tcef; (1)

ajrmufOD;acwfrif;qufrsm;
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uudk &ckid b
f &k ifrif;apmrGeo
f nf &ckid jf refrm ou&mZf 792 ck? awmfovif;vqef;?
1-&ufaeYwiG f wnfco
hJ nf/ c&pfou&mZft&qkv
d Qif at'D 1430 ckEpS u
f jzpfonf/
ajrmufOD;rif;qufonf &ckdifjrefrm ou&mZf 1146 ck? jymodkvjynfhausmf? 7-&ufaeYwGif
jywfonf/ c&pfou&mZft&qkdvQif 1784 ckESpfu jzpfonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUum; 354 ESpfwkdif
pnfum;cJah om &ckid w
f \
Ydk aemufq;kH NrKd Uawmfjzpfonf/
,if;NrKd UwGif rif;qufaygif; 48-quf eef;pHco
hJ nf/ ajrmufO;D cwfrif;qufukd av;ykid ;f
jzwfwifjy&ygrl NrKd Uwnfaom rif;apmrGerf S bk&ifrif;AmBu;D rwkid rf t
D xd 12-quf? ,if;rif;quf
udk yxrajrmufO;D rif;quf[k ac:Muonf/ bk&ifrif;AmBu;D rS rif;paexd 9-quf ,if;rif;qufukd
'kwd,ajrmufOD;rif;quf[k ac:Muonf/ bk&ife&ywdBuD;rS pE0dZ,rif;txd 14-quf? bk&if
pEo&l ,
d rS r[morw&mZm? ta*gyknaZm&mZmtxd 13-quf? pkpak ygif; 48-quf jzpf\/
rif;quf - 1
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

em&rdwv
f S ^ rif;apmrGef
avmif;Murif;&mZol\om;
24-ESpf
avmif;Muuf-4 ESp?f eef;us-22 ESp?f ajrmufO;D - 3 ESpf
792-795? c&pfou&mZf 1430-1433 at'D
792^a&Teef;ocif em&rdwv
f &S mZm-aiG'*Fg;
795^a&Teef;ocif em&rdwv
f &S mZm-aiG'*Fg;

rif;quf - 2
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

e&Ek-rif;c&D-tvDcif
nD
42-ESpf
26-ESpf
795-821? c&pfou&mZf 1433-1459 at'D
rawGUao;/

2
rif;quf - 3
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

bapmjzL ^ uvDrmoQm
om;
30-ESpf
23-ESpf
821-844? c&pfou&mZf 1459-1482 at'D
uvDrmpmxk;d '*Fg; awGUonf/

rif;quf - 4
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

rif;a'gvsm^rif;oka'gvmosm^armckosm
om;
27-ESpf
10-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 844-854? c&pfou&mZf 1482-1492 at'D
rawGUao;

rif;quf - 5
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

bapmndK ^ r[marmufoQm
baxG; (rif;c&D\om;)
57-ESpf
2-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 854-856 ? c&pfou&mZf 1492-1494 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 6
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

rif;&efatmif ^ aemf&o
D Qm
rif;a'gvsmom;
9-ESpf
6-v
&ckid o
f u&mZf 856? c&pfou&mZf 1494 at'D
rawGUao;/

3
rif;quf - 7
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

pvuFo^l od*o
F ^l oufaumufa':vmoQm
rdcifzufrOS ;D &D;
40-ESpf
7-ESp?f
&ckid o
f u&mZf 856-863? c&pfou&mZf 1494-1501 at'D
ukvm;pmjzihf oDuGef'goQm[k xkd;aom'*Fg;awGUonf/

rif;quf - 8
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

rif;&mZm ^ uKvDoQm ^ rif;vS&mZm

om;
22-ESpf
12-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 863-875? c&pfou&mZf 1501-1513 at'D
ukvm;pmESihf uKvDoQm[k xkd;aom'*Fg;awGUonf/

rif;quf - 9
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf
'*Fg;

*pmywd
om;
16-ESpf
2-ESpf
875-877? c&pfou&mZf 1513-1515 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 10
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

rif;apmtk^d ZvmoQm^oD&o
d ^l ZvumapmrGepf if
pvuFo\
l nD
60-ESpf
6-v
&ckid o
f u&mZf 877? c&pfou&mZf 1555 at'D
awGU? a&Teef;ocifapmrGecf if '*Fg;awGU/

4
rif;quf - 11
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

oZmw? tvDoQm
a':vsmom;
52-ESpf
6-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 877-883? c&pfou&mZf 1515-1521 at'D
tvDoQm[k ukvm;pmjzihfxkd;aom '*Fg;awGU/

rif;quf - 12 (yxracwf)
rif;trnf
- rif;acgif&mZm
rsK;d d;k
- nD
tdrehf rd hf
- 45-ESpf
eef;pH
- 10-ESpf
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 883-893? c&pfou&mZf 1520-1531 at'D
'*Fg;
- rawGUao;/
rif;quf - 13 ('kwd,acwf)
rif;trnf
- rif;AmBu;D ^ rif;bif
rsK;d d;k
- rif;&mZm\om;
tdrehf rd hf
- 39-ESpf
eef;pH
- 22-ESpf
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1531-1553 at'D
'*Fg;
- ppfwaumif;rif;bif rif;bifocF,m
rif;quf - 14
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

rif;wdum ? rif;'DCm
om;
39-ESpf
2-ESpf ? 6-v
915-917? c&pfou&mZf 1553-1555 at'D
rawGUao;/

5
rif;quf - 15
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

rif;apmvS
om;
24-ESpf
8-ESpf ? 6-v
&ckid o
f u&mZf 917-926? c&pfou&mZf 1555-1564 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 16
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pMwm0aw;rif;pMum
nD
29-ESpf
7-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 926-933? c&pfou&mZf 1564-1578 at'D
e&m"dywd O&Dawmfo&d '*Fg;awGU

rif;quf - 17
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
rif;quf - 18
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

rif;zavmif;^oDueG 'f goQm^aoQmuf`Eo

Qm
rif;AmBu;D \om;
37-ESpf
22-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 933-955? c&pfou&mZf 1571-1593 at'D
e&m"dywdO&Dawmfo&D d ol&,
d
oQm

rif;&mZmBu;D ^owk;d "r&mZmaqmfvrd o

f Qm
om;
36-ESpf
19-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 955-974? c&pfou&mZf 1593-1612 at'D
2-Burd x
f w
k o
f nf/ e&m"Dywdaqmfvid o
f Qm
955 ESifh qifjzLoQief &m"dywd aqmfvyd o
f Qm 963

6
rif;quf - 19
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

rif;carmif;^0&"r&mZm^OaoQmoQm
om;
35-ESpf
10-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 974-984? c&pfou&mZf 1612-1622 at'D
2-Burd x
f w
k cf o
hJ nf/ 874 qifjzL&Sif 0&"r&mZm ODaoQmifoQmESifh 981 qifjzLocif
qifOo
D cif rif;Mwm;Bu;D OD;aoQmifoQm

rif;quf - 20
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

oD&o
d "k r&mZm
om;
20-ESpf
16-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 984-1000 ? c&pfou&mZf 1622-1638 at'D
984 - qifjzLqifeo
D cif oD&o
d "k r&mZm

rif;quf - 21
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

rif;pae ^ owk;d rif;vS

om;
18-ESpf
20-&uf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1000? c&pfou&mZf 1638 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 22 (wwd,acwf)
rif;trnf
- e&mywdBu;D ? pE0Zd ,rif;txd 14 quf
rsK;d d;k
- oZmwm\jrpf trwfrsK;d
tdrehf rd hf
- 56-ESpf
eef;pH
- 7-ESpf
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1000-1007? c&pfou&mZf 1638-1645 at'D
'*Fg;
- qifjzLocif e&y"dBu;D

7
rif;quf - 23
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
rif;quf - 24
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

owk;d rif;w&m;
om;
36-ESpf
7-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1007-1014? c&pfou&mZf 1645-1652 at'D
1007 qifeo
D cif qifjzLocif owk;d rif;w&m;

pEo"k r&mZm
om;
25-ESpf
22-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1014-1036? c&pfou&mZf 1652-1674 at'D
2-Burd x
f w
k cf o
hJ nf/ ig;rl;aphvnf; xkwo
f nf/
ig;rl;aphwiG f tv,fursO;f taMumif;ygonf/
1014- a&Teef;ocif pEo"k r&mZm a&;onf/

rif;quf - 25
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;

OumAv&mZm
om;
27-ESpf
11-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1036-1047
c&pfou&mZf 1674-1685 at'D
- rawGUao;

rif;quf - 26
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
-

0&"r&mZm
nD
18-ESpf
7-ESpf

8
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1047-1054? c&pfou&mZf 1685-1692 at'D
'*Fg;
- 1047 a&Teef;ocif 0&"r&mZm a&T'*Fg;? aiG'*Fg;awGU/
rif;quf - 27
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

rPdo"k r&mZm
tukd
35-ESpf
2-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1054-1056? c&pfou&mZf 1692-1694 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 28
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pEo&l ,
d "r&mZm
nD
22-ESpf
2-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1056-1058? c&pfou&mZf 1694-1696 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 29
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

iwHkaemf&xm ^ aemf&xmapm
om;
14-ESpf
15-&uf? 37-&uf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1058? c&pfou&mZf 1696 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 30
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
-

rmkr,
D
rsK;d jcm;bke;f Bu;D vlxu
G f
60-ESpf
1-ESpf

9
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1058-1059? c&pfou&mZf 1696-1697 at'D
'*Fg;
- rawGUao;/
rif;quf - 31
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

umvrEmuf
60-ESpf
1-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1059-1060? c&pfou&mZf 1697-1698 at'D
1059 a&Teef;ocifumv rEmuf&mZmrif;

rif;quf - 32
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

e&m"dywd
pEo&l ,
d "r&mZm\om;
21-ESpf
2-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1060-1062? c&pfou&mZf 1698-1700 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 33
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pE0rd v"r&mZm
e&m"dywd\ajr;
20-ESpf
6-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1062-1068? c&pfou&mZf 1700-1706 at'D
1162- a&Teef;ocifpE0rd v&mZm

rif;quf - 34
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
-

pEo&l ,
d &mZm
pEo"k r&mZm\ajr;
46-ESpf
4-ESpf

10
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1068-1072? c&pfou&mZf 1706-1710 at'D
'*Fg;
- rawGUao;/
rif;quf - 35
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pE0Zd ,&mZm
rsK;d jcm;
43-ESpf
21-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1072-1093? c&pfou&mZf 1710-1731 at'D
1072- a&Teef;ocif pE0Zd ,&mZm

rif;quf - 36 (wwd,acwf) pEol&d,rS r[morw &mZm^ta*gyknaZm&mZmtxd

13 v
rif;trnf
- pEo&l ,
d
rsK;d d;k
- om;ruf
tdrehf rd hf
- 36-ESpf
eef;pH
- 3-ESpf
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1093-1096? c&pfou&mZf 1731-1734 at'D
'*Fg;
- 1093- a&Teef;ocif pEmol&,
d &mZm
rif;quf - 37
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

e&m"dywd
om;
20-ESpf
1-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 10096-1097? c&pfou&mZf 1734-1735 at'D
rawGUao;/

rif;quf - 38
rif;trnf
- e&y0&&mZm
rsK;d d;k
- nD
tdrehf rd hf
- 20-ESpf

11
eef;pH
- 1-ESpf
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1097-1098? c&pfou&mZf 1735-1736 at'D
'*Fg;
- 1097- a&Teef;ocif e&y0&&mZm
rif;quf - 39
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pE0Zd v&mZm
nD0rf;uJG
22-ESpf
8-v
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1098? c&pfou&mZf 1737 at'D
1098- a&Teef;ocif pE0Zd v&mZm

rif;quf - 40
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

r'&mZf
e&0&&mZm\nD
20-ESpf
5-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1099-1104? c&pfou&mZf 1737-1742 at'D
1099- a&Teef;ocif r'&mZf&mZm

rif;quf - 41
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

e&tb,
OD;&D;
48-ESpf
19-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1104-1123? c&pfou&mZf 1742-1761 at'D
1104- a&Teef;ocif e&tb,&mZm

rif;quf - 42
rif;trnf
- oD&o
d &l mZm
rsK;d d;k
- om;
tdrehf rd hf
- 33-ESpf

12
eef;pH
- 3-v
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1123? c&pfou&mZf 1761 at'D
'*Fg;
- rawGUao;/
rif;quf - 43
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pEy&r&mZm
nD
20-ESpf
3-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1123-1126? c&pfou&mZf 1761-1764 at'D
1123 a&eef;ocif pEy&r&mZm

rif;quf - 44
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

tb,r[m&mZm
a,mufz
55-ESpf
9-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1126-1135? c&pfou&mZf 1764-1773 at'D
1126 a&Teef;ocif tb,r[m&mZm

rif;quf - 45
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pEork e&mZm
a,mufz
50-ESpf
4-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1135-1139? c&pfou&mZf 1773-1777 at'D
1135- a&Teef;ocif pEork e&mZm

rif;quf - 46
rif;trnf
- pE0rd v&mZm
rsK;d d;k
- rsK;d jcm;
tdrehf rd hf
- 46-ESpf

13
eef;pH
- 40-&uf
eef;pHou&mZf - &ckid o
f u&mZf 1139? c&pfou&mZf 1777 at'D
'*Fg;
- rawGUao;? xkwEf idk cf [
hJ efrwl/
rif;quf - 47
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

pEo'd&mZm^"r&mZf&mZm
rsK;d jcm;
50-ESpf
5-ESpf
&ckid o
f u&mZf 1139-1144? c&pfou&mZf 1777-1782 at'D
1139 - a&Teef;ocif pEo'Do&mZm? 1140 - a&Tjynfocif "r&mZf&mZm

rif;quf - 48
rif;trnf
rsK;d d;k
tdrehf rd hf
eef;pH
eef;pHou&mZf '*Fg;
-

r[morw&mZm ^ ta*gyknaZm
rsK;d jcm;
40-ESpf
2-ESpf
1144-1146? c&pfou&mZf 1782-1784 at'D
1144 - a&Teef;ocif r[morw&mZm? 1144 - a&Teef;ocif ta*gyknaZm&mZm

aaaaaa

14

tcef; (2)
ajrmuf O D ; acwf bk & if p epf \ jrif u G i f ;
ajrmufOD;acwfa&S;&cdkifbk&ifrsm; nDvmcHusif;yyHk
1/
&cdik b
f &k ifrsm;onf rSL;Bu;D rwfBu;D rsm; a&ZkEw
?f uke;f ZkEu
?f yka&m[dw?f vTwaf wmf0efpaom
yk*Kd vrf sm;ESihf nDvmcHukd aeYpOfusi;f yavh&o
dS nf/ xdn
k v
D mcHwiG f wdik ;f a&;jynfa&;rsm;udk wdik yf ifMu
onf/ atmuf;kH rsm;rS rNy;D jywfaom trIrsm;udk pD&ifonf/ vufatmufcyH a'o&mZfrsm;? NrKd Upm;?
&Gmpm;rsm;\ tajctaersm;udk ar;jref;pHpk rf;onf/ &mxl;tajymif;tvJEiS hf NrKd Upm;&Gmpm; tajymif;tvJ
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfMuonf/ xkt
Yd jyif wpfEpS v
f Qif 2-Burd o
f m usi;f yaom nDvmcHBu;D rsm;vnf;
&Sad o;onf/
,if;nDvmcHwiG f aejynfawmfrS rSL;rwf? okcrde?f ppfaoemywdrsm;tjyif &yfa0;rSvmMuaom
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19
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t"dyg ,frmS bm;blt&yfwiG f qefpyg;rsm;udk odak vSmif tNrw
J ef;xm;&S\
d / 'dik ;f ust
D &yfwiG f
a&avSmifuefrsm; wl;azmf&&SdNyD; a&udktcsdefra&G; vG,fulpGm&&SdEkdif\/ xkdYaMumihf bm;bl&SdvQif
qef&o
dS nf/ 'kid ;f us&D v
dS Qif a&&So
d nf[k qkMd ujcif;jzpfavonf/

21
jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;
4/
qefpyg;vkyif ef;um; t"duvkyif ef;jzpf if;aemuf 0g*Gr;f pdu
k yf sK;d a&;ESifh &ufuef;vkyif ef;?
ESr;f cif;rsm; pdu
k yf sK;d ESr;f qDBuw
d ef ,faomvkyif ef;? avSavmif;vkyif ef;? yef;wdrv
f yk if ef;? yef;yJ? yef;&H?
ausmufqpftp&Sad om vkyif ef;rsm;? aMu;xnf? aiGxnfvyk if ef;? qifzrf; a&mif;csaom vkyif ef;?
qifp,
G v
f yk if ef;? ig;vkyif ef;? qm;vkyif ef;? aq;yifpu
dk yf sK;d aomvkyif ef;? [if;oD;[if;&Gu?f O,smOf
vkyif ef;trsK;d rs;dk ? ajrtk;d vkyif ef; tp&So
d nfjzihf vkyif ef;trsK;d rsK;d udk wnfxiG cf MhJ uavonf/
5/
qefpyg;? 0gESit
fh jcm;pdu
k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;wkt
Yd wGuf ,cktcg trawmfaMu;xkwaf y;ouJo
h Ydk
bk&ifuxkwaf y;avh &Sad vonf/ jynfow
l Ydk tcsi;f csi;f vnf; a&mif;0,fMu&mwGif aiGacs;iSm;jcif;
rsm;udv
k nf; jyKvyk Ef idk cf iG &fh MdS uavonf/ bk&iht
f rdeaYf wmft& tojym 100 usyv
f Qif wpfvudk 2
tojymaom tpnf;(twkd;) udk ,l&avonf[k awGU&Sd&avonf/
6/
uJhodkY vkyfief;rsm;tjyif bk&ihftrdefYtmPmtwkdif; tpdkY t0ef; tzJGUxm;&Sdavonf/
xkt
d pdt
Yk rsK;d rsK;d wGif vkyif ef;trsK;d rsK;d ESifh tvkyo
f rm;trsK;d rsK;d &SMd u\/ vuform;tpd?Yk v,form;tpd?Yk
rsu&f yd t
f pd?Yk [m&Dtpd?Yk olowfb&0gtpd?Yk tcsut
f pd?Yk rJxnfquf tpd?Yk aiGceG q
f uftpdYk tp&So
d nfjzifh
tpdt
Yk ajrmuftrsm; &Sad vonf/ if;wdt
Yk m; wkid ;f jynfwnfaxmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif toH;k csjcif;
wpfrsK;d jzpfavonf/
qefpyg;vkyfief;ESihfEkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,fa&;
7/
a&S;tcguyif &ckdifjynf\ toufaoG;cJrSm qefpyg;vkyfief; jzpfonf/ rdk;a&csdef 200
ausmf&SdcJhonfhtjyif ajrqDMoZmaumif;ojzihf pyg;udk tvG,fwulaygufa&mufap\/ pyg;udk
Buv
J u
kd Nf y;D txl;rjyKp&k bJvsuf 'va[maygufa&mufMuavonf/ "n0wDom;wdYk oH;k &efvo
kd nf
xuf rsm;pGmydkvQHvsufaeojzihf EkdifiHjcm;odkY wifykdYa&mif;cscJhMuavonf/ qefpyg; ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;onf &ckdifjynf\t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; jzpfavonf/ 0g*Grf;onf 'kwd,
ta&;Bu;D aom vkyif ef;jzpf\/ qefpyg;ESifh 0g*Gr;f Bu;D Muyfa&;udk bk&ifu,
kd w
f idk f Bu;D Muyfaqmif
&GufcJhavonf/ ,ck vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkacwf ukefoG,f v,f,mvkyfief;rS BuD;rSL;
aqmif&u
G af om vkyif ef;pOfEiS Efh iId ;f ,SO
f Munfh EI idk &f ef r[m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D rS atmufygtwkid ;f
aumufEw
I cf suf azmfjyvdu
k af yonf/

22
&yfuGufpmwkdifESihftcsKyfvlBuD;
8/
tcsKyv
f Bl u;D rif;wdo
Yk nf rdrw
d \
Ydk cdik rf if;ykid q
f idk af om &yf&mG toD;oD;odYk oGm;a&mufNy;D vQif
v,f,majrvkyu
f ikd af om olwt
Ykd m; ppfaq;ar;jref;vsuf if;&yfuu
G pf mwkid w
f EYdk iS w
fh uG v,form;
wkdYtm; apmihfa&SmufMuavonf/
9/
xkt
d cg v,fajrvkyu
f ikd af om olwo
Ydk nf v,f,majr vkyu
f ikd af omtcsed f aumif;rGepf mG
pyg;? 0g*Gr;f wdu
Yk kd pdu
k yf sK;d Ny;D vQif oD;yGiafh omtcdsef if;pyg;0g*Gr;f wku
Yd dk pkyx
kH m;&avonf/
10/ xkt
d cg ckid rf if;wku
Yd vJt
T yfaom tcsKyv
f Bl u;D wko
Yd nf rdrw
d t
Ydk ykid f vkyu
f ikd v
f Qu&f adS om
v,form;wkdYxHokdY oGm;Mu&NyD;vQif qkdif&m&yfuGufpmwkdifwkdYESihfwuG &&Sdaompyg;0g*Grf;wkdYudk
awmif;csed f armif;csed w
f jYdk zihf csicfh sed Nf y;D vQif toD;oD;cJaG 0&avonf/
11/ cJaG 0yHrk mS a&S;OD;pGm bk&ifrif;jrwf\ b@mawmfq,fcidk f aMu;udk EIw&f avonf/ if;aemuf
a<u;useo
f rQ pyg;rsm;wdu
Yk kd pm&if;jyKvyk v
f Quf rdrw
d cYkd dik rf if;xHoYdk wifoiG ;f &avonf/
12/ xkdYaemuf bk&ifrif;jrwf q,fckdifaMu;b@mawmf ypnf;rsm;udk toD;oD;NrdKUawmfokdY
wifaqmifMuNy;D vQif bk&ifrif;jrwf aqmufvyk x
f m;aom usaD wmfwiG ;f odYk ydq
Yk ufoiG ;f &avonf/
13/ ckid rf if;wkrYd mS vnf; tcsKyv
f Bl u;D wku
Yd wifoiG ;f onfh t&yf&yfpyg; 0g*Gr;f pm&if;rsm;udk NrKd Uawmf
Amylpm&jynfp;dk Bu;D xHoYkd aqmifyw
Ykd ifoiG ;f &avonf/
aps;EI e f ; owf r S w f j cif ;
14/ xkEd idk if aH wmf vkyu
f ikd &f &Sad om pyg;0g*Gr;f rsm;wku
Yd kd a&mif;cs&efupd E iS fh ywfouf aqG;aEG;
wkid yf ifvo
kd jzihf Ekid if aH wmf twGi;f cefx
Y m;aomcdik rf if;wkEYd iS w
fh uG tcsKyv
f Bl u;D wku
Yd ykd g Amylpm&
jynfpkd;BuD;vTwfawmfu qihfac:vQuf tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf NyD; aqG;aEG;wkdifyifMuavonf/
if;tpnf;ta0; Edik if aH wmfwiG f vkyu
f ikd v
f Qu&f &Sad om pyg;? 0g*Gr;f rsm;\wefb;dk wku
Yd dk a&mif;0,f
Ekid &f ef xku
d o
f nft
h m;avsmpf mG trsm;oabmwlncD sut
f & aps;EIe;f udk owfrw
S Mf uNy;D Ekid if aH wmfom;
vltrsm;wkt
Yd m; Mum;odapjcif;iSm aps;udx
k w
k af zmf aMujimawmfral vonf/
a&mif ; 0,f j cif ;
15/ xkdodkY aMujimawmfrl aps;EIef;udk odMuNyD;rS wkdif;&if;om; ukefonfrsm;ESihf EkdifiHjcm;rS
vma&mufaom ukefonfrsm;wkdYonf jynfolwkdYu qHk;jzwfcsrSwfxm;aom aps;EIef;twkdif;

23
0,f,&l avonf/ xkt
d cg ukeo
f nfrsm;wku
Yd kd rdrw
d 0Ydk ,f,v
l adk om pyg;? 0g*Gr;f wku
Yd kd pm&if;jyKvyk v
f Quf
Amylpm&jynfp;dk Bu;D vTwaf wmfoYdk wifoiG ;f &avonf/
16/ xkt
d cg Amylpm&jynfp;dk Bu;D onf ukeo
f nfwYdk wifoiG ;f aom pm&if;ud&k &Sad vvQif Ekid if aH wmf
tusK;d awmfaqmif 'kid ;f usD tpk;d &u wk;d olBu;D xHoYdk jyKvyk q
f w
k f odrk x
DS m;aom 0g*Gr;f wku
Yd kd 'kid ;f ust
D rdeYf
tmPmqihfqkdawmfrlonfrSm aus;&GmwkdYudk jyKvkyfvQuf okdrSD;xm;aom 0g*Grf;wkdYudk 'kdif;usD
tvkyo
f rm;ulvrD sm;wkEYd iS fh avSavmif; pHv
k ifpmG ,lNy;D vQif if;pyg;? *Gr;f wkYd wifaqmif NrKd UawmfteD;
aps;Bu;D aumif;rGepf mG xm;&rnf[k qihq
f adk wmfrv
l u
kd af yonf/ if;trdeaYf wmftwkid ;f 'kid ;f Munftpk;d &
wk;d olBu;D u 'kid ;f ust
D vkyf orm;ulvrD sm;wkEYd iS fh aus;&Gmodo
Yk mG ;a&mufNy;D vQif odrk v
DS Qu&f adS om pyg;?
0g*Gr;f wdu
Yk kd aumif;pGmwifaqmif xm;&avonf/
17/ xkdtcg pyg;&SifESihfwuG &yfuGuf Amylpm&vTwfawmf&Sdaom oabFmpmwkdifxHokdY
wifoiG ;f &avonf/ if;pmwdik o
f nf pm&if;t& a&mif;0,faom ukerf sm;\ aps;EIe;f twkid ;f oihaf iGrsm;
udw
k u
G pf pf jynfusK;d awmfaqmif taumufawmfaiGrsm;udk pyg; wpf&mvQif ESpt
f ojymusEeI ;f jzihf
if;0g*Gr;f tojymwpf&m wefz;dk &Sv
d Qif oH;k tojymusEeI ;f jzihv
f nf;aumif; wGupf pf pm&if;jyKvyk f
NyD;vQifvnf;aumif;? pm&if;ESihfwuG pyg;? 0g*Grf;rsm;udk oabFmokdY oabFmodkYa&mufatmif
o,fyaYkd qmif&u
G af om 'dik ;f ust
D vkyo
f rm;wkYd ulvcD aiGwu
Ydk ykd g ukeo
f nfwu
Ykd pHv
k ifpmG wifoiG ;f &ef
pm&if;jyKvyk v
f Quf Amylpm&jynfp;dk Bu;D vTwaf wmfoYkd wifoiG ;f &avonf/
ukefonfrsm;usoihfaiGpm&if;wifjcif;
18/ xkdtcg 0g*Grf;rsm;udk vufa&muf&&Sdaom ukefonfrsm;wkdYonf pm&if;wGifazmfjyvQuf
yg&SdaomaiGrsm;udk Amylpm&jynfpkd;BuD; vTwfawmf ajyNidrf;atmif &&SdaMumif;ESihfwHqdyfvufrSwf
a&;xk;d Ny;D vQif if;ukeo
f nfwt
Ydk m; ay;tyfawmfral vonf/
19/ ukeo
f nfwo
Ydk nf if;vufrw
S u
f ,
dk al qmifvQuf Ekid if jH cm; avSoabFmwku
Yd kd apmihaf &Smufae
aom if;vufrw
S u
f kd a&wHcg;rif;xH wifoiG ;f Ny;D rdrw
d Ykd wkid ;f jynfoYdk xGuo
f mG ;&ef trdet
Yf mPmawmf
udk cH,l&avonf/ xkdtcg a&wHcg;rif;u rdrdwkdYwkdif;jynfrS 0,f,laom pyg;? 0g*Grf;wkdY\ wefzkd;
&oihfaom aMu;aiGrsm;ukd &,lNyD;aomtcg rnfonfhtcgrqkd rdrdwkdYwkdif;jynfokdY xGufoGm;cGihf
&avonf/
20/ c&D;tMum; oH;k aqmifpm;aomuf&ef a&rk;d vHNk cKH pmG wif,l aqmifvv
kd Qif oabFmqdyu
f rf;
'dik ;f vlBu;D tm; ajym&avonf/ xkt
d cg 'dik ;f usu
D Re;f Ekid if jH cm;ukeo
f nfw\
Ydk tvdiYk mS bk&ifrif;jrwfu

24
pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom uefawmfBuD;rS 'kdif;usDtvkyform;wkdYonf a&rsm;udk vHkNcHKatmif wifaqmif
yd&Yk avonf/ if;a&wifyaYkd om tvkyo
f rm; vkyt
f m;cwku
Yd kd 'dik ;f usu
D wk;d olBu;D xHvnf;aumif;?
ukefonfwkdYu xkdufonfhtm;avsmfpGm ay;tyf&avonf/
vT w f a wmf r S a iG & S i f ; jcif ;
21/ xkdodkY a&mif;0,fjcif;udp NyD;qHk;vQif Amylpm&jynfpkd;BuD;onf a&mif;0,fvQuf&&Sdaom
tojymaiGrsm;udk ay;aqmif&ef qkdif&m&yfuGufpmwkdifESihfwuG v,form;wdkYtm; qihfac:awmf
rlNyD;vQif v,form;wkdY vkyfudkifa&;twGuf axmufyHhvsuf&Sdaom jynfusKd;aqmif b@mawmf
aiGrsm;udk jzwf,
l use<f uif;aomaiGrsm;vnf; tojymwpf&mvQif jynfusK;d awmfaqmif&u
G &f ef
ig;tojymusEIef;jzihf odrf;ydkuf usef<uif;aomaiGrsm;udk a&mif;0,f&&Sdonfh aps;EIef;twkdif;
r,kwfavsmhapbJ v,form;wdkYtm; ay;awmfrlayonf/
22/ xkaYd emuf taumufawmfaiGt&yf&yfrsm;wkEYd iS fh wpfEpS t
f wGuf v,form;wdu
Yk ay;qyfcahJ om
aiGawmfudkvnf;aumif;? jynfolYb@mawmfwkdufodkY oGif;&avonf/
23/ xkaYd emuf bk&ifrif;jrwftm; awmifov
l ,form;wku
Yd q,fcidk af us; qufoiG ;f vsu&f adS om
pyg;? 0g*Gr;f wku
Yd kd Amylpm& jynfp;kd Bu;D u ,laqmif "rowfawmftwkid ;f taumufawmfEiS fh wuG
a&mif;Ny;D vQif taumufawmfaiGrsm;udk jynfob
Yl @mwku
d o
f Ykd oGi;f &avonf/
24/ xkdYaemuf a&mif;&aom aiGrsm;wGifvnf; tojymwpf&mvQif ig;tojymjzihf omoemh
b@mawmfwkdufodkY oGif;&avonf/ tvSLawmfocsajrrS&orQaom tojymaiGwkdYudkvnf;
omoemhb@mawmfwkdufodkY oGif;&avonf/ xkdrQ<uif;orQaom tojymaiGrsm;udk a&mif;
&&Sad omaps;EIe;f twkid ;f bk&ifrif;\ b@mawmfwu
dk o
f Ykd oGi;f &avonf/
a&mif;0,fa&;Xmersm;ESihft&m&Sdrsm;
25/ xkdtcg ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;t&m&Sd a&wHcg;rif;aecJhaomaMumihf xkdt&yfudk ,ckwkdif
atmufwcH ;dk uRe;f [k ac:Muavonf/ awmifov
l ,form;wdu
Yk pyg;? 0g*Gr;f wku
Yd kd pkyakH &mif;csaom
ae&m jzpfaomaMumihf ,ckwidk af tmif pyg;xm;0gbku
d Re;f [k ac:Muonf/ Ekid if jH cm;rSvma&mufaom
avSoabFmwkdYudk apmihfa&Smuf&ef wyfzJGUpnf;xm;aomaMumihf ,ckwkdifatmif wyfarmfuRef;[k
ac:Muonf/ Ekid if jH cm;ukeo
f nfrsm;ESifh wkid ;f &if;om;ukeo
f nfwo
Ydk nf vrf;c&D; oH;k pJ&G ef a&vHNk cKH pmG
wif,&l eftwGuf bk&ifrif;jrwfupDr
H uefw;l xm;aomuRe;f udk rif;uefuRe;f [k ,ckwidk af tmif
ac:Muonf/

25
26/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfvnf; Amylpm&jynfp;dk Bu;D aecJah om t&yfukd ,ckwidk af tmif Am;ylawmif
t&yf[k ac:Muavonf/ NrKd Uawmfqyd u
f rf;wGif a&mif;0,fa&;jyKvyk af eaom ae&mudk ,ckwidk af tmif
aps;Bu;D wHcg;0aps;pyg; aps;qdy[
f k ac:Muonf/ Ekid if jH cm;oabFmwdu
Yk kd apmihaf &Smuf&ef wyfzUGJ xm;aom
ae&mudk ,ckwidk af tmif atmifwyf[ak c:Muavonf/ if;wyf tBu;D trSL;jzpfaom a&wHcg;rif;
ae&mudk ,ckwidk af tmif a&wHcg;t&yf[k ac:Muavonf/ jynfusK;d aqmif'idk ;f Munf tvkyo
f rm;
aeaomt&yfukd ,ckwidk af tmif 'kid ;f usu
D Re;f [k ac:Muavonf/
ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD;rif;e&dwftjrif
27/ xkdpOfu ajrmufOD;odkYa&muf&SdcJhaom ay:wl*Dbkef;BuD; rife&dwfu if;\rSwfwrf;BuD;wGif
tdEd,jynftm; qefwifydkYa&mif;cs&jcif;aMumihf ajrmufOD;pnfum;yHkudk atmufygtwkdif;
a&;om;xm;cJ\
h /
28/

"With rainfall of between 200 and 300 inches a year the crop never failed, while in

adjacent. India poor monsoon followed by increased from by famines periodically occured.
Thus is Arakan whealth increased from generation to generation. The export of rice of
undernourished India brought on a steady flow of those commodities which were lacking
on the spot."

29/ &ckid jf ynfEiS q

fh ufpyfaeaom tdE,
d jynfonf rk;d acgifa&&Sm;? iwfrw
G jf cif;ab;ESifh awGU&aomf
vnf; &ckid jf ynfrmS ESppf OfEpS w
f idk ;f rd;k a&csed v
f ufr 200 rS 300 xd &GmoGe;f jcif;aMumihf &ckid jf ynf\
<u,f0jcif;rSm wpfEpS x
f ufwpfEpS f wk;d wufom vmcJah Mumif;? ydak omqefpyg;rsm;udk tdE,
d jynfoYkd
tNrw
J ify
Ykd a&mif;csvakd om ukepf nfrsm;udk tdE,
d jynfrS wifoiG ;f MuaMumif; qkx
d m;ygonf/
'yf(csf)wkdYESihfqefa&mif;0,fpOfu
30/ a&S;tcgu qefpyg;rsm;udk tdE,
d ? b*Fvm;jynf? rm'&yfurf;ajc? oD[Vkd ?f ay:wlu?D *dt
k m?
rvm,k? 'yf(cs)f ? ta&SUtdE,
d uRe;f pkrsm;odYk wifyaYkd &mif;cscMhJ uavonf/ 'yf(cs)f rSww
f rf;wpfapmif
atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;\/
31/ 1631 ckEiS fh 1634 cktMum;wGif b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajc wpf0u
kd f iwfrw
G af cgif;yg;aom
ab;qkdufa&mufvQuf &Sdonf/ 'yf(csf)vlrsKd;rsm;onf &ckdifjynfrS pyg;0,f&efoGm;Muonf/
oD&o
d "k r&mZm\ oHwrefrsm;u 'yf(cs)f vlrsK;d rsm;onf rvufum uRe;f pkrsm;udk ppfwu
dk af eMuojzihf
qeftajrmuftrsm; vdak eaMumif;udk bk&iftm;avQmufxm;Muavonf/ xkaYd Mumihf &ckid b
f &k ifonf

26
qefpyg;rsm;udk bk&ihyf pn;f tjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJum bk&iht
f mPmjziho
f m a&mif;cs&eftrdeYf xkwq
f ihf
xm;aomaMumihf 'yf(cs)f rsm;onf txl;rausreyf jzpfMuonf/ 'yf(cs)f wko
Yd nf tjcm;yJpG m;rsm;xH
tjcm;vlrsm;xuf aps;udk pnf;rJhurf;rJh rxGufoGm;atmif wm;qD;xm;Ekdifavonf/ tcsufudk
Munfh jI cif;tm; jzifyh ifvQif &ckid b
f &k if\ ukeo
f ,
G af &;tqiht
f wef;rSm 'yf(cs)f rsm; xuf atmufrus[k
od&SdEkdifayonf/ odkYaomf pm&if;pmtkyfrsm;wGif rSwfxm;onfhaps;EIef;t& 'yf(csf)wdkYrSmvnf;
repfemMuacs/ bawbD,mwGif 1663 ckEpS f qef um&m 440aygifukd '*Fg; 18 usyaf ps;&So
d nf/
'yf(csf)wpfaygifonf tAdGKif'lAGdKif Avoirdupois 1.09 aygifESifhnDrQonf/ wpfum,mukd
bk&ifaps;EIe;f rSm wpfq,fusyjf zpfonf/
32/ qefpyg;&Sm;yg;csdef vGwfajrmufcJhNyD;aemuf 'yf(csf)wkdYonf wpfum,mvQif ig;usyfusxd
aps;usatmif vkyfEkdifcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf olwdkYrauseyfMuaom tjcm;taMumif;wpf&yfrSm
bk&ifonf taMumif;rsK;d pHjk yNy;D bawbD,mokYd aps;EIe;f tajctae udk pHpk rf;&efvv
l w
G jf cif;aMumihf
jzpfonf/ 'yf(cs)f wko
Yd nf bk&ihf t0,fawmfrsm;udk a&Smifv
TJ ppfwaumif;odYk vlvw
T Nf y;D 0,f,&l ef
BupH nfcahJ omfvnf; if;ESpyf wfwiG yf ifBuKd if;ppfwaumif;e,frS pyg;rsm;udk bk&ifrmS 0,fEiS Nfh y;D om;
jzpf uefo
Y wfaomaps;EIe;f ESio
fh m 0,fcahJ vonf/
'yf ( csf ) &ck d i f u l ; oef ; a&;
33/ &ckid jf ynfe,fEiS fh 'yf(cs)f vlrsK;d ukeu
f ;l oef;qufqaH &;udk a[m(vf)u Ekid if jH cm;om;rSww
f rf;
rsm;udk rlwnfa&;om;xm;aom if;\ ]]jrefrmjynfpmtky}f }wGif atmufygtwkid ;f azmfjyxm;&Sad v
onf/
34/

Thirithudamma cultivated friendly relations with the Dutch of Batavia Permitted

them to open a factory at his capital. They were in urgent need of regular supplied of rice
and slaves for their Indonesian settlements, and could obtained large quantities of both in
Arakan. The slaves were, the fruits of the feringhi raids in Bengal. After Thirithudama's
death the Dutch quarrelled with his successor, Narapatigyi (1638-45)and for one year,
with drew their factory. It was not reopened until the reign of Sandathudamma. In 1653 he
signed a commercial, treaty with Batavia, which laid down the terms upon which Dutch
trade at Mrohaung was regulated for many years. Sandarthudamma is celebrated in the
Arakanese chronicles as one of the noblest of their kings. During his long reign. Arakan
persued a far more enlightened policy towards European traders than did its neighbour
Burma. Unlike Burma it used coined money.

27
The Mughal Tanga, the predecessor of the rupee, was used in its ports. For small
bazaar transactions cowrie shells were used. They were imported from the Maldives, often
by Dutch ships, which sold them in Arakan at the rate of forty-eight viss for a rupee. The
main articles imported into the country by the Dutch were spices and Japanese iron Batavia,
and Indian piece-goods from their eorimandel coast factories. The Daghregister of Batavia
shows that the Arakan trade was by no means a unimportant department of Duch commerce
in the Bay of the Bengal."

EkdifiHjcm;ESihfukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
35/ "n0wD? a0omvDESihf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfrsm; xGef;um;cJhpOftcgu EkdifiHjcm;yifv,ful;
oabFmrsm;onf NrKd Uawmfqyd u
f rf; tNrw
J rf; qku
d u
f yfvQu&f cdS ahJ vonf/ Ekid if jH cm;om;c&D;onfBu;D
wpfO;D u ukvm;wefjrpftxuf rkid f 50ausmrf Q qefwufrad omtcg tvGeBf u;D Muyfaom qdyu
f rf;NrKd U
wpfNrdKUudk awGU&Sd&onf[kqkdxm;&m a0omvDNrdKUawmfudk qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqavonf/
tb,fah Mumihq
f adk omf xkcd &D;onfBu;D a&mufvmcJah om ckEpS o
f u&mZfudk wGuq
f Munfah omtcg
a0omvDNrdKUawmfacwf twGif; yif jzpfaeavonf/ a0omvDacwftaMumif;udk pHkpHkvifvif
od&aomtcg ydrk x
dk if&mS ;vmayvdrrhf nf/ ajrmufO;D acwfwiG f Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;ESifh b,fyu
kH ek pf nf
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; jyKvyk f cJo
h nfuu
kd m; &ckid &f mZ0ifrsm;ESifh Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm; txl;ojzihf ay:wl*?D
'wf(cs)f wk\
Yd rSww
f rf;rsm;wGif tawmftoihf zwfo
I &d MdS u&avonf/
36/ a&S;tcgu &ckid jf ynfEiS u
fh ek pf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,f qufo,
G Mf uaom Ekid if rH sm;rSm tdE,
d
txl;ojzihf b*Fvm;jynf? r'&yfurf;ajcESihf oD[dkVfwkdY jzpfMuavonf/ tdEd,taemufawmif
urf;ajc *k0d ge,f Bu;D pk;d aecJMh uaom ay:wl*w
D o
Ykd nf &ckid b
f &k if cGijfh yKcsuaf Mumihf ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmf
'dkif;*sDbuft&yf pcef;cscJhMuonf/ if;wkdYonf qef'0DuRef;ESihf ppfwaumif;wpfbufurf;&Sd
',if;*g;qkdaom a'owkdYpcef;csum &ckdifbk&ifvufatmufcH b*Fvm;ta&SUajrmufa'oudk
ulnaD pmihaf &Smufay;Muavonf/ ay:wl*w
D o
Ydk nf if;wkaYd e&if;a'ojzpfaom *d0k gESiu
fh ek pf nf
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wkdYudk taxmuftyHhay;cJhMuavonf/ odkY ulnDcJhMu&mrS if;wkdYonf
&ckid jf ynfukd odr;f ydu
k &f efBuKd ;pm;cJah omfvnf; &ckid af &wyf? uke;f wyfw\
Ydk owad Mumihv
f nf;aumif;?
bk&if\ enf;y&d,m,faumif;jcif;aMumihv
f nf;aumif; ratmifjrif cJMh uacs/ odaYk omf &ckid b
f &k ifonf
Ekid if jH cm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh &ckid jf ynftwGuf umuG,af &;wkt
Yd wGuv
f nf;aumif; ay:wl*D
wkt
Yd m; aumif;pGmtoH;k jyKEidk cf ahJ vonf/

28
37/ ay:wl*w
D EYdk iS fh tqufjywfcgeD;wGif ta&SUawmif 'yf(cs)f tdE,
d uRe;f pk bmawbD,mNrKd U&Sd
'yf(cs)f wkEYd iS fh qufo,
G cf ahJ vonf/ 'yf(cs)f wk\
Yd ukeaf vSmif;Hk Dutch factories rsm;udk NrKd Ua[mif;
tem;&Sd abmif;'Gwt
f &yf zGiv
fh pS cf MhJ u\/ ,aeYwidk f if;wdu
Yk kd ysupf ;D ,d,
k iG ;f vQuf awGUEkid Mf uay
ao;onf/ &ckid jf ynfEiS fh 'yf(cs)f wk\
Yd ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rSm tawmfBu;D us,cf ahJ Mumif;
rsm;ESihf &ckdifbk&ifonf EkdifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wGif 'uf(csf) wdkYxuf rnHhvSaMumif;udk
rSww
f rf;wifxm;cJMh uayao;onf/
oGif;ukefxkwfukefrsm;
38/ &ckid jf ynfrS Ekid if jH cm;odYk wifyaYkd om ukerf sm;rSm pyg;? 0g*Gr;f ? qif? aus;uRerf sm;? aiGxnfrsm;?
qifpG,frsm;? csnfxnfrsm;? rJe,f? csdwf? ,Gif;xnfrsm; jzpfMu\/
39/ 0ifuek rf sm;rSm aumuf&aD c: BuaD ph (a<uaph)? aq;rsm;? tarT;tBuKd i?f wGi;f xGuyf pn;f rsm;?
ydk;xnfrsm;? [if;arT;rqvm? tausmf? u&ruf? aumfaZm? owKxnf? yef;uefcGufa,muf
tp&Sad om toH;k taqmifypn;f trsK;d rsK;d jzpfMuavonf/
EkdifiHjcm;ESihfukefpnful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihfywfouf tusKd;qufrsm;
40/ ajrmufO;D acwf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh Ekid if jH cm;ukeo
f ,
G af &;rSm 1684 ck? pEo"k r&mZmvufxuftxd
xGe;f um;ausmaf pmcJah yonf/ tcsed u
f kd ajrmufO;D \a&Ta&mifvrT ;f rk;d aom acwf[v
k nf; qkMd uonf/
xdktcsdeftcgwGif &ckdifjynfonf ta&SUtm&SwGif EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdY\ ukd,fawGUrsufjrift&
txl;xif&Sm;cJhaom wkdif;jynfwpfjynf jzpfcJhayonf/ ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfrQ tqufrjywfyJ
Nird ;f csr;f cJ&h m pD;yGm;a&;&mrsm;onf txl;wvnf wk;d wufvQuf &Scd ahJ yonf/ yifv,furf;ajca'o
jzpfaeojzihv
f nf; Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;ESifh ul;vl;Ekid cf u
hJ m Ekid if jH cm;pD;yGm;ukeo
f ,
G af &;rsm; jyKvyk cf o
hJ nfwrYdk mS
txl;pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;vSayonf/
41/ xkdpOfu EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;onf &GufoabFmBuD;rsm;jzihf ukefpnful;oef;oGm;vmMuonf/
ajrmufO;D NrKd Utxd xko
d abFmrsm; xGu0f ifEidk Mf u\/ &ckid af &wyfAv
dk rf LS ;Bu;D pcef;csaom OD;&pfawmif
ESihf rsufESmcsif;qkdif ukvm;wefjrpfwpfbufurf; ]]'dkbmaps;}}t&yf &Sdayonf/ if;t&yfwGif
EkdifiHjcm;om;ukefonfrsm; pcef;csMu\/ txl;ojzihf tdEd,t&yf&yfrS vma&mufMuaom
ukefonfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUywf0ef;usif aps;rsm;&Sdonf/ ,ckwkdif anmifyifaps;?
vufaumufaps;? jyifaps; tp&So
d jzihf ac:wGiv
f suf &Sad o;\/ ajrmufO;D qifajczH;k abmif'w
G t
f &yf
taumufXmersm; 'yf(csf)vlrsKd;rsm;\ tvkyfkHrsm;udk wnfaxmifcJhMuavonf/ ,ckwdkif

29
txufuwifjycJo
h nft
h wkid ;f xkt
d &yf 'yf(cs)f vlrsK;d rsm;\ tvkyf t
Hk <uif;tuserf sm;udk awGU&SEd idk yf g
ao;onf/ yHu
k kd yI g/ xkt
d csed u
f ajrmufO;D NrKd UawmfBu;D rSm txl;pnfum;vS\/ ajrmufO;D qifajczH;k
abmif;'Gwt
f &yfrmS yif txl;pnfum;aeojzihf e,fy,frw
S ufvmMuaom olwo
Ydk nf abmif;'Gwu
f kd
yif NrKd Uawmf[k rSwNf y;D NrKd UawmfwiG ;f odYk ra&mufcyhJ J jyefomG ;cJMh ubl;onf[k qkMd uonf/ xkaYd Mumihf
]]tpGe;f rayguf NrKd Ura&muf? abmif'w
G t
f qD jyefvufp}D } [l ajymqkad vh&MdS uonf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uacsmif;
wpfbuf ]]'dik ;f *s}D }t&yf&o
dS nf/ xkt
d &yf ay:wl*v
D rl sK;d rsm; aeMuonf/
42/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Ua&qdyf taumuf;Hk rsm;&SMd uonf/ taumuf t&m&SBd u;D i,frsm; cefx
Y m;Ny;D
xGuu
f ek f 0ifuek w
f t
Ydk ay: taumufaumuf,jl cif; jzpfavonf/ ckEpS o
f u&mZfEiS fh bk&iftrnfrsm;
wyf aiG'*Fg;rsm;jzihf 0,f,o
l ;kH pJMG uonf/
43/ 1630 avmufu &ckdifaiG'*Fg;wpfusyfrSm ay:wl*D'*Fg; &Dvf(p) av;usyfESihfnDrQonf/
&ckdif'*Fg;wpfusyfay;vQif Muuftaumif (30)&onf/ *Jjzihf MuufO 100 0,fEkdifonf/ xkdpOfu
&ckdifaiG'*Fg; wpfusyfonf ,ck t*Fvdyf 7 aygifESihf 10 oQdoQifESihf nDrQNyD; ,ck jrefrm'*Fg; 105
usyaf vmufEiS fh nDrQonf/ 1663 ckEpS af vmufu &ckid 'f *Fg; wpfusyo
f nf 'yf(cs)f Sous aqm([f)
25 usyfESihf wlnDNyD; &ckdif'*Fg; wpfusyfvQif ta<u aumuf&D 2660 &&Sdonf/ EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;
&ckid jf ynfrS ta&;wBu;D 0,f,Ml uaom ypn;f rsm;rSm qefpyg;yifjzpfonf/ xkaYd emuf qifrsm;? uRerf sm;?
rJe,f? csdwf? ,Gef;? csnfxnfrsm;? wdyg&rS &ufvkyfaomtaygpm; txnfMurf;rsm;udkvnf;
0,f,Ml uao;onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf 'wf(cs)f vlrsK;d rsm;onf ta&SU'wf(cs)f uRe;f pk bawbD,mrS
xGufaom tarT;tBudKif rqvmrsKd;pHkwdkYudk,laqmifvmMu\/ aumuf&Dac: a<uaphrsm;udk
dkref',f(v) urf;ajcrS ,laqmifvmMu\/ &ckdifjynfrS '*Fg;ta<uoHk;&m toHk;csMuav onf/
if;wdu
Yk kd ydmcsed jf zihf a&mif;Muonf/ if; 148 ydmudk wpfusyaf ps;&So
d nf/ wpfcgwpf&H aq;rsm;udk
,laqmifcMhJ u avonf/ if;ukeo
f nfwo
Ydk nf qifrsm;ud0k ,f,&l m qifwpfaumifukd 1300d^- rS
1400d^- usyx
f d ay;0,f udk rdk ef',furf;ajc av;qavmufaps;wifa&mif;Muonf/ qefpyg;
0,f,o
l rl sm;rSm tBu;D tus,q
f ;kH jzpfayonf/ qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh ywfouf Ekid if jH cm;c&D;
onfrsm;u udk,fawGU rSwfwrf;rsm; a&;om;cJhMuonfudkvnf; awGU&onf/
44/ 1631 ckEiS fh 1634 ck tMum;wGi?f b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajc wpf0u
kd w
f iG f iwfrw
G af cgif;yg;
aomab; qku
d af &mufvQu&f o
dS nf/ xkaYd Mumihf 'wf(cs)f vlrsK;d rsm;onf &ckid jf ynfrpS yg;0,f&ef oGm;Mu
onf/ od&o
d "k rb&k if\ oHrsm;u 'wf(cs)f vlrsK;d rsm;onf rvufumuRe;f pkrsm;udk ppfwu
dk af eMuojzihf
qeftajrmuftrsm; vdkaeMuaMumif;ukd bk&iftm; avQmufxm;Muavonf/ xkdYaMumihf &ckdif
bk&ifonf pyg;rsm;udk bk&ihfypnf;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJum bk&ihftmPmjzihfom a&mif;cs&ef

30
trdefYxkwfqihfaomaMumihf 'wf(csf)rsm;onf txl;raus reyfjzpfMuonf/ 'wf(csf)wkdYonf
pyg;yJGpm;rsm;ukd tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;xuf aps;ykday; 0,f,l&jcif;aMumihfwpfaMumif; rausreyf
jzpfMuayao;onf/ odkYaomf &ckdifbk&ifrSm olYjynf\ qefpyg;rsm; t&rf;rxGufEkdif qD;wm;EkdifcJh
avonf/ tcsuf yifvQif &ckdifbk&if\ ukefoG,fa&;tqihftwef;rSm 'wf(csf)wkdYxuf
atmufrus[k odEkdifayonf/ odkYaomf pm&if;pmtkyfrsm;wGif owfrSwfxm;onfh aps;EIef;t&
'wf(cs)f wkrYd mS vnf; repfemMuacs/ bawbD,mwGif 1663 ckEpS u
f qef(um&m) 440aygifudk '*Fg;
18 usyaf ps; &So
d nf/ 'wf(cs)f wpfaygifonf Avoirdupois 1.09aygifEiS fh nDrQonf/ (1)um,mudk
bk&ifaps;EIef;rSm wpfq,fusyf jzpfonf/ qefpyg;&Sm;yg; csdefvGefcJhNyD;aemuf 'wf(csf)wdkYonf
(1)um,mvQif ig;usyt
f xd aps;usatmifjyKvyk Ef idk cf o
hJ nf/ olwrYkd ausreyfusaom tjcm;taMumif;
wpf&yfrmS bk&ifonf taMumif;rsK;d pHjk yNy;D bawbD,m aps;EIe;f tajctaeudk pHpk rf;&ef vlvw
T jf cif;
aMumihf jzpfonf/ 'wf(csf)wkdYonf bk&ihft0,fawmfrsm;xHrS vGwf&eftBuHESihf ppfwaumif;odkY
vlvw
T 0f ,f,&l ef BuaH o;aomfvnf; if;e,frpS yg;rsm;udk bk&ifu tm;vH;k 0,f,El iS Nfh y;D uefo
Y wf
aps;EIe;f jzihf a&mif;cJah vonf/
45/ xkdYaemuf txl;pdwf0ifpm;zG,fwpfckrSm uRefta&mif;t0,f jyKvkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/
xkad cwftcg ,Ofaus;aom taemufEidk if H pD;yGm;a&;&mrsm;wGif uRet
f a&mif;t0,f &SMd uayonf/
xkad cwf &ckid jf ynfwiG f uRet
f a&mif;t0,f jyKvyk o
f nfrmS rxl;qef;vSay/ uReaf &mif;0,fa&;udk
ay:wl*v
D rl sK;d rsm;ESifh 'wf(cs)f vlrsK;d rsm; ESpOf ;D pvH;k yif jyKvyk Mf uonf/ taMumif;ESiyfh wfouf
rSww
f rf;wpfcw
k iG f atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;xm;\/
46/ olwdkY o,foGm;Muaomukefrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf qefESihfuRefrsm;yif jzpfavonf/
&Guaf vSwpfpif;wGif uRef 210? tjcm;wpfpif;wGif 325 a,muf? aemufwpfpif;wGif 145 a,muf
yifjzpfavonf/ OD;a&ukjd zef;rQjcif;tm;jzihf wGu&f eftawmfcufonf/ ukeo
f ,
G af &; wk;d wufaom
ESpfwGifrl tenf;qHk;oabFmav;pif;rQ bawbD,modkY xGufavonf/ xkdYaMumihf uRefOD;a&rSm
wpfaxmifxuf avsmrh nfr[kw/f tbd;k vnf;tawmfyif uGmjcm;avonf/ wpfcsKUd wpfavudk 10
zavmf&if Florins (1zavmf&if= 1oQv
d if8yJed jzpfonf)ESiyfh if&Ny;D ? aps;tBu;D qH;k rSm 30zavmf&if
yif wefb;dk &Sad vonf/ 1641 ckEpS w
f iG f &ckid t
f pk;d &onf Ekid if jH yifoYkd xkwo
f mG ;aomuRerf sm;tay:wGif
wpfO;D vQif wpfq,fusyu
f s tcGeaf umufavonf/ if;udk 'wf(cs)f wku
Yd uefu
Y u
G cf MhJ uaomfvnf;
t&mrxifc/hJ vufryI nmwwfajrmufaom uRerf sm;ukrd l 'wf(cs)f wkt
Yd m; ,laqmifciG rhf ay;cJah cs/
47/ uJhodkY uRefta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyf&m uRefrsm;onf tb,frSm &&SdMuoenf;/
tb,fvrl sK;d rsm; jzpfMuygoenf;/ xkpd Ofu &ckid b
f &k ifonf r*dv
k &f efukd umuG,&f eftwGuf ay:wl*D

31
vlrsK;d rsm;tm; ppfwaumif;atmufem;u 'dik &f if*g;wGif aexkid
f wyfpcef;cs&efay;xm;avonf/
xkad y:wl*rD sm;onf rdrpd ;D yGm;a&; twGuf b*Fvm;e,fwpf0u
kd f Mo&dESifh b*Fvm;yifv,furf;ajc
rsm;rS uRefrsm;brf;,lNyD; tjcm;ay:wl*Dpcef;rsm;ESihf &ckdifjynf 'wf(csf)pcef;rsm;wGif a&mif;csjcif;
jzpfavonf/ ajrmufO;D acwf pD;yGm;a&;&mrsm;rSm acwfEiS pfh maomf txl;txufwef;usco
hJ nf[k
qkdEkdifayonf/ &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf xkdpOfu a&bufwGif txl;uRrf;usifNyD; EkdifiHjcm;t&yf&yfodkY
ukeo
f ,
G &f efomG ;a&mufEidk cf MhJ uavonf/
rSwfwrf;rsm;
48/ ay:wl*b
d ek ;f awmfBu;D rife&dwo
f nf oD&o
d "k r&mZm bdou
d yf EGJ iS Bfh uKH BuKd ucf &hJ m ajrmufO;D NrKd U
awmf t&yf&yfrSukefonf rsm;a&muf&SdvmNyD; pnfum;vSaMumif;udk atmufygtwkdif; rSwfwrf;
wifxm;cJah vonf/ if;tjyif paumufweftrnf&adS om 'wf(cs)f c&D;onfuvnf; atmufygtwkid ;f
ajrmufO;D csr;f om<u,f0yHu
k kd a&;om;xm;cJjh yefao;onf/ aumufEw
I cf surf sm;udk zwf&I jcif;jzifh
ajrmufO;D NrKd U\ Ekid if jH cm;ukeo
f ,
G af &;vkyif ef;ESifh ajrmufO;D pnfum;vSyw
kH u
Ydk dk ay:vGipf mG od&EdS idk Mf u
avonf/
49/

The capital was crowded with visitors from the towns and villages, and a larger

number of foreign merchants from the countries of the Bay, Siam, Burma, India and the
Spice islands, took the apportunity of what was expected to be a lively market and arrived
in ships loaded with every sort of merchandies food, medicines, scented woods, minerials,
silks, carpet, metal works and porcelin. The goods were allowed in dutyfree. The main
street became a vast bazaar, where in addition to the articles, mentioned it was possible to
buy a wide variety of precious stones, with such varities as amber, jade, musk and quicksilver, as well as lac, cinnaber, opium and ioncense.

50/

It should be borne in mind that Mrauk-U, though less substantially built, was com-

parable in size and wealth to such Western cities as Amsterdam and london. Schouten,
writing decleares it the richest city in that part of Asia, acceding in its resources both Pegu
and Aryudhi, the capital of Siam (Thailand).

32
acwfokawoDrsm;? pmwrf;ygpdwfyg0ifpm;zG,f&m tydk'frsm;udk aumufEIwfwifjyjcif;
51/ ajrmufO;D acwf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf pD;yGm;ukeo
f ,
G rf I vkyif ef;ESifh ywfouf udv
k edk aD cwf
pma&;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom Maurice Collies, D.G.E Hall ESihf G.Harvey wdkYu ajrmufOD;\
a&Ta&mifvrT ;f cJo
h nfh tajctaeudk ud,
k af wGU jrifawGUcJo
h l ay:wl*b
D ek ;f Bu;D refe&dw\
f rSww
f rf;udk
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35
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36
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37
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[k rif;AmBuD;od\/ odkYaomfvnf; rif;AmBuD;onf udk,fydkife,fajr wpfndKUwpfxGmudkrQvnf;
rusL;ausmf rapmfum;apvdkouJhodkY olYydkifeuf ajrwpfxGmudkrQvnf; rusL;ausmf rapmfum;tyf?
rdrd tiftm;BuD;onf[l tiftm;enf;aom wpfzufom;udk rw&m; rzdESdyftyf? &efp&Snfwwf
onf[k rdeaYf wmfrNl y;D vQif *g0godYk csw
D ufwu
kd cf u
kd jf cif; rjyKcyhJ g/

38
23/ xdrk Qomr[kwf rif;AmBu;D onf r*db
k &k if Irm,GeEf iS hf wdik ;f jynf e,ferdwf tydik ;f tjcm;udk
owfrSwfum r[mrdwfzGJYcJh ygonf/ ZabmufoQm Zabauk Shah [laom bGJYonf r*dkbk&ifu
rif;AmBuD;tm; r[mrdwftjzpfjzifh qufuyfaombGJYjzpf yefpD Pensi onf rif;AmBuD;ESifh
vufqufaom Irm,Ge\
f orD;awmf jzpf\/ yefpw
D ,f Pensital [lvnf; ac:\/ &cdik &f mZ0if
]yJoDwm} rif;orD;[kwGif\/ rif;Am;BuD; eef;wuf 2-ESpfajrmuf c&pfou&mZf 1533 rSp
rif;&mZmBu;D \ om;awmfrif;carmif; ewf&mG vm;onfh 1622 ckxd ESpaf ygif; 90 wdik af tmif tquf
rjywfb?J &cdik Ef iS hf r*drk [mrdwjf zpfcMhJ uygonf/ ,if;aMumifh rif;zavmif;tm; pDuif'gvQm Siecunda
Shah rif;&mZmBu;D tm; aqmfvr
d o
f Qm Selimn Shah rif;carmif;tm; Hussein Shah [laom bGu
YJ kd
r*db
k &k ifwYkd r[mrdwt
f aeESihf ay;qufMuaMumif; awG&Y onf/
ukvm;wdkY pdrfh0ifusL;ausmfrI
24/ c&pfou&mZf 13 &mpktpydkif;avmufuyif r[mar'ifukvm;vlrsdK;wdkYonf **Fgjrpf\
ta&SUbufjzpfaom &cdik ef ,fajr b*Fge,fxo
J Ykd trSwrf xif pdr0hf ifaeMuygonf/ oD&o
d "k r&mZm
1622-1638 vufxufoYkd a&mufaomtcg pdr0hf ifusL;ausmo
f w
l \
Ykd tiftm;rSm rsm;pGmawmifw
h if;
vmcJNh y;D jzpfojzifh tuGuaf umif;vmonfEiS w
hf NyKd uef uf b*Fgwpfe,fv;kH udk odr;f ydu
k &f ef BuKd ;pm;vm
Muawmhonf/ usL;ausmo
f w
l \
Ykd aemuf0,f r*db
k &k if&mS *s[
D ef &Sad eonf/ xdaYk Mumifh oD&o
d "k r&mZmESihf
&Sm*s[
D ef wd\
Yk qufqrH t
I ajctaerSm wif;rmvmNy;D vQif ppfrufjzpfymG ; Edik af om tajctaeodyYk if
qdkufa&mufvmcJhygonf/ ,if;aMumifhvnf; oD&dok"r&mZm crnf;awmf bdk;awmf ab;awmfwdkY
vufxufrmS uJo
h Ykd ukvm;bGu
YJ kd rawG&Y jcif;jzpfygonf/ &cdik f r*dk r[mrdwb
f 0onf tcsed rf pS
tqH;k owfcahJ Mumif; awG&Y ygonf/
25/ onfwdkYrSmum; &cdkifbk&ifukvm;bGJYudk oHk;pGJvmMujcif;\ taMumif;tcsuftvuf
Zpfjrpfyif jzpfayonf/ ukvm;bGu
YJ kd &cdik b
f t
YJG rnfjzifw
h
JG '*Fg;cwfEydS &f mwGif a&;xk;d aom bk&if?
rif;zavmif;? rif;&mZmBu;D ESihf rif;carmif;wdrYk mS &cdik o
f rdik ;f wGif tvGex
f if&mS ; bkew
f efc;kd Bu;D rm;aom
rif;rsm;jzpfMuay&m? uJhodkY ukvm;bGJYudk oHk;pGJMujcif;rSm r*dkwdkY\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;cH&[k Oa&my
okawoDtcsKd Uwd\
Yk ,lqcsurf sm;onf rnforYkd Q jzpfEikd zf ,
G &f mr&Syd g/ oD&o
d "k r&mZmrif; vufxuf
a&mufaomtcgwGif '*Fg;cwfESdyf&m &cdkifbGJYESifh &cdkifpmwpfzufyg&Sifem*&D pmwpfbufudk
oH;k pGcJ wfEydS af o;aomfvnf; ukvm;bGYJ ryg&Sad wmhyg/ oD&o
d "k r&mZm rif;rSp aemufyikd ;f rif;rsm;rSm
ukvm;bGrYJ sm;vnf; r&Sad wmhovdk '*Fg;cwfEydS &f mwGiv
f nf; ukvm;pmudk vH;k 0rawG&Y awmhyg/

39
taemufbk&ifrsm; xkwfvkyfaom &cdkif'*Fg;rsm;
26/ ajrmufO;D 'kw,
d acwf rif;zavmif;vufxufup &cdik yf ikd f b*Fg 12 cGif ppfwaumif;NrKd U
pm;omrubJ? b*Fg 12 cGiu
f kd tkycf sKyo
f nf taemufb&k ifrsm;vnf; cefx
Y m;aMumif; awGv
Y m&onf/
taemufb&k ifrsm; H;k pdu
k &f m ae&mrSm rla&S'gbwf jzpfonf/ taemufb&k iftrnf pmwrf;xd;k
&cdik pf mwpfbuf yg&SiEf iS hf Arabic wpfbufa&;xd;k aiG'*Fg;rsm; xkwv
f yk af Mumif; awG&Y onf/
27/ a0omvDausmufavSum;rS pGefYcGm tdEd,b*FgESihf ppfwaumif;awmifwef;bufodkY
a&mufoGm;Muaom &ckdifa0omvDom;wkdY tajccsxlaxmifcJhonfh Harikela Kingdom xkwf
Harikela '*Fg;rsm;rSm a0omvD,Ofaus;rIrS ul;pufomG ;aom '*Fg;omjzpfaeaMumif;udk Culcutta
rS Vasant Chowdhwy a&;om;csuft& odvmcJh&ygonf/ uREfkyfwkdY ,lqxm;cJhovkd tdEd,rS
,Ofaus;rIrS ul;pufvmjcif; r[kwfaMumif; awGUvm&ygonf/ odkYaomf ajrmufOD;acwftydkif;odkY
a&mufaomtcg tdE,
d rSo;kH pJo
G nfh yHpk t
H wkid ;f &ckid w
f iG f oH;k pJv
G myH&k ygonf/
28/ taemufb*Fg 12 cGifwGif ppfwaumif;pm;[l rif;zavmif;vufxuf rwkdifrDtxd
&SdcJhaomfvnf; rif;zavmif; vufxufrSp taemufbk&if[l jzpfvmonf/ ppfwaumif;pm;
onf taemufb&k if\ vufatmufcjH zpfonf/ taemufb&k if\ k;H pku
d o
f nfah e&mrSm 'g;umESifh
rkd;&Sd'gbufwkdY jzpfonf/ rif;zavmif;rS pEok"r&mZmvufxuftxd taemufbk&if&SdcJhonf/
yxrqHk;aom taemufbk&ifrSm rif;zavmif;\ om;awmfrif;apmvSjzpfNyD; aemufqHk;aom
taemufb&k ifrmS pEo"k r&mZm\ nDtpfu0kd rf;uJaG wmfpyfol rif;&JocF,m jzpfonf/
okdY aemufqHk;awGUxm;aom ajrmufOD;acwf '*Fg;taMumif;
rsufjrifoufaotjzpf wifjyjcif;

29/

New Findings

(1)

ou&mZf 792 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom a&Teef;ocif em&rdwfvS&mZmtrnfxkd;yg '*Fg;

jzpfygonf/
ou&mZf 795 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom a&Teef;ocif em&rdwfvS&mZmtrnfxkd;yg '*Fg;
jzpfygonf/
ou&mZf 877 ckEpS w
f iG f xkwaf 0aom a&Teef;ocif apmrGecf if trnfx;dk yg'*Fg; jzpfygonf/
ou&mZf 926 ckEpS w
f iG f xkwaf 0aom e&m"dywdO&dawmf o&Dot
l rnfx;kd yg '*Fg; jzpfygonf/

(2)
(3)
(4)

'*Fg;(4)jym;rSm ajrmufOD;acwf '*Fgrsm;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf ,cifrawGYbl;aom

'*Fg;rsm;jzpfygonf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd UrS OD;armifO;D ausm\
f ud,
k yf ikd f pkaqmif;xm;aom '*Fgrsm;jzpfygonf/

40
ed'gef;ydkif;wGif wifjycJhonfh rSwfcsufrsm;t&
30/ wwd,acwfpwifcsdefrSp '*Fg;ESpfbufvHk;wGif &cdkifpmudk tjynfht0 a&;xdk;oHk;pGJMu
awmhonf/ qifjzLydik &f iS rf if;rsm;u qifjzL&Si[
f
l '*Fg;pmwGif a&;om;MuNy;D qifjzL? qiferD sm;ydik af om
rif;rsm;u qifeo
D cif? qifjzLocif[
l oH;k pGMJ uonf/ qifjzL rydik af om \rif;rsm;u qifeo
D cif[k
a&;om;Muonf/
ajrmufOD;acwfaESmifydkif;rSm acwfOD;ydkif;uuJhodkY a&Teef; ocif[l oHk;pGJMuonf/
acwfaESmif;ydkif; rif;tcsdKUu a&Tjynfocif[lvnf; oHk;pGJMuao;onf/ xdktjyif ajrmufOD;
'kwd,acwftydkif; rif;zavmif;rwdkifrD rif;jzpfaom pMum0aw;rif; '*Fg;wGif &cdkifpmESpfzufvHk;
a&;xk;d xm;onfukd awG&Y ao;onf/ odaYk omfvnf; a&Teef;ocif[
l ryg&Sad y/
ou&mZf 795 ESpw
f iG f xkwaf 0aom a&Teef;ocif em&rdwv
f 'S *Fg;rSm ajrmufO;D wwd,acwf
rif;pOf-23 owd;k rif; w&m; xkwaf 0aom '*Fg;uJo
h Ykd tem;ywfvnfwiG f AdEK ajrmufrsm; xnfo
h nfukd
awG&Y &m? &mZ0iftvdt
k & ueu'Pf xD;jzLudzk iG
hf yGiahf wmfral omaMumifh xD;jzLyGi[
hf ef xD;&pfxnf
h
'*Fg;acwf onf[k owdk;rif;w&m;\ '*Fg;udk qdkxm;ouJhodkYyifjzpfayonf/ onfudk
Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh 795 ou&mZfx;kd '*Fg;rSm ajrmufO;D acwf\ yxrqH;k aom'*Fg;rSm ajrmufO;D acwf\
yxrqH;k aom '*Fg;jzpfwef&monf/ xkaYd Mumihf ou&mZf 792 ESpx
f ;dk a&Teef;ocif em&rdwv
f 'S *Fg;rSm
avmif;MuufwiG f rif;apmrGeaf emufq;kH eef;pHcphJ Of xkwaf 0aom '*Fg;jzpfaMumif; aumufcsucf svQif
rSm;rnfrxifyg/
ajrmufO;D acwf '*Fg;aygif;csKyu
f kd yl;wJw
G ifjyygonf/

41
31/ ajrmufOD;acwf '*Fg;aygif;csKyf
rif ; pOf - 1
yH k - 1
rif ; -1
rif ; apmrG e f
792
1430
a&T e ef ; ocif em&rd w f v S & mZm
rif ; pOf - 1
yH k - 2
rif ; -1
rif ; apmrG e f
795
1433
a&T e ef ; ocif em&rd w f v S & mZm
rif ; pOf - 3
yH k - 3
bapmjzL
823
1459
uvd r moQm
uvD r moQm
yH k - 4

rif ; pOf - 7

pvuF m ol
856
1494
ouf a umuf
a':vmoQm
ouf a wmuf a ':vmoQm

42
rif ; pOf - 8
yH k - 5
rif ; &mZm
863
1501
td v D o Qm
td v D o Qm
rif ; pOf - 10
yH k - 6
rif ; apmtk d
877
1515
a&T e ef ; ocif apmrG e f & mZm
rif ; pOf - 11
yH k - 7
tvD o Qm
877
1515
yg&S i f u l z d w f
rif ; pOf - 13
yH k - 8
rif ; AmBuD ;
893
1535
rif ; bif o cF & m

43
rif ; pOf - 13
yH k - 9
rif ; AmBuD ;
893
1535
ppf w aumif ; rif ;
rif ; pOf - 16
yH k - 10
rif ; pMum
926
1564
e&m'd y wd O L&D a wmf o D & d o l
rif ; pOf - 16
yH k - 11
e&m'd y wd
O&d a wmf o D & d
926
1564
ouG e f ' goQm
yH k - 12

rif ; pOf - 17

rif ; zavmif ;
e&m'D y wd
O&d a wmf
r[mod & d o l o Qm
933
1572
oD u G e f ' goQm

e&m'd y wd O &D a wmf r[moD & d o l o Qm

44
rif ; pOf - 18
yH k - 13
rif ; &mZmBuD ;
955
1593
e&m'D y wd a qmf v d r f o Qm
rif ; pOf - 18
yH k - 14
rif ; &mZmBuD ;
963
1601
qif j zL&S i f e&ywd a qmf v d r f o Qm
rif ; pOf - 19
yH k - 15
rif ; carmif ;
974
1612
qif j zL&S i f 0&"r O aoQmif o Qm
rif ; pOf - 19
yH k - 16
rif ; carmif ;
981
1619
qif j zLocif ? qif e D o cif
rif ; w&m;BuD ; OaoQmif o Qm

45
rif ; pOf - 20
yH k - 17
oD & d o k " r & mZm
984
1623
qif j zLocif ? qif e D o cif oD & d o k " r & mZm
rif ; pOf - 22
yH k - 18
e&ywd B uD ;
1000
1638
qif j zLocif ? qif e D o cif e&ywd B uD ;
rif ; pOf - 22
yH k - 19
e&ywd B uD ;
1000
1638
qif j zLocif ? qif e D o cif e&ywd B uD ;
rif ; pOf - 23
yH k - 20
owk d ; rif ; w&m;
1007
1652
qif j zLocif ? qif e D o cif owk d ; rif ; w&m;

46
rif ; pOf - 24
yH k - 21
pE o k " r & mZm
1014
1652
a&T e ef ; ocif pE o k " r & mZm
rif ; pOf - 24
yH k - 22
pE o k " r & mZm
1014
1672
a&T e ef ; ocif pE o k " r & mZm
rif ; pOf - 25
yH k - 23
0&"r & mZm
1047
1675
a&T e ef ; ocif 0&"r & mZm
rif ; pOf - 31
yH k - 24
uvmref ' uf
1059
1697
a&T e ef ; ocif uvmref ' uf & mZm

47
rif ; pOf - 33
yH k - 25
pE 0 d r v&mZm
1062
1700
a&T e ef ; ocif pE 0 d r v&mZm
rif ; pOf - 35
yH k - 26
pE 0 d Z ,&mZm
1072
1732
a&T e ef ; ocif pE 0 d Z ,&mZm
rif ; pOf - 36
yH k - 27
pE o l & d , &mZm
1093
1731
a&T e ef ; ocif pE o l & d , &mZm
rif ; pOf - 38
yH k - 28
e&y0&
1097
1735
a&T e ef ; ocif e&y0g&&mZm

48
rif ; pOf - 39
yH k - 29
pE 0 d Z v&mZm
1098
1737
a&T e ef ; ocif pE 0 d Z v&mZm
rif ; pOf - 40
yH k - 30
r'&mZf
1099
1737
a&T e ef ; ocif r '&mZf & mZm
rif ; pOf - 41
yH k - 31
e&tb,&mZm
1104
1742
a&T e ef ; ocif e&tb,&mZm
rif ; pOf - 43
yH k - 32
pE y &r&mZm
1123
1761
a&T e ef ; ocif pE y &r&mZm

49
rif ; pOf - 44
yH k - 33
tb,r[m&mZm
1026
1764
a&T e ef ; ocif tb,r[m&mZm
rif ; pOf - 45
yH k - 34
pE o k r e&mZm
1035
1775
a&T e ef ; ocif pE o k r e&mZm
rif ; pOf - 46
yH k - 35
pE o D ' o&mZm
1139
1777
a&T e ef ; ocif pE o d ' o&mZm

yH k - 36

rif ; pOf - 47

pE o d u f " mwf o &mZm

"r & mZf
1140
1778
a&T j ynf o cif "r&mZf & mZm

50
rif ; pOf - 48
yH k - 37
r[mor w &mZm
1144
1782
a&T e ef ; ocif r[mor w &mZm
rif ; pOf - 48
yH k - 38
ta* g yk n aZm&mZm
1044
1782
a&T e ef ; ocif ta* g yk n aZm&mZm

51
a&T ' *F g ;

rif ; pOf - 18
yH k - 39
rif ; &mZmBuD ;
955
1593
e&m'd y wd qif j zLocif aqmf v d r f o Qm
rif ; pOf - 25
yH k - 40
0&"r & mZm
1047
1675
a&T e ef ; ocif 0&"r & mZm
rif ; pOf - 44
yH k - 41
tb,r[m&mZm
1026
1764
a&T e ef ; ocif tb,r[m&mZm

52
TABLE REPRESENTION ANAUK BARUNG AND SITETAGAUNG MONG COINS
NO

NAME
OF
GOVERNOR

TITLE
OBERSE
REVERSE

5.

MONG RE
AS GOVERI OR

SULTAN
CHATGAON
1038 A.H

6.

MONG RE
AS REBEL

MAZAFFAR
SHAN

7.

THARI ZEYA
NAWRAHTA

CHI TAGONG
RAJ

8.

MONG RE
THIHA THU

NIZAM SHAH
SHAH

9.

MONG RE
THIN KHA YAR

1062 H
SULTAN
CHATAGONG
MUBARAZ SHAH

RELATION

YEAR
OF
INSTALLATION

REMARK

SITETAGONG MONG COUSIN OF

THIRI
THUDHAM
MARAZA
/
SIETAGAUNG
MONG RE
KYAW HTON
1000 B.E.
NOT
SITETAGAUNG
KNOWN
MONG THIRI ZEYA
NAWRAHTA
MONG RE
NOT
THIHA THU
KNOWN

1000 B.E.
1638 A.D.

ISSUED IN
CHITETAGONG

1638 A.D

ISSUED IN
MUGHUI
TERRTTORY
KING
NARAPATI
GREE'S REION

MONG RE
THIN KHAYAR

1652 A.D

CUSIN OF
SANDA
THUDHAM
MA RAZA

1638 A.D.

1645 A.D

KING THADO
MONG TARA'S
REION
THE LAST
GOVERNOR OF
CHITETAGONG
Previously Considered
as Mong Bar Ghree's
Coin's

TABLE REPRESENTION ANAUK BARUNG AND SITETAGAUNG MONG COINS

NO

1.

2.

3.

4.

NAME
OF
GOVERNOR

TITLE
OBERSE
REVERSE

MONG SAW HLA SRISRI

953 B.E
ANAUK BARUNG MONG TARA GRI
BARUNG
MONG
ISLAMSHAII
959 B.E.
NARADIPATI
THADAW
ANAUK BAWASHUN
SHIAPATI
SULATAN
960 B.E.
NARADIPATI
URIDAW
MAHASHA SURA
SULATAN
SULA
HILALSHAN
MAHA RAZA
CHAKRABADE

SRISRI
973 B.E.
SULEMAN SHAH
SHIN PRUSHUN
THADAW SULEMAN THADAW SULEMAN
SHAN

RELATION

YEAR
OF
INSTALLATION

SON OF
MONG

953 B.E
1591 A.D

SON OF
MONG
PHALAUNG

959 B.E.
1597 A.D

UNCLE OF
MONG
RAZA GREE

960 B.E.
1598 A.D.
1598 A.D.

SON OF
MONG
RAZA GREE

973 B.E
1611 A.D

REMARK

FIRST
ANAUK BARUNG

FUL ISSUE
(Praviously Regarden
as Uridaw Nanda
Baya Coins)
HALE ISSUE
(Presidered as Sula
Chandra Coins)
THIS COIN
COULD BE MONG
MANGRI OR
ALAMANIA COIN

53
29/ taemuf b *F g (12)cG i f w G i f ppf w aumif ; pm;[l rif ; zavmif ; vuf x uf r wk d i f r S D t xd
&SdcJhaomfvnf; rif;zavmif;vufxufrSp taemufbk&if[l jzpfvmonf/ ppfwaumif;pm;onf
taemufb&k if\ vufatmufcjH zpfonf/ taemufb&k if\ k;H pdu
k o
f nfah e&mrSm 'g;umESifh rk;d &S'd gbufwYdk
jzpfonf/ rif;zavmif;rS pEok"r&mZmvufxuftxd taemufbk&if &SdcJhonf/ yxrqHk;aom
taemufbk&ifrSm rif;zavmif;\ om;awmfrif;apmvSjzpfNyD; aemufqHk;aom taemufbk&ifrSm
pEok"r&mZm\ nDtpfudk 0rf;uJGawmfpyfol rif;&JocF,mjzpfonf/
&ck d i f t aemuf b k & if r sm;xk w f a 0cJ h o nf h ' *F g ;ES i h f o u & mZf
'*Fg;ygtrnf

pOf

taemufbk&if

1/

rif;apmvS

2/

rif;ndK

tDpvefoQm

3/

oD[ywd

plvwef
[DvvfoQm

acgif;buf

yef;buf

oD&o
d &D d
taemufb&k if

953
rif;w&m;Bu;D owk;d
taemufb&k if
959
e&"dywdowk;d
taemufb0&Sif
960
e&m"dywd
OD;&D;awmfr[moD[ol&

plvwef
[DvvfoQm

plV
r[m&mZm

4/

csmu&mbma'

oD&o
d &D d
plvrefoQm

973
qifjzL&Sifowkd;
qlvref&mS ;

5/

taemufb&k if
rif;&J

ppfwaumif;rif;

6/

olyek rf if;&J

ppfwaumif;
qlvwef
1038 AH
ylZmzmoQm

7/

oD&daZ,s
aemf&xm

ppfwaumif;
&mZm

8/

rif;&Jo[
D ol

eDZrfoQm

9/

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54

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55
6/
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56
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57
2/

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3/

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58
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59
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2/
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60
6/
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61
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62
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1433
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63
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64
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65
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f iG f tvif;ayguf 6 ayguf&NdS y;D oyfpaD ygif;xd;k xm;onf/ apwDawmf\
ajrmufbuf awmifajcvnf ausmif;awmf &mjzpfonf/ jrwefaqmif;awmfrS q&mawmfonf
rif;&mZmBuD;\ avQmufxm;csuft& t&HoHCm tyg;ESpfq,fESifhtwl oD[dkVfodkY omoemjyK&ef
1606 ckwiG f <ua&mufco
hJ nf/

66
nDawmfapwD (at'D - 1430)
nDawmfapwDonf av;rsufESmykxkd;awmfBuD;\ ajrmufbufwGif uyfvsufwnf&Sdonf/
ukov
kd &f iS rf mS rif;apmrGe\
f nDawmfrif;c&D;ac: e&Eku 1430 jynfEh pS rf mS yif ukov
kd jf yKcjhJ cif; jzpfonf/
apwDyHkpHrSm yk&defacwf aumvd,bk&if\ ukokdvfawmf yg;&Dawmf (avmif;Muuf)apwDESifh
qifwlaMumif;awGY&onf/ ta&SUodkYrlaom rkcfxGufapwDjzpfNyD; rkcfvrf;eH&HwGif *li,f 28 *l
qif;wkawmfrsm; ude;f 0yfco
hJ nf/ qif;wkawmf 28 ql ude;f 0yfcjhJ cif;rSmvnf; av;rsuEf mS apwD
rSmuJhodkY orKa'*gxmawmfBuD;udk &nfTef;cJh[efwlonf/ apwDawmfudk tuJcwfjcif;tm;jzifh
ukodkvf&Sifrif;c&D;ac: e&EkrSmvnf; trsKd;bmomomoemudk apmifhxdef;jyefYyGm;vdkonfh qE&Sif
jzpfonfukd xif[yfay:vGiaf pygonf/ apwDawmfrmS ausmufapwDwpfql jzpfonf/
&wempHa&G;apwDawmfESifh &wemrSefuif;apwDawmf (at'D*1446-1447)
&wempHa&G; 1446 ESifh &wemrSefuif;apwDawmf (1447)ESpfqlrSm bapmjzLrif;BuD;\
a&S;OD;aumif;rIawmfapwDrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uajrmufyikd ;f wGiw
f nf&ydS gonf/ rif;Bu;D \
aumif;rIawmf r[maAm"da&T*\
l awmifbuf&dS awmifp,
G rf sm;ay:wGif toD;oD;ude;f 0yfawmfrMl uNy;D
&wem rSeu
f if;apwDonf/ awmifbuftqH;k wGi&f
dS apwD\ *Eu#k w
d u
kd af wmfwiG f yviaf wmfrmS
eH&EH iS hf rqufpyfyJ oD;jcm;uif;uif;vGwv
f w
G &f o
dS jzifh xl;jcm;[ef&o
dS nf/
r[maAm"da&T*l (at'D 1448) yHk(3)
apwDawmfonf &SpfajrmifhyHkjzpfNyD; oydwfarSmufyHk xkydumwpfck rkcfxGufwpfckESifh
*Eu#k w
d u
kd af wmfrsm;yg&So
d nf/ *l0ifvrf;eH&w
H pfcw
k iG f ausmufqpfyk w
f v
G uf&mrsm; tqifh (6)qifh
jzifhjyoxm;onf/ tkyfaygif; 280 ausmfyg0ifonf/ if;tkyf rsm;wGif Ak'kyfyGm;awmfrsm;?
wl&d,mwD;[efrm; uRrf;xkd;[efrsm; wd&pmefwdkY aysmfyg;[ef? ylaZmf[ef? i&Jus[ef? ppfwdkuf[ef?
a0oE&mrif;BuD; om;orD;vSL[ef ok0PomrZmwfrS av;ypf[ef? a&T[oFmjrif;Zmwf ponfh
okyfazmfkyf<ursm; yg0ifayonf/ *Euk#dwdkuf&Sd ausmufyvifwGifvnf; yef;EG,fyef;cufrsm;?
Zmwfedygwfvmkyf<ursm;? aumif;csDay;ckoif;rIwf[ef yg0ifao; onf/ kyf<ursm;onf
ajrmufOD;acwf\ ,HkMunfcsufESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifrIudk azmfjyaom aMu;rHkwpfcsyfyifjzpfonf/
&Spaf omif;xkue Yf odr&f dS yk <f uvuf&mrsm;\ a&SUajy;erlemvnf; jzpfayonf/ ukov
kd &f iS f bapmjzL
rif;Bu;D onf bk&m;udk 1448 ckEpS f uqkev
f jynfh ajrmufO;D ajrmufbuf euawmif\ taemuf
awmifp,
G w
f pfcak y:wGif wnfxm;cJo
h nf/

67
e&wfpm;bk&m; (at'D- 1458)
jrif;0efawmif\ taemufbuf (ajrmufO;D oabmFqyd f teD;&S)d ,ckNrKd Uopf&yfwiG f e&wfpm;
bk&m;udef;0yfonf/ ,cktcg rlvtaqmufttHkrSm ysufpD;oGm;NyDjzpfonf/ bapmjzLrif;BuD;\
a,murjzpfol e&ufpm;trwfBu;D 1458 ckwiG f ukov
kd jf yKco
hJ nf/ Pfawmf 7 aycGcJ efY jrifah om
ausmufqif;wkawmfwpfqrl mS odraf wmftwGi;f wGif ude;f 0yfvQu&f o
dS nf/
bapmjzLrif;Bu;D \ orD;awmf ]ol&cdik }f wnfxm;aom bk&m;odYk yef;qDr;D ylaZmf&eftoGm;
naeqnf;qmwGif 0dZ,s&HoDausmif; acwowif;oHk;aeawmfrlaom jrefrmuAsm yg&*l&Sif
awaZmom&u jrifawGo
Y jzifh rif;orD;\tvSwiG f rl;&pfomG ;&um; ]csKyn
f &DwiG ;f jzKwjf cnf;jrifonf?
oQio
f m&cdik w
f ef aqmifavm} [laom tar!dwo
f u
H kd zGirhf u
d m ]a&Tyk o
f iG yf 'dk pf }kH &wkukd oDu;kH cJah v
onf/ Sifr[m&|om&uvnf; raemrsufI aMu;rHkjyK tpcsD&wkudk a&;pyfoDuHk;cJhavonf/
uAsmESpyf 'k pf vH;k onf jrefrmpmaywGif vGepf mG xif&mS ;onf/
wuoDvmapwD (at'D - 1460)
wuov
D mapwDukd 1460 - ckEpS w
f iG f bapmjzLrif;Bu;D wnfco
hJ nf/ Pfawmf (7)ay&SNd y;D
ajcawmfxyfvQuf &ifokdif;ygouFef;ay:wGif udk,f&HouFef;wpfckvHk;t&pf&pfazmf Hkxm;onfh
wuov
D mbk&m; ude;f 0yfvQu&f o
dS nf/
oHk;usdyfwpfqlapwD (at'D - 1482)
apwDawmfwiG f ausmufqif;wkawmf 31 ql ude;f 0yf vQu&f jdS cif;aMumifh oH;k usyd w
f pfql
apwD[k ac:onf/ tv,fwiG f xdik af wmfrl qif;wkawmfwpfq&l
dS ,if;bk&m;ESihf ausmjcif;uyfwiG f
y&dedAmefpHcef; ausmufqpfvuf&m wpfqludef;0yfonf/ apwD\ wnfae&mrSm ajrmufOD;NrdKU
taemufawmifyikd ;f &Sd av;NrKd UacwfO;D \ acwftpwGif acwoifrif;Bu;D wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf ahJ om
r*Fvm"mwfa&T*l apwDawmfwnf&dS &mawmifwef;ESihf ud;k e0if;apwDawmf wnf&&dS m awmifwef;ESpcf k
tMum;&Sd awmifcg;yef;wpfckay:wGif wnf&Sdonf/ bk&m;odrfonf awmifcg;yef;ay:wGif &SdNyD;
awmifajcESifhvufqnfuef xdawGYae Icif;om,mvSyonf/ ukokdvf&Sifrif;a'gvQmonf
bk&m;udk 1482 ckEpS w
f iG f aumif;rI jyKco
hJ nf/

68
xlygHkapwD (at'D - 1494)(at'D-1631) yHk(4)
xlygHkapwDonf ajrmufOD;NrdKUajrmufbuf&Sd avmif;yGef;ajymufapwD\ ajrmufbufwGif
uyfvQuf 0if;wHwkdif;ESpfxyftwGif; wnfSdonf/ apwDawmf\ &SpfajrmifykHyp,mrsm;wGif
Mumzl;MumvufykHay:atmif xkqpfxm;onf/ yp,mrsm;wGif *lausmif;av;ausmif;ygSdNyD;
rkcfxGufwHuJvuf&mrsm;ukd tEkpdwf xkqpfxm;onf/ apwDawmf\ &ifjyifaxmifhav;axmifh&Sd
*lausmif;ysuu
f o
dk mawGUjrifEidk o
f nf/
rlvukokdvf&SifrSm ajrmufOD;rif;qufwGif toufti,fqkH;jzifh rif;jzpfvmol bk&if
rif;&efatmifjzpfNy;D 1494 ckEpS w
f iG f wnfco
hJ nf/ aemifwiG f rif;carmif;u 1613 ckwiG f xyfrjH yKjyif
cJo
h nfomru apwDawmf wpfcv
k ;Hk ukyd g a&Tv;Hk jynfch scahJ o;onf/ apwDawmfwnf&&dS m t&yfonf
blrdeufoefajr[k t,l&SdMuojzifh ajrmufOD;acwfbk&ifrsm;onf bdodufr*Fvm oGef;avmif;NyD;
aemuf apwDawmfukd zl;arQmfum atmifajreif;Mu&onf/ aemifwGif apwDawmf\
taemufbuf&dS awmif0rS ;f wGif rif;carmif;vSLcJah om ausmif;awmfEiS hf aq;kaH wmfwnf&cdS o
hJ nf/
awZ&mrapwD - (at'D - 1501) ykH(5)
awZ&mrapwDonf ajrmufOD;NrdKUajrmufykdif;&Sd pE&mrausmif;wkduf\ ajrmufbuf
awmif0rS ;f wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ xl;cReyf jkH zpfNy;D yp,mtqifw
h w
Ykd iG f cdek ef;csKd ;oH;k qpfyg&So
d nf/ 'kw,
d ESihf
wwd,yp,mwdw
Yk iG f ykcx
f u
G af v;ckyg&So
d nf/ pvuFmolrif;u 1500 ckwiG f oHCm&mZmjzpfaom
awZ&mrq&mawmftwGuf aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ apwDawmfudk 1638 ckESpf
em&ywdBuD;uvnf;aumif;? 1710 jynfhESpfwGif pE0dZ,&mZmvnf;aumif; jyKjyifcJhonf/
,ckapwDawmfyHkrSm ajrmufOD;aESmif;acwfyHkpHjzpfonf/ apwDawmfBuD;\ awmifbufteD;wGif
ausmufpmav;csyfudk *li,fxJ pdkufxlxm;&Sdonf/ ausmufpmrsm;rSm apwDawmfESifh ausmif;
twGuf ajrvSLrSww
f rf;yifjzpfonf/
taemfrmbk&m; (at'D-1500)
ajrmufOD;NrdKU ajrmufbufydkif;&Sd xlygHkapwD\ ta&SUbuf odkYoGm;vQif taemfrmbk&m;udk
zl;awGEY ikd o
f nf/ bk&m;rSm Pfawmf 10 ay &So
d nf/ ausmufqif;wkawmfjzpfNy;D rlv *lausmif;rSmrl
r&Sad wmhacs/ ausmufqif;wkawmf ude;f 0yf&m ausmufyvirf mS 5 ayjrifNh y;D q,fajrm ufy&kH o
dS nf/
yvifwpfckvHk;udk yef;EG,fyef;cuf? aus;iSufwd&dpmefrsm;? kyf<ursm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;onf/
yvif yk <f uwpfcjk zpfaom 0okE& eD wfyk w
f iG rf l wHuyJ ykH gNy;D ,if;wHuw
J pfcv
k ;kH udk usm;uudu
k cf s[
D ef

69
okyfazmf xm;onf/ ukodkvf&SifrSm pvuFmolrif;\ orD;awmf taemfZm rif;orD;jzpf 1501
ckEpS w
f iG f vSL'gef;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/
0oJbk&m; (at'D-1515)
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfyikd ;f wGif wnf&adS om0oJb&k m;Bu;D onf Pfawmf 13 ay&SNd y;D ajrmufO;D NrKd U
awmfa[mif;twGi;f tBu;D qH;k qif;wkawmfyifjzpfonf/ bk&ifoZmwrif;u if;eef;wufonfh
1515 ckwiG f aumif;rIjyKcahJ om bk&m;wpfqjl zpfonf/
vifyef;ajymuf (avmif;yGef;ajymuf) (at'D 1525)(yHk-6)
ajrmufOD;NrdKU ajrmufbufydkif;&Sd wnfbk&m;wpfqljzpfonfh av;rsufESmykxdk;awmfBuD;\
ta&SUajrmufbufuGif;jyifwGif avmifyGef;ajymufapwDwnf&Sdonf/ apwDawmfrSm &Spfajrmuf
xkcReyf kH jzpfonf/ vuf&dS tjrifh 75 aycef&Y o
dS nf/ atmufyp,m tqifh rkcx
f u
G *f al usmif;i,f 16
ausmif;yg&SdNyD; rkcfwHuJvuf,mrsm;jzifh xkqpfxm;onf/ apwDawmfwpfckvHk;ausmufjzifh
wnfaqmufxm;NyD; yef;<uyef;qGJrsm;jzifh rGef;rHcs,foxm;onf/ tmHkcH&ifjyifywfvnfwGif
a<ua&okwt
f yk cf syrf sm; xGi;f xm;cJo
h nf/
0if;wHwdkif;ESpfxyf&Sdonf twGif;bufwHwdkif;\ tjyifbuf eH&HwGif a<ua&okwfa&mifpHk
tkwcf syrf sm; jzifh yef;yGiyhf v
kH ifyef; &cdik t
f ac: avmif;yGe;f yHrk sm; azmfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ apwD\
0daoovuPyif jzpfayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh apwDonf ]]avmifyeG ;f ajymuf}} [kwiG o
f nf/ wHwikd ;f
wpfbufwiG f vifyef;yHk 60 cef&Y ydS gonf/ ukov
kd &f iS rf mS rif;acgif&mZmjzpfNy;D 1525 ckwiG -f
]]c&rf;oD;vufaumuf? ajymifajymifawmuf? *sD;rSm0,fau avmifAGef;ajymuf}} [laom
twdww
f abmift& wnfxm;cJjh cif; jzpfonf/
oufawmf&SnfapwDESifh oufawmf&apwD (at'D - 1525)
oufawmf&n
S af pwDonf ajrmufO;D ajrmufyikd ;f &Sd &Gu
f akd wmifay:wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ ,ckypkH rH mS
rlvvuf&mr[kwaf wmhbJ aemufyikd ;f acwfjyKjyifxm;Ny;D vuf&momjzpfonf/ bk&m; awmif\
ta&SUbufawmifajcwGif oufawmf&bk&m;wnf&o
dS nf/ yHpk yH #d u
d wfwu
kd yf pkH rH sKd ;jzpfNy;D eH&t
H jyifbuf
ausmufqpfyef;uGurf sm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;onf/ bk&m;rsm;udk rif;acgif&mZmu 1525 wGif
ukov
kd jf yKco
hJ nf/

70
bk&m;nDaemif (at'D - 1527)
rif;apmtdo
k nf ajrmufO;D eef;awmfukd A[djk yK edAL pmapwDrsm;tjyif tjcm;bk&m;ajcmufql
udkvnf; wnfxm;cJhonf/ edALpmapwD\ ta&SUbuf&Sd awmifedrfhay:wGif udef;0yfaom
bk&m;nDaemifac: ykx;kd &Spq
f rl mS wpfqEl iS w
hf pfql yEuyf rkH sm; rwlMuacs/
nDrawmfbk&m; (at'D -

ajrmufOD;NrdKUta&SUydkif;&Sd odrfBuD;a&T*l\ awmifbuf&Sdukef;ay:wGif nDrawmfbk&m;

udef;0yfonf/ ausmufyvifay:wGif ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;onf/ yvif
atmufajcwGif &ifcGifydkufapmif;udk wD;[efrSm touf0ifvSNyD; ajrmufOD;acwf\ xif&Sm;aom
ky<f uif;vuf&mwpfqyl if jzpfayonf/ bk&m;udk qifjzL&Sirf if; a'gvQm\ orD;awmf apmeef;jzL\
nDrawmfapmokbmu aumif;rIjyKco
hJ jzifh nDrawmfb&k m;[k wGio
f nf/ tpfrawmf apmeef;rif;jzL\
aumif;rIawmfrmS uGr;f aps;wHcg;teD; oQiif ,fwwfawmifay:wGif wnf&o
dS nf/
edALpmapwDrsm; (at'D - 1527)
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uta&SUydik ;f wGif ajrmufO;D acwfo;kH 0ifrem; usaD wmf\ ta&SUbuf0if;wHwikd ;f onf
edALpmawmifudk tajccHxm;onf/ awmifxdyfodkY awmifbuftqHk;rSwuf&onf/ yxrqHk;
zl;awGU&aomapwDrSm atmufedALpmapwDjzpfonf/ apwDyHkpHrSm av;rsufESmykxdk;awmfBuD;\
oydwaf rSmufypkH rH sKd ;yif jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif ouFe;f pD;azgif;&pfyg&SNd y;D MumoD;yHrk sm;udk xkqpfxm;onf/
tmHck o
H rd f Pfawmf 10 aycefY &Sad vNy;D acwf[ef qif;wkawmfwpfqu
l ed ;f 0yfonf/ xdo
k rd f yif
&Sad om a0omvDacwf ewfyk Ef pS f yk u
f uke;f awmf\ oufwrf;&SnMf umrIukd &nfeT ;f jyaeonf/
awmifaMumtwdik ;f quf wufomG ;vQif tv,feAd L pm apwDoYkd a&mufonf/ ausmufjzifh
wnfaqmufxm;Ny;D NyKd ysuaf eNyD jzpfonf/ awmiftjrifq
h ;kH ae&mwGiyf if yifredAL pmapwD ude;f 0yf
onf/ edAL pmapwDrsm;udk 1527 ckwiG f rif;apmtdu
k wnfxm;cJah vonf/

71
ajrmufOD;'kwd,acwf? apwDykxkd;ESihfomoedutaqmuftODrsm;

pOf

apwD y k x d k ; ES i h f
omoedu
taqmuftOD

wnfaqmufonfhESpf
uk o d k v f & S i f

aumZm

c&pfat'D

1/ tHawmfodrf
/
/
2/ a&TawmifapwD
3/ odBuaF &T*al pwD
4/ ukvm;NrKd UapwD
5/ a&T*Bl u;D
6/ oQpaf omif;ykx;d k awmf
7/ OD;jr0gapwD
8/ rdz&k m;Bu;D *l
9/ ud;k aomif;ykx;dk awmf
10/ rif;carmif;ykx;dk
11/ jcifuu
kd yf #d uwku
d f
12/ ausmuftw
k b
f &k m;
13/ xkue o
Yf rd yf x
k ;dk awmf
14/ bk&m;tkyyf x
k ;dk awmf
15/ ycef;odrf

rif;apmvS
rif;AmBu;D
rif;&mZmBu;D
rif;AmBu;D
rif;AmBu;D
rif;AmBu;D
rif;AmBu;D
rif;AmBu;D
rif;AmBu;D
apmoEmrdz&k m;
rif;wdu
rif;zavmif;
rif;zavmif;
rif;zavmif;
rif;zavmif;
rif;zavmif;
rif;&mZmBu;D

893
/
/
893
893
893
893
897
897
951
915
933
933
933
933
933
192

1531
/
/
1531
1531
1531
1531
1531
1535
1553
1553
1571
1571
1570
1571
1571
1600

16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/

rif;&mZmBu;D
rdz&k m;&Siaf xG;
rdz&k m;&Siaf xG;
rif;carmif;
oD&o
d "k r&mZm
rdz&k m;ewf&iS af r
rdz&k m;ewf&iS af r

965
966
974
974
991
1000
1000

1603
1604
1612
1612
1629
1638
1638

bk&m;ay:apwD
rif;aygif;a&T*l
&wemyHak pwD
&wemjy'fapwD
ousrmefatmif
rif;acgifa&Twl
arQmaf wmfral pwD

wnfae&m
ajrmuf O D ;
ajrmufyikd ;f
/
/
NrKd UwGi;f ydik ;f
ta&SUykid ;f
awmifyikd ;f
ajrmufyikd ;f
ajrmufyidk ;f
NrKd UwGi;f ydik ;f
ta&SUykid ;f
ta&SUykid ;f
awmifyidk ;f
awmifyidk ;f
ta&SUykid ;f
ajrmufyikd ;f
ta&SUykid ;f
taemuf
awmifyikd ;f
taemufyidk ;f
ajrmufyidk ;f
ajrmufyidk ;f
ta&SUykid ;f
ta&SUydik ;f
ta&SUykid ;f

72
(1) tHawmfodrf (at'D - 1521) (yHk-7)
tHawmford o
f nf ajrmufO;D NrKd UajrmufbufwiG f wnf&o
dS nf/ odraf wmfonf &Spaf jrm ihyf akH pwD
jzpfonf/ txuf0gonf t&efapwD&Spfqlu tv,fapwDukd &efxm;[efjzpfonf/ Pfawmf
ay 40 cefY jrihfNyD; y&0kPftwGif; *lausmif;ygapwDi,frsm;u &efxm;onf/ rlvukodkvf&SifrSm
rif;apmvSjzpfNy;D 1521 ckEpS w
f iG f aumif;rIjyKco
hJ nf/ 1556 ckoYkd a&mufaomtcg rif;&mZmBu;D u
tHawmf"mwfukd Xmyem&ef xyfrw
H nfc
hJ ]]tHawmford }f }[kac:wGif cJjh cif; jzpfonf/ tHawmfukd
bk&ifrif;AmBu;D u oD[Vdk rf yS ihaf qmifcNhJ y;D eef;awmf xm;&Su
d ;dk uG,cf yhJ gonf/ ,if;tHawmf"mwfudk
ajrmufO;D NrKd U AEKvausmif;wku
d w
f iG f ,aeYwidk f ud;k uG,x
f m;&Syd gonf/
odraf wmfBu;D \ ta&SUbufe&H w
H iG f &yfawmfrq
l if;wkawmf (6)ql ude;f 0yfonf/ ,if;qif;wk
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I kd wif[yfaponf/

73
(2) a&TawmifapwD (at'D - 1531)
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74
(6)

oQpfaomifykxkd;awmfBuD; (at'D - 1530) (yHk-8)

oQpaf omif;ykx;dk awmfBu;D onf ajrmufO;D acwf? ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmf\ t"du&bk&m;wpfql
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f
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Oykoaf qmif&o
dS nf/

75
'kwd,ywfvnf *layguf 31 ayguf&SdNyD; wpfckpDausmjcif;uyf kyfyGm;awmf ESpfqlpD
ylaZmfcx
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P
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auGU&onf/ xkdrS txufbufokdY avSum;jzihfwufvQif Ak'ajc&m awmfwpfqludk zl;awGU&onf/
twGi;f vdP
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k
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k kd azmfeT ;f aejcif; jzpfayonf/
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d mwD;rIwf
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4 b0?
Muufwla&G; 3 b0? Oa'gif; 2 b0? jrif; 1 b0wkdY jzpfonf/

76
txufygwd&pmefyrkH sm;tjyif *EumvZmwfrS opfawmuf iSu?f rm,mZmwf0if? tkyu
f [ef?
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oD0vkvifusm;ukdufcef;? udE&m ZmwfponfwkdYudk okyfazmfxm;onf/ pkpkaygif; tkyfaygif;
1000 ausm&f o
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udv
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16

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15

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11

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12

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txufcv,f 2 uGuf + atmufcv,f 2 uGuf = 34 ab;wpfzuf? wpfcsucf v,fEpS cf pk u

D kd
aygif;vQif 34 ? 34 onf 3 + 4 = 7 rSm 7 &ufom;orD;udk &nfTef;onf/ tvGef
xl;qef;tHhzG,fynm&yfjzihf 7 &ufom;orD;wkdYtm; Oyg'fuif;vGwf atmif pD&ifay;xm;jcif;
jzpfavonf/

77
tmkHcHwefaqmif;awmfrSm acwfvuf&mjzpfonf/ wefaqmif;awmf\ t0if0teD;wGif
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ausmufpmtrdeYf jyefwrf;wpfc&k o
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awmfay:0,f xkid [
f efEiS t
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k mynmudk txifrBu;D onfh oabmrsK;d om jzpfaeygonf/
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xif[yfapygonf/
(7) OD;jr0gapwD (at'D - 1537)
ou&mZf 1537 ckESpfwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUouf&Snf&ef tpDtrHt& toufpGefYoGm;aom
oQiif ,fq&mOD;jr0gudk &nfp;l bk&ifrif;AmBu;D u aumif;rIjyKxm;cJah om apwDjzpfonf/ ,cktcg
apwDawmf\ atmufcaH v;axmifyo
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f dk pdu
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rdz&k m;Bu;D *lonf ajrmufO;d NrKd Uta&SUykid ;f &Sd bk&m;nDaemif uke;f \ta&SUbuf uke;f i,fwpfcw
k iG f
wnfxm;onf/ ukokdvfjyKolrSm rif;wdum\rdzk&m; apmoEmjzpfNyD; ou&mZf 1553 ckESpfwGi
wnfxm;cJhonf/

78
(9) udk;aomif;ykxkd;BuD; (at'D - 1553)
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vdP
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oQpfaomif;bk&m;udk wnfonf/ om;awmf rif;wdumu udk;aomif;bk&m;udkwnfonf/ odkYESihf
tb&Spaf omif;? om;ud;k aomif;[k qkd ;kd pum; ay:cJo
h nf/ rif;wdum eef;&aomtcg ajcmufvjzihf
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jyefvnfw;l azmfrI vkyif ef;rsm;udk Ekid if aH wmfrS jyKvyk cf o
hJ jzihf bk&m;qif;wkausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;?
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aAma&mAk'g vdk Bu;D us,v
f aS Mumif; awGUjrif&onf/
(10) rif;carmif;ykxkd;awmfBuD; (at'D- 15)
ykx;dk awmfBu;D onf ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmifyidk ;f wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ xl;jcm;aomvuf&m&So
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wGif ewfarmifESHESpfOD;u ylaZmfae[efESihf bk&if\atmufajcwGif aAmif;aqmif;trwfwpfOD;u
aqmihaf Mumihx
f idk [
f ef xGi;f xkxm;jcif;rSm ajrmufO;D acwfvuf&m wpfco
k mawGU& &Sm;yg;aom
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D u
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f &J dS ausmufyvi\
f txufrsuEf mS tem;&pfwiG f ausmufjzihf
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d nf/ qDr;D cGu\
f tem;rsm;udk MumpG,Mf umoD;
rsm;jzihf vSypGmwefqmqifxm;onf/ vuf&monfvnf; bk&ifuo
hJ Ydk wpfcw
k nf;aom vuf&m
[efyif jzpfonf/ bk&ifrif;carmif;u jyefvnfjyKjyif ukodkvfjyKcJhonfhtwGuf rif;carmif;
ykxkd;awmfBuD;[k ac:Muonf/ ykxkd;ukd a*g&D0bk&m;[lvnf;wGifonf/ rlvukokdvf&SifrSm
rif;carmif;\ bk;d awmf rif;zavmif;jzpfonf/

79
(11) jcifwdkufyd#uwfwkduf (at'D 1591)
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uajrmufyikd ;f &Sd xlygkaH pwDawmf\ ajrmufbufwiG f ausmufqpfvuf&m tajrmuf
tjrm;jzihf wefqmqifxm;onfh taqmuftODrmS jcifwu
kd yf #d uwfwu
dk af wmf jzpfonf/ yd#udwf
wku
d o
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dS jzihf jcifwu
dk yf #d uwf[k trnfwiG o
f nf/ ajrmufO;D
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jzpfonf/ yd#uwfwu
dk o
f nf tem;wpfbufvQif wpfq,fo;kH ay t&Sn&f NdS y;D rkcx
f u
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d nf/ *lausmif;wGif axmihw
f pfck pD cked ef;csK;d wpfqpfcsK;d xm;onf/ eH&rH mS twGi;f odYk csKid 0fh ifaNy;D
MumyGi[
fh efykH jzpfonf/ tay:rS jy'fbikH g;qiht
f xd tjrihw
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d nf/ ukov
dk &f iS rf mS
bk&ifrif;zavmif;jzpfNy;D 1591 ckwiG f yd#uwfawmfrsm; xm;&S&d efvLS 'gef;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ yd#uwf
wku
d af wmfukd taemufbuf&dS awmifnKd ausmif;wku
d rf S &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;u toH;k jyKcMhJ uonf/
(12) xkuefYodrfykxkd;awmfBuD; (at'D - 1571) (yHk-10)
ajrmufOD;NrdKUajrmufykdif;wGif wnf&Sdaom xkuefYodrfawmfBuD;onf awmifajrmuf 110
ay? ta&SUtaemuf 137 ay &SnNf y;D ayESpq
f ,fcefjY rihaf om uke;f awmfay:wGif ausmufw;kH rsm;jzihf
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ykxkd;awmfBuD;\ taemufbufaxmihfwGif Oykofaqmifawmfwpfck
qufvQuf&Sdonf/ odrfawmfBuD;onf atmufcHausmif;ay:&Sd tv,fapwDudk axmihfapwD
av;ql&x
H m;yHk jzpfonf/ oabmrSm av;rsuEf mS ykx;dk rS awGU&ovkd uukoef? aumPk?H uz?
a*gwr ponfyh iG afh wmfral om bk&m;av;qlEiS fh yGiafh wmfrv
l wUH aom t&darw,sjrwfpmG bk&m;udk
&nfp;l xm; [efoabmyif jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf/ tv,fapwD[efrmS oQpaf omif;ykx;dk awmfBu;D rS
apwDrsm;uJo
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f m;[ef jzpfonf/
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k nf;&SNd y;D ckywf &pfomG ;aom vdP
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ylaZmfae[ef ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;udk xm;&So
d nf/ pkpak ygif; ky<f u 330 ausmf &So
d nf/ ky<f ursm;ukd
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jywku
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f k qk&d avmufonf/ ky<f ursm;udk xkad cwf&dS &mxl;tqiht
f wef;tvdu
k f 0wfpm;qif,if
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k dk ay:vGiaf tmif xkvyk x
f m;onf/ a&S;&ckid 0f wfpm;qif,ifrq
I idk &f m
,Ofaus;rIyifjzpfaom-

80
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f ,hw
f pf? vuf,pfu;kd acG?
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f ,f? yef;oG,if g;rsK;d ? qHx;dk &Spcf ?k yef;yk&pS cf su?f
a>cpG,fckepfyg;? udk,fvTmig;rsKd;}} ponfwkdYtjyif qHxHk; xHk;enf; 64 rsKd;udkum; vuf&mrsm;rSm
avhvmEkid af yonf/
ykxkd;awmfBuD;udk ausmufjym;cif;? ausmufjym;yg;oyfpD aygif;pHkpepfjzihf wnfaxmifxm;
onfrmS ajrmufO;D acwf\ Adou
k mpGr;f yum;wpfcyk if jzpfawmhonf/ omoemykid q
f &mawmfBu;D ESifh
oHCmawmfrsm; "robifjyKvkyfjcif;? Oykofyk0g&PmjyKvkyfjcif;wkdYudk &nf&G,fvnf;aumif;?
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dk sm;uef NrKd Utkx
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ckwGif wnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumihf xkuefYodrf[kwGifonf/ taqmufttHkxkxnf
Bu;D rm;jcif;? ckacGypkH H vdP
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fh jrifrmS ;avh&MdS uonf/
xkue o
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k mynmESiw
fh nfaqmufaom ukov
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mom
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ykxkd;BuD;\ AdokumynmrSmvnf; vGefpGmqef;vSavonf/ trsKd;bmom omoemudk
jynfhjynfh00 ukd,fpm;jyKxm;onfudk awGU&ay&m &ckdifwdkY\AdokumynmtpGrf;udk ckdifckdifrmrm
jyxm;aMumif; awGU&yg ukov
kd &f iS \
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f kd xif[yfvQu&f ydS gonf/
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h pfyakH om b0oHo&mwGif usiv
f nf
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&Sad p&ef okyaf zmfjcif;yif jzpfayonf/ vlb
Y 0\&cJru
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kd nf; em;vnfapvdak om oabmygay/
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h nfrh mS &Sad e
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fh nfw
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J m;onfukd awGU&onf/

81
t"dyg,faqmifonfum; vlYb0odkY a&mufvmolrsm;rSm wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; rwlnDMu oHo&mrS
vGwfajrmuf&m vGwfajrmufaMumif; BudK;yrf;Mu&mwGifvnf; rwlnDMu? uHuH\tusKd;twkdif;
jzpfay:vm&aMumif;udk qkdvkdonf/ 0ifaygufwpfaygufwnf; xm;&Sdjcif;rSmvnf; oHo&mrS
vGwaf jrmuf&m vGwaf jrmufaMumif;\ wpfcw
k nf;aom vrf;prSm edAm efyifjzpfonfudk azmfjyjcif;jzpfNy;D
t0ifaygufrSm usOf;ajrmif;aomtcef;udk eH&HBuD;rsm;ESihfqD;wm;jcif;ESihf wlaejcif;onfum;
edAm efut
kd a&mufomG ;aom vrf;aMumif;rSm rvG,af Mumif;udk jyxm;onfo
h abmyif jzpfayonf/
qkv
d &kd if;rSm oHo&mrS vGwaf jrmuf&m vGwaf jrmufaMumif; BuKd ;yrf;&mwGif rlvyxr rdr\
d pdwu
f kd
csK;d ESrd
f vdt
k yfaMumif;udk jyqkx
d m;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/
(13) bk&m;tkyfapwDawmfBuD; (at'D - 1571) (yHk-11)
bk&m;tkyyf x
k ;dk awmfBu;D rSm ajrmufO;D NrKd Uta&SUykid ;f wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ ,cktcg apwDawmfrmS
atmufcyH p,mwpfqiho
f m use&f adS wmhonf/ xkyd p,mwGif rkcu
f yf*al usmif;i,f 29 ausmif; udk
wnfaqmufxm;onf/ *Eu#k w
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awmfwpfql pHyg,fawmfro
l nf/ apwDawmfukd bk&ifrif;zavmif;onf eef;wufou&mZf 1571
ckEpS w
f iG f Ekid if rH NyKd u&GJ ef twdwef rd w
d jf zihf wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/
(14) ycef;odrf
ajrmufO;D NrKd U taemufbufawmifyikd ;f &Sd bm;blawmifuek ;f i,fwiG f Pfawmf 6 aycef&Y dS
ausmufqif;wkwpfql pHyg,fvQuf &S&d m odraf wmfukd ycef;odr[
f k ac:onf/ 1785 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f wGif
ycef;q&mawmfonf &ckdif"n0wDomoemjyKpOfu t&yf oDwif;oHk;cJhojzihf uJhodkY
trnfwiG jf cif;jzpfonf/
(15) bk&m;ay:apwD (at'D - 1603) (yHk-12)
ajrmufOD;NrdKU taemufawmifykdif;&Sd a&TMumodrf taemufbuf rkdif0ufc&D;wGif bk&m;ay:
apwDwnf&o
dS nf/ ukvm;ausmif; atmufcEH iS jfh zpfNy;D 18 &mpktqH;k ydik ;f jyKjyifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
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qif;wkawmfukd at'D-327 jyKjyif at'D-364wGif a0omvDNrKd U odYk r[mwkid ;f p`E (c) a'Gipf `Eu

rZrd a'orS yihaf qmifcphJ Of a&ude;f 0yfomG ;aMumif; t,l&cdS MhJ uonf/

82
bk&m;ay:odrftwGif; t&pf 10 &pfygaom xkcRefyHkr@dKif apwD Ak'qif;wkawmf 103
qlwkdY xkqpfylaZmfxm;onfrSm &ckdif usihfxHk;? w&mhoHk;udk &nfTef;onf[k qkdonf/
(16) rif;aygif;a&T*l
(17) &wemyHkapwD (at'D-1612) (yHk-13)
&wemyHkapwDonf ajrmufOD;NrdKUajrmufydkif;&Sd tHawmfodrfESihfuyfvQuf wnf&Sdonf/
t0ef;ykpH jH zpfnyD; yktidk t
hf idk &hf adS om oydwaf rSmufyu
kH kd yp,oH;k qihw
f iG f wifxm;onf/ txGwrf &Sad wmh
ay/ ukov
kd &f iS rf sm;rSm rif;carmif;ESirf zd &k m;Bu;D oQiaf xG;wkYd jzpfMuNy;D 1612 ckwiG f wnfxm;cJo
h nf/
yEufyHkoPmefrSm tmkHcH&ifjyif us,fyg&Sdaom t|*HyHkpHwpfrsKd; jzpfonf/ &ifjyifa'gihfrsm;wGif
ausmufw;kH av;wpfw;kH jzihf jyKvyk x
f m;aom jcaoFh yk rf sm; &So
d nf/ &ifjyifraS &rsm;udk xkw&f efqifyk f
a&>yefrsm; wyfqifxm;onf/ tmkcH &H ifjyif\ ta&SUbuford af wmf&mwGif a<u&nfow
k af usmufcsyf
rsm; cif;xm;onf/
(18) &wemjym'fapwD
(19) ousrm&fatmifapwD (at'D - 1615) (yHk-14)
oufusrm&fatmifapwDonf ajrmufO;D NrKd Uta&SUykid ;f &Sd a&T*al wmifapwDawmf ta&SUbufwiG f
wnf&Sdonf/ taemufbuf t0if0 bDvl;BuD;ESpfaumif apmihfae[ef ausmufjzihfxkqpfxm;
onfrmS touf0ifvo
S nf/ apwDawmfEiS fh 0if;awmfEpS x
f yfpvH;k udk ausmufom;jzihf wnfaqmuf
xm;onf/ 0if;awmftwGif; t&HapwDrsm; &Sdonf/ apwDawmfrSm atmufcHMumyGifhrsm; yGihftm
aeyH?k zdeyfay: apwDawmfazmufxm;[ef jzpfonf/ EGw
H nf;[laom avmuDbrkH S Ak'w
nf;[laom
MumyGifh yGiv
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f u
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d nf/
apwDawmfrmS 114 ay jriho
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k mvuf&m
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kd &f iS rf mS oD&o
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k w
f pfcv
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jynfp;dk Bu;D bk&m;rS 1615 ckEpS w
f iG f yihaf qmifu;dk uG,x
f m;jcif;jzpfonf/

83
(20) rif;acgifa&TwlapwD (at'D - 1629) (yHk-15)
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uta&SUykid ;f &Sd bk&m;tkwaf pwD\ awmifbuf teD;wGif rif;acgifa&Twal pwDawmf
wnf&o
dS nf/ ouFe;f &pfwiG f &JjT ym;rsm;jzihf pDjc,fxm;onf/ apwDawmfukd ausmufqpfvuf&m rsm;jzihf
wefqmqifxm;onf/ bk&m;udk 1629 ckwGif oD&dok"rm &mZm rdzk&m;BuD; ewf&Sifaru
bk&ifrif;jrwf wnfawmfral om bk&m;ESit
fh NyKd if wnfxm;cJo
h nf/
(21) arQmfawmfrlapwD (at'D - 1629)
ajrmufOD;ta&SUawmifydkif;&Sd tv,faps;wHwm;tvGef arQmfawmfrlapwDawmfudk
zl;awGU&onf/ apwDrmS vnf; oD&o
d "k r &mZm\ rdz&k m;ewf&iS af r\ ukov
kd af wmfwpfql jzpfonf/
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f uf&mudo
k m awGU&onf/

aaaaaa

ajrmufOD;wwd,acwf (odkY) aESmif;acwfwGif xif&Sm;aom apwDykxdk;rsm;

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1/ jrifawmfral pwD

em&ywdBu;D

1003

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NrKd UwGi;f ydik ;f

2/ xifawmfral pwD

em&ywdBu;D

1003

1641

NrKd UwGi;f ydik ;f

3/ &wemhrm&fatmifapwD

pEo"k r&mZm

1004

1652

ajrmufyikd ;f

4/ Zderm&fatmifapwD

pEo"k r&mZm

1004

1652

awmifyikd ;f

5/ avmurm&fatmif

pEo"k r&mZm

1004

1652

taemufyikd ;f

6/ r*Fvmrm&fatmif

O*gAv&mZm

1047

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7/ [&DawmifapwD

e&tb,&mZm

1112

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NrKd UwGi;f ydik ;f

84
(1)

jrifawmfrlapwDESifh (2)xifawmfrlapwD(at'D-164
16411)

apwDEpS q
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k iG f wqufwnf;wnf&MdS uonf/
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&if;kd awmfapwDEiS hf eH;kd awmfapwDwo
Ykd nf y#dyl roifah wmfojzifh ajymif;a&TUNy;D trnfopftoD;oD;
ay;cJjh cif; jzpfonf/
(2)

&wemrm&fatmifapwD (at'D 1652)

&wemrm&fatmifapwDonf ajrmufOD;NrdKU ajrmufydkif;&Sd &wemyHkapwD\ ta&SUbuf

awmifMum;tvGew
f iG f wnf&o
dS nf/ apwDawmfrmS &Spaf jrm ifxck Reyf jkH zpfNy;D Pfawmf 180 ayjrih
f
ausmufqpfyef; ajymufvuf&mrsm;jzifh wefqmqifxm;onf/ ukov
kd &f iS f pEo"k r&mZmu 1652
ckwiG f aqmufvyk v
f LS 'gef;cJo
h nf/apwDawmf&ifjyif\ taemufajrmufaxmifw
h iG f tvsm; 54 ay?
tus,f 13 ay? tjrifh 10 ay tcef&Y adS om a*:*ljzL ausmuf*w
l pfcw
k nf&o
dS nf/ *ljzLq&mawmfonf
1697 ckwiG f eef;wifc&H Ny;D rmlr,
D trnfjzifh wpfEpS t
f yk pf ;kd cJo
h nf/ apwDawmf\ ajrmufbufwiG f
&wempHO;D ausmif;wdu
k &f cdS o
hJ nf/ ,cktcg ausmif;0if;awmf t<uif;tuseaf vmufuo
kd m jrifawG&Y
awmhonf/
(3)

Zderm&fatmifapwD (at'D 1652 - 1674)

ajrmufO;D NrKd U awmifyikd ;f &Sw

d uov
D mbk&m;\ taemufbufawmifuek ;f ay: BuchH ikd rf o
I kyf
ay:vGiaf eaom apwDawmfBu;D onf Zderm&fatmifapwDjzpfonf/ rm&fig;yg;0if apwDawmfonf
&SpfajrmifhyHkjzpfNyD; *Euk#dwdkufawmfyg&Sdonf/ atmufcHyp,maxmifhrsm;wGif udk,fESpfckyg&Sdaom
yl;wpfaumifpDapmifhNyD; txufyp,mrsm;wGifrl dk;dk;yl;wpfaumifpDapmihfonf/ apwDonf
&wemrm&fatmif bk&m;wnf'g,um pEo"k r&mZm 1652-1674 \ aumif;rIwpfqyl ifjzpfonf/
bk&ifpwifwnfcahJ om bk&m;rSm Zderm&fatmifapwD\ ajrmufbuf&dS yef;wdraf wmif ay:wGif
ude;f 0yfonf/ xdb
k &k m;onf t&G,yf rmPao;i,fojzifh toQipf o
H ?k yef;wdraf wmifwiG f wnfxm;jyK
om"krac:om[l jynfolwdkYu uJh&JUorIjyKMuojzifh bk&ifwpfyg;\ *kPfodumESifh nDap&ef
PfawmfBu;D rm;aom apwDawmfukd xyfrw
H nfxm;cJjh cif; jzpfonf/

85
(4)

avmurm&fatmifapwD (at'D 1652-1674)

ajrmufO;D NrKd U taemufyikd ;f wGif wnf&o

dS nfh avmurm&fatmifapwDawmfrmS Zderm&fatmif
uJo
h yYkd if *Eu#k w
d u
kd af wmfygapwDjzpfNy;D ? ukov
kd &f iS rf mS vnf; pEo"k r&mZmyif jzpfonf/ apwDawmf\
txGwo
f nf ajyjypfoy,v
f o
S nf/ yp,mtqif&h ?dS rkcx
f u
G w
f u
H rJ sm;wGif ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;
yg&So
d nf/ *Eu#k w
d u
kd af wmf Pfawmf 12 ay 5 vufr jrifah om ausmufqif;wk wpfqu
l ed ;f 0yf
onf/ 1676 ckwiG f bk&m;\ y&d0P
k t
f wGi;f pEo"k r&mZmrif;\ om;jzpfol OumAvrif;u
yi;f wpfaxmif cHyu
JG si;f ycJo
h nf/ bk&m;udk avmurl[v
k nf; ac:Muonf/
(5)

r*Fvmrm&fatmifapwD (at'D 1685)

ajrmufO;d NrKd Uajrmufyikd ;f &Sd r*FvmwHwm;ajrmufbufwiG f r*Fvmrm&fatmifapwDukd xif&mS ;pGm

zl;awGYEdkifonf/ xkcRefvHk;ydwf apwDjzpfNyD; &ifjyifawmfwGif ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm; jyefYusJvQuf
&Sad eonf/ apwDawmfonf awZm&mrapwDawmfEiS hf cyfqifqif wlonf/ ukov
kd &f iS f OumAv
rif;onf uHawmfuek rf nfh 1685 ckEpS w
f iG f wnfxm;cJo
h nf/
(6)

[&DawmifapwD (at'D 1750)

ajrmufO;D eef;awmf0if;\ ajrmufbufww

H ikd ;f ESihf uyfvQuf ayckepfq,fjrifah om awmifwpfck
ay:wGif wnf&Sdaom [&Dawmif apwD[kac:aomapwDrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t&Djym; (ta&jym;)
awmf "gwfudef;0yfawmfrlonfh apwDawmfjzpfonf/ apwDawmfudk 1750 jynfhESpfwGif
e&tb,&mZmrif;wnfxm; udk;uG,fcJhaom apwDjzpfonf/ ,ckzl;awGY&aomvuf&mrSm
aemufyidk ;f acwf jyKjyifx
f m;aomvuf&mjzpfonf/

aaaaaa

86
ajrmuf O D ; acwf \ acwf t vk d u f xif & S m ;aom
apwD y k x k d ; yH k a wmf r sm;

pOf

acwf

apwD ^ yk x k d ;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

yxracwf

10/
11/
12/

av;rsuEf mS
0dZ,&HoD
r[maAm"da&T*l
xlygkaH pwD
awZ&myapwD
avmif;AGe;f ajrmuf
tHawmford f
oQpaf omif;
ykx;dk awmfBu;D
ud;k aomif;ykx;kd
awmfBuD;
xkwu
f efo
Y rd f
bk&m;tkyyf x
k ;kd
&wemyHak pwD

13/
14/
15/
16/
17/

ousrm&fatmif
rif;acgifa&Twl
&wemrm&fatmif
Zderm&fatmif
avmurm&fatmif

'kw,
d acwf

9/

18/

wwd,acwf

r*Fvrm&fatmif

uk o d k v f & S i f

wnfaqmuf
onf h E S p f

rif;apmrGef
rif;apmrGef
oapmjzL
rif;&efatmif
rif;pvuFmol
rif;acgif&mZm
rif;ygBu;D
rif;ygBu;D

1430
1430
1430
1447
1494
1525
1531
1536

at'D
at'D
at'D
at'D
at'D
at'D
at'D
at'D

rif;wdum

1553

at'D

rif;zavmif;
rif;zavmif;
rif;carmif;ESifh
rdz&k m;&Siaf xG;
oD&o
d "k r&mZm
rdz&k m;ewf&iS af r
pEo"k r&mZm
pEo"k r&mZm
pEo"k r&mZm

1571
1571
1571

at'D
at'D
at'D

1029
1022
1052
1052
10521674
1685

at'D
at'D
at'D
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O*Av

at'D

87
av;rsuEf mS ykx;dk awmfBu;D

yk H - 42
rif;apmrGef (c) em&rdwfvS&mZm (792 - 1430 at'D)

0dZ,&HoD

yk H - 43
rif;apmrGef (c) em&rdwfvS&mZm (792 - 1430 at'D)

88
r[maAm"da&T*l

yk H - 44
bapmjzLrif; (809 - 1447 at'D)

xlygkaH pwD

yk H - 45
rif;&efatmif (856 - 1494 at'D)

89
awZ&mrapwD

yk H - 46
rif;pvuFmol (856 - 1494 at'D)

avmif;yGe;f ajAmufapwD

yk H - 47
rif;acgif&mZm (887 - 1525 at'D)

90
tHawmford f

yk H - 48
rif;AmBuD; (863 - 1531 at'D)

oQpaf omif;ykx;dk awmfBu;D

yk H - 49
rif;AmBuD; (898 - 1536 at'D)

91
uk;d aomif;ykx;dk awmfBu;D

yk H - 50
rif ; wd u m
915 - 1553 at'D

xkwu
f eford f

yk H - 51
rif ; zavmif ;
933 - 1571 at'D

92
bk&m;ay:apwD

yk H - 52
rif;&mZmBuD; (932 - 1600 at'D)

&wemyHak pwD

yk H - 53
rif;carmif; ESifh rdzk&m;&SifaxG; (933 - 1571 at'D)

93
ousrm&fatmif

yk H - 54
oD&dok"r&mZm (1029 - 1667 at'D)

rif;acgifa&Twl

yk H - 55
rdzk&m; ewfoQifr,f (1022 - 1660 at'D)

94
&wemrm&fatmif

yk H - 56
pEok"r&mZm (1014 - 1652 at'D)

Zderm&fatmif

yk H - 57
pEok"r&mZm (1014 - 1652 at'D)

95
avmurm&fatmif

yk H - 58
pEok"r&mZm (1014 - 1652 at'D)

r*Fvmrm&fatmif

yk H - 59
O*gAv (1036 - 1674 at'D)

96

ajrmuf O D ; acwf \ acwf t vd k u f x if & S m ;aom

apwD y k x k d ; yH k q J G r sm;

yk H - 60
av;rsuf E S m yk x k d ; awmf B uD ; \yE u f y H k

yk H - 61
av;rsuf E S m yk x k d ; awmf B uD ; \ta&S U jrif E S i h f j zwf y k d i f ; yH k

97

yk H - 62
r[maAm"d a &T * l y k x k d ; awmf B uD ; \
ta&S U jrif E S i h f y E u f y H k

awmif b uf j rif y H k

taemuf b uf j rif y H k

ajrmuf r S a wmif
od k Y j zwf y k d i f ; yH k

taemuf r S t a&S U ok d Y
jzwf y k d i f ; yH k

r[maAm"d a &T * l y k x k d ; awmf B uD ; \

yk H - 63

98

yk H - 64
xl y gk H a pwD y E u f y H k

yk H - 65
awZ&mrapwD a wmf \ awmif b uf j rif y H k

yk H - 66
awZ&mrapwD \ yE u f y H k

99

yk H - 67
avmif y G e f ; aysmuf a pwD \ yE u f y H k

yk H - 68
avmif y G e f ; aysmuf a pwD \ rk w f w uJ y H k

100

yk H - 69
avmif y G e f ; aysmuf a pwD \ ta&S U jrif y H k

yk H - 70
avmif y G e f ; aysmuf a pwD \ jzwf y d k i f ; yH k

101

yk H - 71
tH a wmf o d r f \ yE u f y H k

yk H - 72
tH a wmf o d r f \ jzwf y k d i f ; yH k

yH k - 73
tH a wmf o d r f \ rk ' f O D ;
wuJ y H k p H r sm;

102

yk H - 74
oQpf a omif ; yk x k d ; awmf B uD ; \ajrBuD ; ajryH k

yk H - 75
oQpf a omif ; yk x k d ; awmf B uD ; \yE u f y H k

103

yk H - 76
oQpf a omif ; yk x k d ; awmf B uD ; \
awmif b uf j rif

yk H - 77
oQpf a omif ; yk x k d ; awmf B uD ; \
taemuf r S t a&S U ok d Y j zwf y d k i f ; yH k

yk H - 78
oQpf a omif ; yk x k d ; awmf B uD ; \
tao;pd w f j zwf y k d i f ; yH k

104

yk H - 79
xk u e f Y o d r f y k x k d ; awmf B uD ; \yE u f y H k

yk H - 80
xk u e f Y o d r f y k x k d ; awmf B uD ; \trd k ; yH k p H

105

yk H - 81
xk u e f Y o d r f y k x k d ; awmf B uD ; \
ta&S U jrif y H k

yk H - 82
xk u e f Y o d r f y k x k d ; awmf B uD ; \
awmif r S a jrmuf o d k Y j zwf y d k i f ; yH k

yk H - 83
xk u e f Y o d r f y k x k d ; awmf B uD ; \
jzwf y d k i f ; yH k

106
rm&fig;yg;

yk H - 84
ousrm&f a tmif t a&S U jrif y H k

yk H - 85
ousrm&f a tmif y E u f y H k

107

yk H - 86
ousrm&f a tmif t a&S U jrif y H k

yk H - 87
&wemh r m&f a tmif y E u f y H k

108

yk H - 88
&wemh r m&f a tmif t a&S U jrif y H k

yk H - 89
Zd e rm&f a tmif y E u f y H k

109

yk H - 90
Zd e rm&f a tmif y E u f y H k

yk H - 91
avmurm&f a tmif y E u f y H k

110

yk H - 92
avmurm&f a tmif t a&S U jrif y H k

yk H - 93
avmurm&f a tmif t aemuf j rif y H k

111
ajrmuf O D ; acwf w k d i f &ck d i f w G i f u d e f ; 0yf c J h o nf /

yk H - 94
r[mrk e d b k & m;BuD ; (rE a v;)
r[m 123-542^7 bD p D
pE m ol & d , bk & if a umif ; rI a wmf

,aeY w k d i f u d e f ; 0yf v Quf & S d a om-

yk H - 95
a0omvD b k & m;BuD ;
aumZm 249? 364 at'D
r[mwk d i f ; p`E b k & if a umif ; rI a wmf

112
ajrmuf O D ; acwf w k d i f yl a Zmf u k d ; uG , f E k d i f c J h a om qif ; wk r sm;
ajrmuf O D ; acwf w k d i f &ck d i f w G i f u d e f ; 0yf c J h o nf /

yk H - 96
&S i f a usmf r k e d ? ,ck a&T e wf a wmif j ynf ?
r[m-123^7bD p D
pE m ol & d , bk & if a umif ; rI a wmf

ajrmuf O D ; acwf w k d i f &ck d i f w G i f u d e f ; 0yf c J h o nf h

yk H - 97
&efatmifjrifrked
,ck ZvGef-[oFmw
r[m-123? 542^
542^77 bDpD
pE m ol & d , bk & if a umif ; rI a wmf

113

oQpaf omif;bk&m;Bu;D

yk H - 98
rif;AmBuD;? aumZm 898 - 1536 at'D
aumif ; rI a wmf

rif;&ifjzLr[museb
f &k m;

yk H - 99
ym 209 at'D 847
rif ; &if j zLaumif ; rI
(,ck ppf a wG )

114

r[museb
f &k m;

yk H - 100
&E r L ? 'o&mZmrif ; vuf x uf
yk & d e f a cwf
488 at'D 1126 (,ck &efukef)

0oJb&k m;Bu;D

yk H - 101
bk & if o Zmw aumZm- 883-1521 at'D
aumif ; rI a wmf

115
ajrmufO;D NrKd UwGif ,aeYwidk zf ;l ajrm Ef idk o
f nfh wefc;dk Bu;D bk&m;qif;wkawmfrsm;
pErek b
d &k m;Bu;D

yk H - 102
ol & d , pu aumZm-214? c&pf bD p D 278 aumif ; rI a wmf (AE K vausmif ; 0if ; )

pBumF rkeb
d &k m;

yk H - 103
ol&d,ukv aumZm - 520 aumif;rIawmf (,ck ppfawG)

116

tcef; (6)
ajrmufOD;acwf pmayordkif;
1/
ajrmufO;D acwfpmayordik ;f taMumif;udk rwifjyrd? uREykf w
f Ykd jzwfoef;vmcJah om ajrmufO;D
acwfrwdkifrDu acwfrsm;\ pmayordkif;rsm;udk tusOf;rQod&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfayrnf/ pifppf
ajrmufO;D acwfpmayonf tqdyk g a&S;usaom acwfrsm;rSwqifh qif;oufvmaMumif;udk rnforl Q
jiif;uG,v
f &Ykd rnf r[kwyf g/ xkaYd Mumifh "n0wDacwf? a0omvDausmufavSum;acwfEiS hf av;NrKd Uacwf
pmayoydkif;taMumif;udk avhvmzwfIvdkolrsm;twGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfvmygrnfhtjyif
em;vnf;oabmaygufo&d &dS ef ydrk v
kd ,
G u
f rl nfjzpfayonf/
&cd k i f p mayord k i f ;
2/
ta&;tzwfpmaywdo
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hJ nf/ &cdik w
f iG f ay:aygufcahJ om
pmayrsm;wGif &cdik af 'oae vlwjYkd zwfoef;vm&aom vlaerIb0ESihf acwfumvtajctaewdu
Yk kd
xif[yfvsu&f adS yonf/
3/
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4/
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k yf l opu
yk&ydZk af usmufpmrsm; t& od&&dS onf/ ausmufpmrsm;t& ygVdpmayrSm ta&;wGiaf eNy;D jzpfaMumif;
cefrY eS ;f od&EdS ikd o
f nf/ &cdik o
f rdik ;f rsm;u "n0wDacwfwiG f avQmufx;kH pmayrsm; xGe;f um;cJNh y;D jzpfonf[k
qdkonf/
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5/
a0omvDausmufavSum;acwfwGif ta&;tom;rsm; vGefpGmus,fjyefYaeNyDjzpfaMumif;
,if;acwfu a&;xdk;xm;aom ausmufpmrsm;? acgif;avmif;pmrsm; aMu;eDjym;pmrsm;? '*Fg;pmrsm;
t& od&SdEdkifayonf/ ta&;tom;rsm;ygaom a&S;a[mif;ypnf;rsm;udk &cdkifjynfe,ftESHYwGif
awG&Y &dS ayonf/ toH;k jyKaom pmayrSm ygVd? ou#ESihf ygVdou#a&m ta&;tom;rsm;jzpfMuNy;D
a'otavsmuf vufa&;vufom;rsm; ajymif;vJvmonf[k okawoDwdkYu qdkMuonf/

117
6/
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f s &&Sjd cif;jzpfonf/
taMumif;t&mrSm a,"r*gxmwpfcw
k nf; xd;k xm;aomausmufpm? a,"r*gxmudk OD;pGma&;xd;k Ny;D
apwDyx
k ;kd wnf ukov
kd af umif;rIjyKaom pmrsm;? a,"r*gxmudk OD;pGma&xd;k Ny;D apwDyx
k ;kd wnf
ukov
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ajrvSLrSwfwrf; aMu;eDjym;wpfcsyfudkvnf; a0omvDrS&&Sdonf/ xdkYtjyif pmxdk;yg&Sdaom
acgif;avmif;i,fESpfvHk;udkvnf; &&Sdonf/ &Sifbk&if\ trnfrsm;a&;xdk;xm;aom '*Fg;tajrmuf
tjrm;udv
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7/
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ta&SUzufrsuEf mS ygpmwdu
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8/
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124
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1/
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4/
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10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
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16/
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1430
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1503
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25/
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28/

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33/
34/
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128
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129
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130

usrf ; ud k ; pm&if ; (t*F v d y f b mom)

ajrmuf O D ; &ck d i f w k d Y \ aemuf q H k ; &mZaejynf
1/ Aung Zan, U

Some interesting coins of Anauk Baraung

and sittagoing Mong.

2/ Benerji, R.D.M.A

A junior History of India Beneres

University, India, 1933.

and Manindra Chandra Neundy

3/ Collis, Morris

The Land of the great Image P.211.

4/ Chowdhury, Vasant

Harikela Coins-Some New Interpretations.

5/ Galen, stephan van

The serpent and the King, The DutchArakanese Relationship 1608-1683.

6/ Ghosh, Jamine Mohan

Magh Raiders in Bengal.

Arakan's place in the trade network of the

B.A, BCS (Retd)

7/ Galen, stphan van

Bay of Bengal.

(Leidon University)

8/ Hall, D.G.E

Dutch Relaion, P.71

9/ Hla Tun Pru, U

A survey of the Causes underying the

Decline & Fall of the Great Arakanese
Empire with special reference to king
Sanda Wizaya 1072-1093 AE or B.E

10/ Leider, Jacque. P.

Elephants, slaves and rubies

Study on Religious Architecture in

Chcelalonkon University Bankok

11/ Mg Ngwe Soe

Mrauk-U, Rakhine.

131
12/ Nimal Samal Samarasundera

Special delivered by Nima Samarasundera,

Secretary of Ministry of Buddha
Sasana, Srilanka.

13/ Robinson & L Shaw

Coin and Bank notes of Burma

14/ San Kyaw Tun, U Mro Haung,

The Coronation of the Emperror of

Arakan.

15/ San Tha Aung, U

Arakanese Coins and Reflections.

16/ Shwe Mra, U

The fair princes of pegu.

17/ Shwe Zan, U

The Golden Mrauk-U and Ancient Capital

of Rakhine (Guide Map for Monuement
of Mrauk-U)

18/ Suniti Bhushan Qamungo, M.A.Ph.D, - A History of chittagong, Volume one.

Department of History, University of
Chitagong.

19/ Than Tun, Mandalay University

Paya Lanma (Lord's Highway) Over the

Yoma (Yakhine Range) Journal of Asian
and African studies, No. 25, 1983

20/ Takashi Suzuki, Ambassador of Japan - SAMURAI ADC TO THE KIND OF

in Burma from 1970 to 1974.

ARAKAN.

132

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pm 70-77/

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(ppfawGaumvdy)f

- ajrmufO;D acwfp;D yGm;a&;

9/ "npH? &efuek w
f uov
kd ?f &ckid af usmif;ol - &ckid pf may
ausmif;om;rsm;r*Zif;
10/

- "n0wDta&;awmfyu
kH sr;f ? ajrmufO;D acwfw&m;
pD&ifa&;? tcGeb
f @maumufcaH &;qif,if
xH;k zJUG rI

133
11/ oQiaf ESmif;? rdz&k m;Bu;D

- &uKd ief ef;awmf

12/ y@d? OD;? yJc;l rif;ausmif;q&mawmf

- "n0wD&mZ0ifopf

13/ ynmod&D? OD;

- ay:wl*rD S &ckid Zf meD

14/

- bk&ifrif;zavmif; e&m"dywdarmfueG ;f

15/ bpH? OD;? &efukefwuodkvf

&ckid af usmif;olausmif;om;rsm;r*Zif;

- r[mqrwrif;vufxuf0,f NrKd Ua[mif;acwf

pD;yGm;a&;&m

16/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm (11-1-2000)

- jynfaxmifppk w
d "f mwfacgif;pOfyg
aqmif;yg;tyd'k -f 30

17/

- jrefrmhp,
G pf u
kH sr;f ? twJ-G 1? pm 374-376

18/

- jrefrmhp,
G pf u
kH sr;f ? twJ-G 8? pm 358-359

19/

- r[m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D
- jrefrmrSeef ef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D (yxrwJ)G ?
1992 ckEpS x
f w
k ?f pm 443-487 ESifh pm 1-93/

20/ &cu

- ajrmufO;D vrf;Tef

21/ &cu

- &ckid jf ynfe,fjzpfpOforkid ;f orkid ;f u@?

pD;yGm;a&;u@

22/ &ckid o
f [m,toif;
(&efuek )f

- r*Zif;trSw(f 5)? tar;ykpm ya[Vd ajzqkEd idk o

f l
ynm&Sad cgif;pOfygaqmif;yg;? pm-35?
&ckid -f jrefrmy@dwf OD;OD;omxGe;f u
OD;pdev
f iG u
f kd &Si;f vif;jyonhf a0omvDacwf
'*Fg;\t"dyg ,f

134
23/

- &ckid &f mZ0ifBu;D (ayrl)

ajrmufO;D (yxrESi'fh w
k ,
d )acwf
(at'D 1430-1638

24/

- &ckid o
f u
dk u
f sr;f

25/

- &ckid f ;kd rr*Zif;? OD;a&Tomckid \

f vDoQm
trnfx;dk qif;wkawmfwpfqyl ifrvm'umr

26/

- &ckid af &S;a[mif;aiG'*Fg;rsm;yg jrefrmhowif;pm

jzwfyidk ;f (ppfawGatmufwb
dk m-14) (uq)

27/

- a&S;acwf&ckid b
f &k ifrsm;tkycf sKyyf pkH epf
pm 138-140

28/ OD;vif;? q&mBu;D ? t*r[my@dw

- r[mynmausmaf vQmufx;kH

29/ oef;xGef;? a'gufwm

- acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if

30/ rif;ndK? t'l (z'l)

- &cdik rf if;orD;{csi;f

31/ atmifomOD;? OD;

- &ckid jf ynf\r[m&meD (0g) rif;orD;

MAHARANI OF ARAKAN

32/ OumysH

- &ckid pf mqkad wmf (jrefrmhp,

G pf u
kH sr;f twJ-G 15)
pm-359-361

33/ Owr? OD;? vrawmfq&m

- &ckid &f mZ0ifBu;D

34/ cifarmifeG ?Yf a'gufwm

- 'Gerf mwif? jrwfyef;oZifr*Zif;

&ckid t
f rsK;d orD;rsm;toif;
&efuek f (2002) ckEpS f

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rmwdum
pOf

taMumif;t&m

pmrsuEf mS

tyk d i f ; (2)
tcef;(1)
- ajrmufO;D acwfrif;qufrsm;
2/ tcef;(2)
- ajrmufO;D acwfb&k ifpepf\jrifuiG ;f
- ajrmufO;D acwf bk&ifrsm;\zJUG pnf;tkycf sKyyf pkH epf
- ajrmufO;D acwfw&m;pD&ifa&;
- ajrmufO;D acwfb&k ifrsm;vufxufawmftcGeaf umufcyH pkH epf
3/ tcef;(3)
- ajrmufO;D acwf&ckid w
f \
Ydk pD;yGm;a&;ESifh jynfwiG ;f jynfy ukeo
f ,
G af &;
4/ tcef;(4)
- ajrmufO;D acwf'*Fg; (odrYk [kw)f '*Fg;uajymaom ajrmufO;D acwforkid ;f
- &ckid t
f aemufb&k ifrsm;xkwaf 0cJo
h nfh '*Fg;ESio
fh u&mZf
- ajrmufO;D acwf'*Fg;aygif;csKyf
5/ tcef;(5)
- ajrmufO;D acwf Ak'b
mom omoemudak &mifjyef[yfaponfh
apwD? ykxkd;? bk&m;? ausmif;uefESihf q&mawmftausmftarmfrsm;\
trsKd;? bmom? omoemtwGufaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
- ajrmufO;D acwftvdu
k f xif&mS ;aomapwDyx
k ;dk yHak wmfrsm;
6/ tcef;(6)
- ajrmufO;D acwf pmayorkid ;f
- ajrmufO;D acwfausmufpmrsm;
7/ tcef;(7)
- ajrmufO;D acwf qif,ifx;kH zJUG rI
8/ usr;f ud;k pm&if; (t*Fvyd b
f mom)
9/ usr;f ud;k pm&if; (jrefrmbmom)
10/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uay:&Sd apwD? ykx;dk rsm;\tydik ;f vdu
k f vrf;Teaf jryHrk sm;
1/

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