nc v t l lng nc ca cc nhnh khng ng nht, to nn hin
H
ng cong
mt nc
lm
Chy
xui
Khng
chy
Chy
ngc
L
116
117
Hc Hd
(t t d )
tc td
(8.1)
Bc nhy k tip
a)
b)
Bc nhygin on
t
Thi gian
Hnh 8.5 Sai s do tnh sai, o chp sai, o sai (a) v sai s do dn
cao sai hoc sai s niu thc o (b)
Trong :
Ht - Mc nc thi im cn tnh.
H - Mc nc u thi on
Hc - Mc nc cui thi on
t, tc - Thi im u v cui thi on
t - Thi im bt k trong thi on tnh ton ni suy.
cc trm trn
118
900
H (Ph L i)
800
700
600
500
400
400
500
600
700
H (C t K h)
H n h 8 .6 T n g q u an m c n c n h triu c a h ai trm P h L i
v C t K h trn sng Thi B nh
Cc bc tin hnh:
Bit s liu H ngy trong nm X trm Y
- Phn cp H bnh qun ngy.
- Cn c vo s liu tnh H mc nc bnh qun ngy cao nht vi mc
nc ngy thp nht.
H = Hmax Hmin
(8.2)
119
Cp
mc
nc
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
XI
XII
ngy
tng
cp
ngy
lu
tch
200
300
(Ngy)
120
9.1.1 Mc ch
- Sa cha sai st, nng cao cht lng ti liu
- Bin ti liu lu lng khng lin tc thnh lin tc.
- Tng hp bo qun v lu tr ti liu
- Qua chnh l s liu lu lng c th chnh l s ln o cho hp l.
Thc o
Cung cp
Mc ch chnh l
nh ch o
ngh
121
Nhn t nh hng ch
yu?
C th bng cch nh tnh (nhn dng) hoc nh lng (tnh phn tn
theo %).
Da vo tnh xi, bi ca mt mt ct m c th phn thnh cc loi quan h
gia Q =f(H) l:
- Tng i n nh
- Thay i theo mt ct
- Thay i theo dc
- Thay i khng c quy lut
122
a. Quan h Q=f(H) tng i n nh. Khng c dng phn b theo thi gian
v nh gi sai lch bng %
3
4
4
3
4
3
1
2
v
1
hmax
, hmax = f ( H )
123
H,cm
x
x
x
x
x
x
Q
xx
x x
Q,m3/s
Q
124
I khng xt
H,c
m
H,c
m
x2
x2
x4
x3
x1
x4
x1
x3
x1
x2
x4
Qm3/s
x3
,m2
125
n g
ti
ti
(m3/s)
(9.1)
ti
Qnam
F
(9.2)
126
W nam = Wi
(m3)
(9.3)
- su dng chy nm :
Ynam =
Wnam
F
(mm)
(9.4)
Qngc
ngc
Q xui
Qxui
Hnh 9.5
Kim tra kt qu tnh nhm pht hin sai s tnh ton, xt tnh cht hp l ca
kt qu tnh ton c ph hp quy lut thay i ca mc nc hay khng ? c th xy
ra 4 trng hp sau :
- Kt qu tnh chnh xc ph hp vi quy lut
- Kt qu tnh chnh xc , khng ph hp vi quy lut
- Kt qu tnh khng chnh xc ph hp vi quy lut
- Kt qu tnh khng chnh xc khng ph hp vi quy lut
Phng php kim tra:
127
C nhiu phng php kim tra nhng khng c phng php no ng thi
tho mn c hai mc ch :
1. Kim tra tnh cht tng ng gia Q v H.
cng mt biu so snh.
V ng qu trnh H, Q trn
t, gi
Hnh 9.6 Quan h Q=f(t) v H=f(t)
vao
vao
ra
+ Wd = Wra + Wc
W ,W
d
(9.5)
128
Q, m3/s
Q=f(t)trn
Q=f(t)di
t, gi
t, ngy
Qxui, , m3/s
25-26
2.Triu yu: Khong thi gian gia hai lu lng nh nht l 25-26 ngy.
Q(m3/s)
2526
t(ngy)
129
Q = CR 2
+
2 gL
L
(9.6)
Trong :
-Din tch mt ct
C -H s S zi
R -Bn knh thu lc
- -H s tn tht cc b
- -H s ct nc lu tc
-vt,vdLu tc trung bnh mt ct trn v mt ct di ca on sng L
H -Chnh lch mc nc gia hai tuyn
Nh vy Q l mt hm ph thuc nhiu yu t W,C,R,I,H.....
Q=f(W,C,R,I,H.....)
130
B+b
(b + 2 hm) + b
h (9.7)
h=
2
2
W = bh + mh 2
W
= b + 2 mh > 0
h
(10.7)
(9.8)
W
tng dn theo mc nc, hm W =f(H) l hm thun bin.
h
131
2W
= 2W > 0, hm W=f(H) c dng lm.
h 2
L = const H = f (H)
a, Quan h I =f(H) ti vng sng khng c nh hng triu
H(cm)
H,cm
H2
H1'
H1
H2'
t1
t2
t'1 t'2
t(gi)
H,cm
Hnh 9.11. Quan h H=f(H) vng khng nh hng triu vi on sng m rng dn
132
H(cm)
H,cm
H2
H1'
H1
t1
H2'
t2
t'1
t(gi)
t'2
H,cm
Hnh 9.12. Quan h H=f(H) vng khng nh hng triu vi on sng thu hp dn
H'2>H'1
H,cm
Trm trn
Trm
di
t(gi)
H,cm
133
H(cm)
H2
H'1
H1
H'2
t1
t2
t'1
t'2
t(gi)
H,m
3. Dng quan h Q=f(H). Trong dng khng n nh ta bit biu thc tnh Q:
H ( + )(v d2 v t2 )
Q = WCR
+
2g
(9.9)
t:
m
H + 2
H
2
L = L 2 g ( v d v t )
(9.10)
1 H
1
Q
W
H
= CR 2
WCR 2 m
L
L H
H
(9.11)
m1
(H )
H
(9.12)
134
Q,m3/s
P
W
> 0;
H
Q
H
> 0
>0
H
H
hoc Q=f(H) n tr
H,cm
H,cm
H,m
H ,cm
Q
W
<
< 0 nn
H
H
H
135
Q,m 3 /s
W
> 0;
H
Q
H
> 0
> 0
H
H
Trong thc t
xxx
xx
W
H
hoc
thay i khng
H
H
xxx
xx
xx
x
xx
H,cm
Nguyn l
iu kin gi
thit
C s lp lun
Cch lm
phng php
v
phng php
tnh
iu kin p
dng
Thu lc
a hnh
S liu o
u nhc im
K thut
Kinh t
H ( + 2 g ) (v d2 v t2 ) 2
H i
Q= k
= ki
L
Li
L
(9.13)
1
2
136
H i
dc mt nc trung bnh ca mt on sng Li m Li L
Li
m: s mc hiu chnh
Vy Q=f(W,I,H......)=f(W,I)
Khi W,I,H khng i th Q=f(H) n tr
Khi H khng i nhng W,I thay i b tr th Q=f(H)n tr. Trong thc t
khng c Q=f(H) n tr tuyt i nn khi Q=f(H) dao ng trong sai s cho php coi
Q=f(H) n tr.
*
Cch lm :
(Q
do
Q ) = min
(9.14)
D c m bo m thut chnh xc ng quan h nghing khong 400600. chnh xc: m bo chnh xc ca mc nc ti cm th t l nh nht
ca trc H l: 1:20
Q ( ) =
0,5mm
X (*)
(9.15)
0,5mm
S (%)
X (*)
(9.16)
137
Vy x
0,5mm
vi x l di gii hn.
S (%)
(9.17)
Q Q
doQ tinh
tinh
(9.18)
n 1
Q
t S = do ta c =
Qtinh
(S 1)
n1
(9.19)
138
139
H(cm)
8
9
1x2
T2
CT
1x 4x
T1
2x
3x
x3
Q(m3/s)
T(gi)
Qc
Qx
m3/s
H(cm)
m3
vc
vx
140
m/s
Qc = w c v c
(9.20)
vx
lun thay i nn dng quan h t s lu lng v t s din tch l mt h
vc
ng thng c h s gc thay i.
- Gi thit
vx
w
thay i thun hoc nghch thun tu vi x th c th khi
vc
wc
ni
(9.21)
a - h s ca ng cong
ni - s mc ca ng cong, n c th thay i
-c bit : v x thay i thun hoc nghch vi wx theo qui lutc th vit:
v x = (wx )
Qx = ( w x ) w x = f ( w x )
(9.22)
Qx
w
= f (. x ) tnh Qtt.
Qc
wc
141
vx
>1
vc
vx
=1
vc
Qx
Qc
vx
<1
vc
wx
wc
Qx
w
= f( x)
Q
w
Qx
w
= f (. x ) trong Qx, Wx l lu lng v din tch thc o
Qc
wc
tng ng; Qc,Wc - lu lng v din tch chn lm chun tra trn biu tng ng
cng mc nc.
-Sai s tng quan:
=
(S 1)
n1
(
Vi S =
(
Qx
Qx
Qc ) tinh
(9.23)
(9.24)
Qc ) docbieudo
142
Wx1, Wc1, Q
ni
c1thay(10.21)c
W
Q = a x1 Qc1 , cch tnh ny thch hp trong iu kin dng my .
Wc1
c1
tnh c
Wx
Qx
Qx
tra biu Q1 = Qc1
Wc 1
Qc 1
Qc 1
ni
wx
wc
w
Q
Hnh 9.22 Quan h x = a x
Qc
wc
ni
143
( K i = i . Ci Ri 2 ) (9.25)
H c
= Kc
Li
(9.26)
Qc
K c H c
(9.27)
Gi thit t s m un lu lng
ng vi
Ki
thay i thun hoc nghch thun tu
Kc
H i
th c th khi qut h ng cong ca (9.27)
H c
thnh dng n tr
gnng.
Qi
Qc
Qi
Qc
b)
a)
Hi
Hc
Hi
Hc
144
Q
Q
i
c
H
=
H
i
c
m i
(9.28)
Qi
H
= f ( i ).
Qc
Hc
(S 1)
n1
S=
(
Qx
Qx
Qc ) tinh
(9.29)
Qc ) docbieudo
Tnh Qtt : gi thit ti t1 c Ht1 (trm trn), Hd1(trm di) t H1 tra biu
c Hc1, Qc1.
T Ht1 v Hd1 c H1 = Ht1 - Hd1
H mi
1
Q1 =
+ Qc1
H c1
(9.30)
H 1
tip tc
H c 1
145
Qi
Qc 1
tra biu c
Q
Q1 = i Qc1
Qc 1
(9.31)
+ t l dc ln
Li
(9.32)
146
T s
suy ra
Qi
Ki
=
H im Lmi
(9.33)
Q1
- s o lu lng tng ng vi mt n v chnh lch mc nc
H im
147
Vi Hi = 1 n v; Q( H =1) = K i
K
1
= im
m
L1
L1
(9.34)
(9.35)
Qi
theo sai s nh
Him
nht xc nh .
Cch 2: tnh theo quan h Q=f(H); H =f(H) tng ng xc nh m ng tng
mc nc suy ra s m m.
m
Q1 H 1m H 1 Q2 H 2m H 2
Q1
Q2
=
=
=
=
suy
ra
=
;
Q2 H 2m H 2 Q3 H 3m H 3
H 1m H 2m
148
suy ra m =
Q
lg 1
Q2
H 1
lg
H 2
(9.36)
H + (V d2 V t 2 )
- v mt vt l: Q = k
2 gL
L
H i
= Ki
Li
H + (Vd2 Vt 2
lg
2g
L
1 L
Loga ho suy ra m =
2
lg H L
m = f (H , H i ; v d , v t , , , K , K i . . . )
Cc yu t ny thay i bi a hnh sng, trng thi chy. Vi trm o c a
hnh thay i chm hoc khng i m = f(trng thi chy) iu ny c ngha ng tng
trn l, cn triu th m c gi tr khc (ng vi mi trng thi chy c mt gi tr m
khc)
Tnh sai s tng quan.
(S 1)
n1
S=
Qi
Hi tinh
Qi
Hi docbieudo
Tnh Qtt, t1 c H1 v H1
149
Qi
m
. H 1 v c H1 = Ht1 - Hd1
H i 1
t H1 Q 1 =
H
Qi
= f
Qc
H C
m
1
= CR 2 I m
150
th quan h ny s l ng thng vi
1
(B: rng
lng sng)
1
- V quan h Q = f (h 2 )
1
iu ny
gian.
1
Phng php ny
1 16
R
n
- Quan h mc nc vi dc
Cng di thp dc I cng thay i nhiu do nh hng ma st y sng,
cng ln cao cng t nh hng ma st y sng nn n n nh hn.
3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im.
* iu kin thu lc: Dng khng n nh, thay i chm, thay i dc nh.
151
(1)
Q = a(H -Z )n
(2)
152
153
H B2 H A . HC
2 H B ( AA + AC )
Qb
Qc
Qi
= f (H )
H im
154
C
= const , suy ra quan
Lmi
C
L ,im
1
Qi
2
=
(
) m R = h ; nu quan h ny thng ta
f
R
Him
Qi
= f (H ) nu khngthng th khng ph hp vi gi thit
H im
trn.
3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im:
Tng t phng php CIm = const
155
Kin ngh o c
- Cc ngnh s dng
ngh s liu
156
t = f (t)
Kt qu phn tch
chia thnh cc trng hp:
a) c
g/cm3
+10%
quan h m v t n nh
dng quan h m v t tnh
R
b) c t
quan h m v t
n nh.
-10%
nhng
khng
g/cm3
157
(kg/s)
(10.1)
thng, nm=
K l h s chuyn i
- Th tch cht l lng trong mt thi on no
Vthi on = R thi on.T (Tn/ ngy, thng, nm)
vao
V trong = V ra
c) Tng hp v thuyt minh s liu vi khi lng t nhng tnh i biu cao
10.3. CC PHNG PHP TNH R THEO TNG QUAN
158
+10%
-10%
Q m3/s
159
1 + 2
q +....+ n q n
2 2
1 q1 +
m =
m =
q2
q
; = 3 ......
q1
q1
1 + (1 + 2 ) + (2 + 3 )....n
2
2
n
2) Cch lm.
Lp quan h m v t
- Nguyn tc: n tr, t thay i t ngt, sai s nh nht
- Xt sai s: ch xt sai s gii hn
- Tnh R
+ Trong mt ngy o mt ln t i biu coi l t ngy
+ Nu trong mt ngy o nhiu ln tnh trung bnh cng cc ln o
+ Nu mt ngy khng o th ni suy gia hai ngy gn nht bit t (ngy) tra
bn c n ngy Rngy= m . Qy
3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im
160
161