Green Algae

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Phylum Chlorophyta

Looking Back at Bio 115

The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)one or many! Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.) Growth = irreversible change in size Reproductionfailure = extinction Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Lumpers
2
Bacteria Archaebacteria

Plantae
3
Bacteria

Shifting Kingdoms
Protista
5
Bacteria Archaebacteria

Plantae
6
Bacteria

Splitters
8
Bacteria Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria

Archezoans
Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

Archezoans
Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

Archezoans
Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

Archezoans
Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

Archezoans
Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

Extant

How Many Kingdoms?

Kingdom Plantae is a clade

5
3 Extinct 2 1

Original Cell

Plants as a Clade
Photosynthetic Organisms: Unifying features

Cellulose walls glued together with pectin

Chlorophyll a and b, xanthophylls, carotenoids Store starch

Standard plant chloroplasts, mitochondria, golgi, etc.

Most have Diplohaplontic (sporic) life history Most have Oogamous gametes

Generic Life Cycle

No multicellular haploid: diplontic
mitosis differentiation

SYNGAMY gametes zygote

No multicellular diploid: haplontic

germination mitosis differentiation

gametangia
2N

Gametophyte 1N
differentiation mitosis germination

Sporophyte
differentiation

sporangium spores sporocyte

mitosis

MEIOSIS When both haploid and diploid multicellular bodies are formed the life cycle is diplohaplontic

Evolution of Gametes for Syngamy:

Isogametes - Anisogametes - Oogametes +

Evolution of Life Histories: multicellularity and sex Unicellular (neither diplontic or haplonticbut taking both shortcuts) Diplontic (no multicellular haploid)

Haplontic (no multicellular diploid)

Diplohaplontic (both haploid and diploid multicellular forms) Sequence unclear: elaborations vs reductions? Multiple pathways in different groups?

cell wall cell membrane cytosol chloroplast starch

vacuole mitochondria nucleus

http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk /JK/algalweb/chlorell-b2.jpg

Outgroup for your cladogram: Chlorella

Chlamydomonas
http://www.unap.cl/~cbrieba/common/chlamydomonas.jpg

flagella

contractile vacuole
eyespot cellulosic wall

cell membrane

nucleus mitochondria

cytosol starch
http://universe-review.ca/I10-23-chlamydomonas.jpg

chloroplast

pyrenoid

Chlamydomonas cells of opposite mating type join in syngamy to form a zygote which develops a thick wall as a hypnospore. Upon return to better conditions, the zygote undergoes meiosis and releases flagellated cells of both mating types.

http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/images/goodenoughcaption.jpg

http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote.jpg

SYNGAMY
mitosis differentiation

gametes

zygote

gametangia

germination mitosis differentiation

is it gametic? (diplontic)

Gametophyte
differentiation mitosis germination

1N 2N

Sporophyte
differentiation

sporangium spores sporocyte

mitosis

definitely zygotic (haplontic)

http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagne r/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote. jpg

MEIOSIS
http://www.unap.cl/~cbrieba/co mmon/chlamydomonas.jpg

http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagne r/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Zygote. jpg

Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas

http://www.biology.wustl.edu/ faculty/images/goodenoughca ption.jpg

Cosmarium zygotes

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjan01/Zygote3.jpg

http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/Bilder/Cosmarium _tetraophthalmus.jpg

SYNGAMY
mitosis differentiation

gametes

zygote

gametangia

germination mitosis differentiation

is it gametic? (diplontic)
http://www.isis.de/members/~ralfwagner/ Bilder/Cosmarium_tetraophthalmus.jpg

Gametophyte
differentiation mitosis germination

1N 2N

Sporophyte
differentiation

sporangium spores sporocyte

mitosis

definitely zygotic (haplontic)

http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/imgjan01/Z ygote3.jpg

MEIOSIS

http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/imgjan01/Z ygote3.jpg

Life Cycle of Cosmarium

Ulva lactuca thallus

http://bio59000.free.fr/Photosbio59000/Biovegetale/Algues/Ulva%20lactuca.gif

Ulva life cycle There are three isomorphic thalli:

Some species of Ulva are anisogamous.

isogametes syngamy +

zygote
settles on substrate

1N 2N

Gametophytes +
settle on substrate Since they are motile, + they are also called zoospores. The meiospores made by the sporophyte are of two mating types.

Sporophyte

holdfast

sporocyte meiosis The life cycle is: sporic: diplohaplontic gametic: diplontic zygotic: haplontic

Codium

http://massbay.mit.edu/exoticspecies/exoticmaps/images/codium_big.jpg

Codium Life Cycle

syngamy
zygote

The life cycle is: sporic: diplohaplontic gametic: diplontic zygotic: haplontic Sporophytes
2 sexes

1N 2N
anisogametes

holdfast

sporangium sporocytes

zoospores

meiosis

Oedogonium thallus

http://www.plingfactory.de/Science/GruKlaOeko/Teichleben/Algen/Oedogonium%20sp..jpg

Oedogonium
Here the filaments are out of focus. The asexual zoospore is in focus.

http://www.botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium_Images/Zoospore_MC.low.jpg

Oogonium

http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/page/1810/Oedogonium.gif

Oedogonium This is the zoospore, or maybe it is the sperm. Both have the same look!

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo44/18.jpg

When both oogonium and antheridium appear on the same filament the alga is homothallic.

http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/g/chl_oedogonium.jpg

Oedogonium Life Cycle

Since antheridia sperm and oogonia are on the same filaments, this species is chemotaxis homothallic. Vegetative zoospores can clone the gametophyte Zoospores settle down with a holdfast and grow into a filament. syngamy
empty antheridia

zygote
(hypnospore)
(in oogonium)

egg

1N 2N

(in oogonium)

The zygote divides meiotically to release 4 zoospores. meiosis This life cycle is haplontic (zygotic).